I-silicon (Si) iyisici sesibili esigcwele kakhulu emhlabeni (emva kwe-oksijeni), esizungezile yonke indawo ngesimo sesihlabathi, izitini zokwakha, ingilazi, njalonjalo. Cishe u-27% woqweqwe lomhlaba yi-silicon. Ithole ukunakwa okukhethekile kwezolimo eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yemiphumela yayo enenzuzo ezitshalweni ezithile. Ukuvundiswa kwe-silicon okwamanje kuthathwa njengenye indlela yokulwa nengcindezi ye-biotic ne-abiotic ezitshalweni emhlabeni jikelele.
Emvelweni, ngokuvamile akwenzeki ngendlela ehlanzekile, kodwa ihlotshaniswa ne-molecule ye-oksijini ngesimo se-silicon dioxide - i-silica. I-quartz, ingxenye eyinhloko yesihlabathi, i-silica engeyona ikristalu. I-silicon i-metalloid, i-elementi ephakathi kwensimbi nokungeyona insimbi, enezakhiwo zakho zombili. Kuyi-semiconductor, okusho ukuthi i-silicon iqhuba ugesi. Nokho, ngokungafani nensimbi evamile, .
Lesi sici saqala ukubonwa ngusokhemisi waseSweden u-Jöns Jakob Berzelius ngo-1824, okwathi, ngokusho kwamagugu amakhemikhali, waphinde wathola i-cerium, i-selenium ne-thorium. njenge-semiconductor, isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-transistors, okuyisisekelo se-electronics, kusukela kumarediyo kuya ku-iPhone. I-silicon isetshenziswa ngandlela thize kumaseli elanga nama-computer chips. Ngokusho kweNational Laboratory uLawrence Livermore, ukushintsha i-silicon ibe i-transistor, ifomu layo lekristalu "lihlanjululwe" ngenani elincane lezinye izakhi ezifana ne-boron noma i-phosphorus. Lezi zakhi zokulandelela zihlangana nama-athomu e-silicon, zikhulula ama-electron ukuze ahambe kuyo yonke into.
Ucwaningo lwesimanje lwe-silicon lubukeka njengenganekwane yesayensi: ngo-2006, ososayensi bamemezela ukudalwa kwe-computer chip ehlanganisa izingxenye ze-silicon namaseli obuchopho. Ngakho-ke, amasignali kagesi avela kumangqamuzana obuchopho angadluliselwa ku-electron silicon chip, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Umgomo uwukugcina udale idivayisi ye-elekthronikhi yokwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
I-silicon iphinde ilungele ukudala i-laser e-ultra-thin, ebizwa ngokuthi i-nanoneedle, engasetshenziswa ukudlulisa idatha ngokushesha nangokuphumelelayo kunezintambo zendabuko ezibonakalayo.
Osomkhathi abafika enyangeni ngo-1969 bashiya isikhwama esimhlophe esasinediski ye-silicon enkulu kunohlamvu lwemali lwedola. Leli cwecwe linemiyalezo engu-73 evela emazweni ahlukene enezilokotho ezinhle nokuthula.
I-silicon ayifani ne-silicone. Eyokugcina yenziwe nge-silicon ene-oxygen, i-carbon ne-hydrogen. Lokhu okuqukethwe kubekezelela ngokuphelele izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
I-silicone ingaba yingozi empilweni. Ukuphefumula isikhathi eside kungabangela isifo samaphaphu esaziwa ngokuthi i-silicosis.
Uyathanda ukumpontshelwa okuyisici kwe-opal? Leli phethini lakhiwe ngenxa ye-silicon. Itshe eliyigugu liwuhlobo lwe-silica oluhlanganiswe nama-molecule wamanzi.
I-Silicon Valley ithola igama layo ku-silicon, esetshenziswa kuma-computer chips. Igama ngokwalo laqala ukuvela ngo-1971 ku-Electronic News.
Ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angama-90 woqweqwe lomhlaba luqukethe amaminerali kanye nenhlanganisela ye-silicate.
Amanzi ahlanzekile nama-diatom olwandle amunca i-silicon emanzini ukuze akhe izindonga zamaseli.
I-silicon ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni insimbi.
I-silicon inokuminyana okuphezulu uma isesimweni esiwuketshezi kunalapho isesimweni esiqinile.
Ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa kwe-silicon emhlabeni iqala ukwenza ingxubevange eyaziwa ngokuthi i-ferrosilicon, equkethe insimbi.
Inani elincane kuphela lama-bioorganisms eMhlabeni anesidingo se-silicon.
Silicon kwezinye zazo, ezingezona amenable ukuchelela ngesikhathi. Ukwengeza: Irayisi kanye nokolweni okuntula i-silicon kuneziqu ezibuthakathaka ezibhujiswa kalula umoya noma imvula. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi i-silicon inyusa ukumelana nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ekuhlaselweni kwefungal.