Izimpawu nezimpawu zokulunywa komkhaza kubantu, yini okufanele uyenze?

Izibungu ezimunca igazi - abangaba abathwali bamagciwane kwezinye izifo eziyingozi kubantu. Ukutheleleka okudume kakhulu kwaleli qembu eRussia yi-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza. Okunye okuyingozi yi-borreliosis (i-Lyme disease), i-ehrlichiosis, i-anaplasmosis kanye nenani lezinye izifo ezisakazwa imikhaza.

! Njalo ngonyaka, abantu baseRussia abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400 baphendukela ezikhungweni zezokwelapha ukuze balunywe imikhaza, ingxenye yesine yezisulu izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 ubudala. Akwaziwa ukuthi zingaki izakhamizi zezwe lethu ezilunywa imikhaza ngesikhathi sohambo lwangaphandle.

Inombolo enkulu yokuncela ibhaliswe ezifundeni zikahulumeni zaseSiberia, iVolga kanye ne-Ural, okungenani - eNingizimu naseNyakatho yeCaucasus.

Ukuhlasela kwemikhaza kubonakala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Izimo zokuqala zokulunywa - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo enezinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lansuku zonke elingaphezu kuka-0,3⁰C, okokugcina - ekwindla ejulile. Inombolo enkulu yokulunywa komkhaza isukela phakathi nentwasahlobo kuya engxenyeni yokuqala yehlobo.

Imikhaza ingathwala eyodwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinhlobo ezimbalwa zamagciwane kanye namagciwane ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuthwala kwe-pathogen eyodwa kuyi-mono-carrier, futhi amagciwane amabili noma ngaphezulu angumthwali oxubile. Ezifundeni ezinokuminyana okuphezulu kwabantu, imikhaza ithwala:

• mono-infections - ku-10-20% yamacala;

• izifo ezixubile - ku-7-15% yamacala.

Ubukeka kanjani umkhaza?

Umkhaza unamathele emzimbeni womuntu ngosizo lwe-hypostome. Lokhu kuphuma okungamataniswa kwenza imisebenzi yesitho sezinzwa, ukunamathela kanye nokumunca igazi. Indawo okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi umakhi unamathele kumuntu kusuka phansi kuya phezulu:

• indawo ye-groin;

• isisu kanye nomhlane ophansi;

• isifuba, amakhwapha, intamo;

• indawo yendlebe.

Ngesikhathi sokulunywa, ngaphansi kwesenzo somkhaza wamathe kanye ne-microtrauma, ukuvuvukala kanye nokungezwani kwendawo kukhula esikhumbeni. Indawo yokumunca ayinabuhlungu, ibonakala ngokuba bomvu kwesimo esiyindilinga.

Indawo yokulunywa komkhaza esifo se-Lyme (borreliosis) ibonakala iyisici - ngesimo se-erythema ethize, ekhuphuka ibe ngu-10-20 cm ububanzi (ngezinye izikhathi ifika ku-60 cm). Ukuma kwendawo kuyindilinga, i-oval, ngezinye izikhathi ingavamile. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umngcele ongaphandle ophakeme wokwakheka kombala obomvu oshubile eduze kwekhonta. Isikhungo se-erythema siba cyanotic noma mhlophe. Ngosuku olulandelayo, indawo ibukeka njenge-donut, uqweqwe kanye nesibazi. Ngemva kwamasonto amabili, isibazi siyanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo.

Ividiyo: ulunywe umkhaza, yini okufanele uyenze? Ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo:

Usizo lokuqala ngokulunywa umkhaza

Umhlukunyezwa kufanele asizwe ukukhipha umkhaza, awufake esitsheni esivalekile bese usayina ilebula ehambisana nesampula ye-biomaterial.

Ukumuncwa komkhaza kubangela ukungezwani komzimba, kwesinye isikhathi ngendlela ye-edema kaQuincke.

Izimpawu ze-edema ka-Quincke zikhula emizuzwini embalwa noma amahora ngendlela:

• ukuvuvukala kwamajwabu amehlo, izindebe nezinye izingxenye zobuso;

• ubuhlungu bemisipha;

• ukuphefumula kanzima.

Lokhu kubonakaliswa okuyingozi kakhulu kokungezwani komzimba, kufanele ubize ngokushesha i-ambulensi bese uzama ukusiza isisulu ngaphambi kokuba odokotela bafike.

Ekhaya, ungenza lokhu okulandelayo:

• nikeza enye yama-antihistamines;

• ukunikeza ukufinyelela emoyeni omusha;

Izinyathelo zokuxilonga nezokwelashwa zezifo ezingase zibe khona zenziwa ezikhungweni zezokwelapha.

Ungaya kuphi ukuze uthole ukulunywa umkhaza?

Kuyadingeka ukwenza i-algorithm elandelayo yezenzo:

1. susa umkhaza obambekile;

2. ukuyise elabhorethri egunyaziwe ukuze kutholwe abenzeli abathelelanayo nge-PCR (bona ikheli ngezansi);

3. nikela ngegazi (uma kunesidingo) ukuze uthole amasosha omzimba ku-ELISA ku-serum yomuntu (imininingwane ngezansi).

4. thola inkambo yokwelashwa ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kanye nezinkomba zomtholampilo.

1. Khipha umaka obambekile

Ukumuncwa komkhaza kwenzeka ngemva kokuwulungisa emzimbeni womuntu. Le nqubo ithatha imizuzu embalwa ukuya emahoreni ambalwa. Ukumuncwa kwegazi kuthatha amahora amabili kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ukumunca akubonakali kubantu, futhi umkhaza osuvele uphuze igazi uyisiyingi futhi umpunga ngombala.

Umkhaza omunyiwe kufanele ususwe ngokushesha, kodwa ngokucophelela okukhulu! Kuyadingeka ukuvikela isisu sakhe emonakalweni kanye nokuvuza kwe-hemolymph negazi lomuntu. Izandla kanye nesilonda endaweni yokulunywa kufanele ziphathwe ngesisombululo esinotshwala (i-vodka, isixazululo sotshwala se-iodine noma okuluhlaza okotshani).

Ukukhipha umaka ngezindlela ezithuthukisiwe:

1. Phonsa intambo ngendlela ye-loop ezungeze i-proboscis (eduze kwesikhumba), qinisa futhi uyikhiphe kancane kancane ngokunyakaza kokushwibeka. Esikhundleni sezintambo, ungasebenzisa izipikili, ukufana okubili nezinye izinto ezifanele.

2. Faka umkhaza ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sepulasitiki, ubophe intamo.

3. Sayina ilebula yephakheji (bonisa usuku, isikhathi, indawo okutholakala kuyo, igama eliphelele lomuntu okhishwe kuye umkhaza, abathintwayo ukuze bathole ulwazi mayelana nokuhlaselwa komkhaza).

Ukukhipha umaka ngethuluzi elikhethekile:

1. Sebenzisa ama-tweezers wezokwelapha (imanicure) noma amadivaysi (Tick Twister, Tick Nipper, Pro tick remedy, Trix, Tricked off, others);

2. Beka umkhaza esitsheni esingangenisi umoya (ibhodlela lomuthi, isibonelo);

3. Sayina ilebula esitsheni (bona ngenhla).

2. Thatha umaki uwuyise elabhorethri egunyaziwe

Ukuhlaziya kwenziwa mahhala, kodwa kubalulekile ukucacisa lolu lwazi. Ucwaningo lwe-PCR olususelwe kumathuluzi okuxilonga asevele enziwe ama-AmpliSens TBEV (encephalitis, borreliosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis), umsabalalisi we-InterLabService LLC. Sidinga ukwazi ukuthi imiphumela izobe isilungile nini. Ngokuvamile ngosuku olufanayo noma ekuseni ngakusasa.

3. Nikela ngegazi ukuze kutholakale amasosha omzimba

Ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemva kokulunywa umkhaza, ngokutusa kukadokotela, ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukunikela ngegazi ukuze kutholakale amasosha omzimba kubantu ezifweni ezidluliselwa imikhaza. Ukuze uthole ukuxilongwa, isistimu yokuhlola "VektoVKE -IgG-strip" JSC "Vector-Best" isetshenziswa. Isikhathi sokuhlaziya: amahora ama-2 imizuzu engama-30.

4. Yenza i-immunotherapy njengoba kunconywe udokotela

Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo mayelana nomkhaza we-PCR kanye / noma i-serum yegazi ye-ELISA, ngokusekelwe ezincomo zikadokotela, i-immunotherapy ethile iyenziwa.

• Ukwethulwa kwe-immunoglobulin yomuntu ngokumelene ne-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza kuyakhokhelwa!

• I-Gamma globulin inikezwa mahhala ezigabeni ezithile zezakhamuzi futhi ngesisekelo senqubomgomo ye-VHI ngaphansi kohlelo lokwelapha i-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza (qiniseka ukuthi uthintana nesikhungo sezokwelapha esishiwo kwinkontileka zingakapheli izinsuku ezi-4 ngemva kokulunywa).

Isikhathi lapho ukwelashwa okuqondile kungenzeka, isikhathi, imvamisa yokuphathwa kwe-globulin kufanele kutholakale kudokotela oya khona. Ikheli lephoyinti lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwe-encephalitis libonisiwe:

• kuzinqubomgomo ze-DMS;

• endaweni yokusebenzela elabhorethri.

Ukuvimbela ukulunywa nezinye izincomo

Amathuba okuhlaselwa komkhaza kumuntu ancike kulokhu:

• inhlalakahle ye-epidemiological endaweni ohlala kuyo;

• umsebenzi ohlobene nokuhlala njalo ehlathini, insimu;

• amathuba okuvakashela izindawo ezingezinhle mayelana nezifo ezithwalwa yimikhaza.

Ukuvinjelwa kwemiphumela ehlobene nokulunywa komkhaza kusekelwe kulokhu:

• ukugoma, kodwa lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuvimbela; lapho umuntu ethelelekile, ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa;

• i-immunotherapy ethize yindlela yokwelapha (ukuphathwa kwe-immunoglobulin kuphela uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka noma ukutheleleka okusolwayo ngemva kokulunywa);

• umshwalense wezempilo ukuze ukhokhele ukwelashwa okungenzeka;

• ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo ezikhethekile kanye nemishini yokuvimbela imikhaza ukuthi ingangeni emzimbeni;

• ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ukubhujiswa kwemikhaza;

• ukunciphisa inani lemikhaza kuma-biotopes, izindawo lapho abantu okungenzeka babe khona.

Izincomo zokukhetha umuthi wokugoma

Ukugoma kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo, kuboniswa kubo bonke abantu abahlala ezifundeni ezintula amathuba, nakubantu abahlotshaniswa kahle nehlathi (ababhori, izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, abahloli bezakhiwo, amahlathi). Uma ufisa, ukugoma kunganikezwa kunoma ubani onesithakazelo kuwo, ngaphandle kokungabikho kwe-contraindications.

Ukugoma okuyisisekelo kungenzeka kusukela ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwengane, bese kuba kunoma iyiphi iminyaka. Abantu abadala bangagonywa ngemithi yasekhaya kanye nephuma kwamanye amazwe, izingane zingcono ngalezo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. E-Russia, izinhlobo eziyisithupha zokugoma ziyatholakala kubakhiqizi abane abavela eRussia, Germany naseSwitzerland.

Imithi yokugomela i-encephalitis ethwalwa ngumkhaza ekhiqizwa eRussia:

• Umuthi wokugoma ogxilile ongacushiwe ukhonjiswa ukusetshenziswa kusukela eminyakeni emithathu nangaphezulu;

• I-Encevir (EnceVir), eRussia, ikhonjiswe kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili nangaphezulu.

Imithi yokugomela i-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza ekhiqizwa eSwitzerland:

• I-FSME-Immun Junior (FSME-Immun Junior), ekhonjiswa kusukela onyakeni owodwa kuya eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha;

• I-FSM-Immun Inject (FSME-Immun Inject), izinkomba ziyefana.

Imithi yokugomela i-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza ekhiqizwa eJalimane:

• I-Encepur Izingane, eziboniswa kusukela ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili kuya eminyakeni eyishumi nanye;

• I-Encepur omdala (Encepur omdala), eboniswa kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nambili nangaphezulu.

Izikimu zokugoma ezimbili: i-prophylactic kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo:

• Umgomo wokuvimbela uvikela imikhaza ngonyaka wokuqala, futhi ngemva kokuvuselelwa - phakathi neminyaka emithathu. Ukugonywa kabusha kwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu.

• Ukugonywa kwezimo eziphuthumayo kunikeza umphumela omfushane wokuvikela. Inkomba - uhambo oluphuthumayo oluya ezifundeni ezingezinhle nge-encephalitis.

Ukugoma kwenziwa ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuqala kwesiguli ukuze kutholakale ukungezwani komzimba, ukuhlolwa komtholampilo, i-thermometry. Abantu abanezinkinga zempilo abavunyelwe ukuthi bagonywe. Kukhona contraindications kanye nemikhawulo.

E-Russia, i-"Human Immunoglobulin Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis", ekhiqizwa yi-FSUE NPO "Microgen", ikhiqizwa. Umuthi uqukethe amasosha omzimba enziwe ngomumo ku-encephalitis yegciwane. Ilawulwa nge-intramuscularly ngenhloso yokwelashwa, ngokuvamile ngemva kokutheleleka noma engozini yokutheleleka. Imithamo kanye nezikhathi zokuphatha kungatholwa kudokotela wakho.

Izincomo zomshwalense wezindleko ezihlobene nokwelashwa kwe-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza

Kutuswa ukuncoma umshwalense njengokwengezwa ekugomeni noma njengendlela kuphela uma kwenzeka kungenzeki ukugoma. Umshwalense omelene ne-encephalitis ethwala umkhaza wenziwa njengengxenye ye-VHI - umshwalense wezokwelapha wokuzithandela. Izinkokhelo zihloselwe ukunxephezela ukwelashwa okumba eqolo kwe-encephalitis ethwalwa umkhaza nezinye izifo ezifanayo. Lapho ukhetha uhlelo lomshwalense kanye nenkampani yomshuwalense, udinga ukunaka:

• ukutholakala kwezimvume zokwenza i-VHI ngumuntu ofakwe kumshwalense;

• izindleko zezinsizakalo ze-VHI kanye nesithunzi somshwalense;

• ukutholakala kwemibhalo yelungelo lokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezokwelapha nokuvimbela noma isivumelwano nomuntu ogunyazwe ukunikeza lolo sizo egameni lomshwalense;

• Ukutholakala kocingo lwamahhala lwamahora ayi-XNUMX ukuze uthole izeluleko eziphuthumayo.

Amathiphu okuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwemikhaza

Ukuya ehlathini noma ngaphandle kwedolobha, khetha izingubo ezifanele ngemibala ekhanyayo:

• i-anti-encephalitis suit;

• ibhantshi (ihembe) elinemikhono emide namacuffs namabhulukwe afakwe emasokisini;

• isigqoko esingena kahle ekhanda futhi sivikele intamo.

Njalo ngehora udinga ukuhlola izingubo kusukela phansi kuya phezulu ukuze uthole imikhaza. Kunconywa ukuthi uhlole umzimba njalo emahoreni amabili, ikakhulukazi amakhwapha, intamo, imbeleko, isifuba nekhanda. Kuyafaneleka ukugwema noma ukunciphisa ukuba setshanini obude emaphethelweni ehlathi, eduze kwezindlela.

Imishini eyahlukene iyatholakala ukuze ihwebe ukuze imikhaza ingangeni emzimbeni ngendlela yamanethi omiyane afakwe izibulala-zinambuzane, izicathulo ezikhethekile, izingubo zokugqoka, nokunye.

Ama-Acaricides (acekele phansi imikhaza) - anomphumela wokuthintana kuphela. Kufanele zisetshenziselwe kuphela ukucubungula indwangu yezingubo zangaphandle kanye nokwelashwa kwe-anti-mite ezindaweni nezakhiwo!

Lapho uthengiswa ungathola ama-acaricides anconyelwe ukusetshenziswa esikhumbeni. Kodwa kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokucophelela - i-allergies, ubuthi kungenzeka.

Izincomo zokucekelwa phansi kwemikhaza kuma-biotopes nasezindaweni lapho abantu okungenzeka babe khona

Ukuze uvimbele ukusabalala kwemikhaza, kufanele njalo:

• gunda utshani esizeni (imikhaza igada isisulu otshanini, imvamisa ukuphakama okungama-0,6 m, ukuphakama okuphezulu kube ngamamitha ayi-1,5; esimweni esilambile, imikhaza iphila iminyaka emibili kuya kwemine, ngokusho kwabanye. imithombo efinyelela eminyakeni eyisikhombisa, ukukhula kusuka eqandeni kuye kubantu abadala - imago ithatha iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu noma ngaphezulu);

• izihlahla ezihlanzekile, susa amaqabunga awile (izibungu zilahlekelwa umswakama wazo elangeni, futhi zibuyisele ibhalansi ezindaweni zokukhosela ezimanzi);

• ukubhubhisa amagundane amancane - ama-tick hosts (ukujikeleza kwe-pathogen ezilwaneni zasendle - ukugxila kwemvelo kokutheleleka);

• ukwelapha izindawo ezingaba khona imikhaza (imikhaza yendawo ephakathi ihamba phakathi kwamamitha angu-5-10, eningizimu - kufika kumamitha ayi-100, iziqondise ngosizo lwama-receptors, igxile ezindleleni, emaphethelweni ehlathi - ezindaweni lapho kungenzeka ukuthintana khona isisulu).

Ukwelashwa kwe-anti-mite okusekelwe olwazini lwe-mite biology kusebenza kahle uma kwenziwa minyaka yonke. Ezifundeni eziningi kunezinhlangano ezenza i-desacarization, i-deratization, ukulawula izinambuzane, zisebenzisa imishini yokugunda utshani, amakhemikhali okwelapha umkhaza.