Okuqukethwe
Ikhowe eliyindandatho liyingxenye yalabo abangaziwa kancane, kodwa muva nje belilokhu lidingeka kakhulu phakathi kwabacosha amakhowe. Inomthelela ekwandiseni izikelemu kanye nobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo bokutshalwa kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokushesha uma uqala ukuqoqa ama-ringlets, izitsha ezilungiselelwe kuzo zizoba mnandi futhi ziphunga elimnandi. Amakhowe amancane abilisiwe kangcono, futhi amakhowe akhule kakhulu athosiwe kakhulu.
Isithombe nencazelo yendandatho
Njengamanje, kutshalwa izinhlobo ezimbili zama-ringlets adliwayo. Lawa amakhowe amakhulu e-agaric. Izinhlobonhlobo zombandamu ziyehluka ngobuningi. I-Gartenriese enkulu, i-Winnetou encane.
Koltsevik (I-Stropharia rugoso-annulata) ngokwemvelo imila eziqwini zokhuni, enhlabathini exutshwe ne-sawdust, noma otshanini obumbozwe inhlabathi. Ingaphinde ikhule kumquba we-champignon, kodwa ukuze kube nezithelo ezingcono, umquba kufanele uhlanganiswe ne-sawdust, utshani noma ama-chips enkuni ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1.
Imizimba yezithelo mikhulu, inobubanzi obungama-50 kuya ku-300 mm kanye nesisindo esingama-50 kuya ku-200 g. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwayo phansi ehlathini noma embhedeni engadini, umbandamu onekepisi elinsundu cishe eliyindilinga kanye nomlenze omhlophe owugqinsi ufana nekhowe le-porcini. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-porcini fungus, umbandamu ungowamakhowe e-agaric. Kamuva, i-cap ithola umbala okhanyayo, wezitini, imiphetho yayo igobile. Amapuleti aqala amhlophe, bese kuba nsomi ngokukhanyayo futhi ekugcineni abe nsomi ngokugqamile.
Njengoba ubona esithombeni, isikhali sokukhala sinomlenze owugqinsi, oqondile, oqina ubheke esisekelweni:
Unqenqema lwekepisi lugobile futhi linesembozo esiwugqinsi se-membranous, esidatshulwa lapho amakhowe evuthwa futhi asale esesimweni sendandatho esiqwini. Izinsalela ze-bedspread zivame ukuhlala esigqokweni ngendlela yezikali ezincane.
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Ngakho-ke, ufunde incazelo yekhowe lombandamu, kodwa linambitheka kanjani? Lelikhowe linephunga elimnandi. Okuhle kakhulu izigqoko eziyindilinga ze-ringworm encane, eziqoqwe ngokushesha ngemva kokuvela ensimini. Ekuseni, ziswakanyiswe kancane futhi ziminyene impela, zibukeka njengekepisi lekhowe elincane le-porcini noma i-boletus. Ukunambitheka kubuye kusikhumbuza amakhowe ahloniphekile, kodwa kukhona izici ezithile. Ukunambitheka kwamakepisi amakhowe abilisiwe, kodwa kune-aftertaste encane yamazambane abilisiwe. Kodwa-ke, alungele ama-appetizers, kanye nesobho. Ukuze kuvunwe ebusika, amakhowe ama-ring ring angaba yiqhwa noma omisiwe. Izigqoko eziyindilinga azibambeleli ndawonye uma ziqandisiwe, zingagcinwa ziqandiswe ngobuningi, azibhidliki. Ngaphambi kokumisa, kungcono ukusika isigqoko sibe amapuleti angu-2-4, bese bebukeka bebahle esobho.
Kunconywa ukuthi ungalethi amakhowe akhulayo esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo, lapho ama-caps eba flat futhi amapuleti aphenduka abe nsomi. Ama-ringlets akhule awamnandi kangako. Kodwa uma ungenayo isikhathi sokuqoqa amakhowe ngesikhathi, bese uwasebenzisa othosiwe ngo-anyanisi namazambane.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwezikelemu emibhedeni
Indawo yokutshala amakhowe ombandamu kufanele ikhanyiswe ngokwanele entwasahlobo nasekwindla, futhi ehlobo, ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele ivikelwe elangeni eliqondile. Ungatshala amakhowe kanye namathanga, okudala i-microclimate enhle ngamaqabunga awo: anikeza umswakama kanye nomthunzi odingekayo.
Imiphumela emihle kakhulu itholakala kuma-chips amasha okhuni oluqinile. Ama-chips amasha anomswakama owanele futhi awadingi ukucubungula okwengeziwe. I-Softwood ne-oki chips, izinaliti zikaphayini kanye ne-spruce zingasetshenziswa kuphela njengesengezo (akukho ngaphezu kuka-50% wesisindo esiphelele). Ama-chips avela emagatsheni anqunywa ngendlela yombhede ongu-30-40 cm ubukhulu, ububanzi obuyi-140 cm futhi iniselwe. Uma ama-wood chips omile, umbhede uniselwa izinsuku ezimbalwa ekuseni nakusihlwa. I-substrate mycelium yengezwa kuma-chips ngesilinganiso esingu-1 kg nge-1 m2 yemibhede. I-Mycelium yengezwa nge-dropwise ekujuleni okungama-5 cm ezingxenyeni ezilingana ne-walnut. Kwesinye isikhathi i-substrate ekhule kahle isetshenziswa njenge-mycelium. Ungqimba lwenhlabathi yengadi evamile (inhlabathi embozayo) ithululelwa phezu kwemibhede. Ngezikhathi ezomile, inhlabathi ye-casing imanziswa nsuku zonke.
Lapho ukhula umbandamu, utshani lukakolweni lungasetshenziswa njenge-substrate. Icwiliswa usuku esitsheni ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Bese zifakwa ezindaweni ezinomthunzi ngendlela yamagquma aphansi angama-20-30 cm ubukhulu kanye no-100-140 cm ububanzi. Kudingeka i-1-2 kg yotshani obomile ngama-25 m30 ama-ridge. Khona-ke i-substrate mycelium yengezwa otshanini futhi ngesilinganiso se-1 kg/m2.
Esikhathini esifudumele (May-June), ama-substrate fouls kanye nemicu emide (rhizomorphs) ivela emavikini angu-2-3.
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Ngemuva kwamaviki angu-8-9, amakoloni e-mycelium e-ringworm abonakala ebusweni, futhi ngemva kwamasonto angu-12 kwakheka ungqimba oluqhubekayo kusuka ku-substrate ehlanganiswe ne-mycelium. Ngemuva kokunciphisa izinga lokushisa lomoya ebusuku, i-fruiting eningi iqala. I-ringworm ibhekwa njengekhowe lasehlobo. Ukushisa okuhle phakathi kombhede ngu-20-25 ° C. I-mycelium ye-ringworm ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa ama-rhizomorphs akhiwa, afaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni yonke i-substrate. I-colonization ephelele ye-substrate ithatha amaviki angu-4-6. Iziqalo zemizimba ethela izithelo zakhiwa ngemva kwamasonto angu-2-4 otshanini futhi ngemva kwamasonto angu-4-8 kumapulangwe ezinkuni.
Imizimba ethela izithelo ivela ngamaqembu. Amakhowe akha endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona utshani nomhlabathi. Ama-rhizomorphs we-ringworm, lapho ekhule embhedeni wengadi, anganwebeka kude nemikhawulo yawo (amashumi amamitha) futhi akhe imizimba yezithelo lapho. Kodwa-ke, amagagasi athela izithelo awafani njengalawo e-champignon. Ngokuvamile ukuqoqa amagagasi 3-4. Igagasi ngalinye elisha livela emavikini angu-2 ngemva kwedlule. Qoqa amakhowe nge-coverlet edabukile noma esanda kukhishwa. Lokhu kwandisa impilo yeshalofu yamakhowe. Ukunisela imibhede kuyadingeka ukuze uthole amakhowe asezingeni eliphezulu. Imizimba ethela izithelo zombandamu ithambile futhi ayikubekezeleli ukusuka kwesinye isitsha ukuya kwesinye. Kumapulangwe ezinkuni anenhlabathi emboziwe, isivuno sifinyelela ku-15% wesisindo se-substrate, otshanini isivuno sincane.
I-substrate mycelium yokutshala izikelemu
Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, i-substrate mycelium yayisetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa isikhunta. Ekukhuleni kwamakhowe, inqubo "yembewu" yemifino yamakhowe ngosizo lwe-mycelium ibizwa ngokuthi inoculation. Ngakho-ke, umquba we-champignon wagonywa ngezingcezu zomquba osuvele unolwazi lwe-champignon mycelium. Umquba onjalo "wembewu" i-mycelium iyisibonelo esisodwa se-substrate mycelium. I-compost mycelium yayingasetshenziselwa ukutshala ama-champignon kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye ama-humus futhi ngezinye izikhathi amakhowe kadoti. Ngakho "wahlwanyela" zonke izinhlobo zama-champignon, amakhowe, izambulela ngisho nendandatho.
Ukuze kusatshalaliswe uju lwe-agaric ehlobo, amakhowe e-oyster nezinye isikhunta sesihlahla, kwasetshenziswa i-substrate mycelium ngokusekelwe ku-sawdust, ephethwe yi-mycelium efunwayo (sawdust mycelium). Ukuze kutshalwe amakhowe eziqwini nasezintweni zokhuni, amadowels okhuni angamacylindrical anesikhunta esihlahleni ayethengiswa. Ama-dowels anjalo angabizwa nangokuthi i-substrate mycelium. Zisakhiqizwa phesheya.
I-substrate mycelium iqukethe cishe akukho ukudla okweqile kwesikhunta - i-mycelium kuphela yokusakazeka kwayo kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ingagcinwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi futhi ingasetshenziswa ku-substrate engeyona oyinyumba.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwamakhowe buthuthuka, amafemu akhiqiza i-mycelium ashintshela kokusanhlamvu njengomthwali we-mycelium. I-Mycelium eyenziwe ngokolweni, ibhali noma i-millet ibizwa ngokuthi okusanhlamvu. I-Grain mycelium ikhiqizwa kuphela okusanhlamvu okuyinzalo. Ngakho-ke, ngokusetshenziswa kwe-mycelium yokusanhlamvu, kungenzeka ukusungula ubuchwepheshe obunyumba bokukhiqiza amakhowe, okuqinisekisa isivuno esiphezulu ku-substrate eyinzalo. Kodwa ekukhiqizweni kwangempela, i-substrate e-pasteurized ihlwanyelwa ngokusanhlamvu kwe-mycelium. Inzuzo yokusanhlamvu kwe-mycelium ngaphezu kwe-substrate mycelium ukusetshenziswa kwayo okongayo nokusebenziseka kalula. Ngobuchwepheshe obuyinyumba, ungakwazi ukwethula izinhlamvu ezimbalwa ze-millet nge-mycelium yesikhunta esikhwameni sekhilogremu esine-substrate futhi amakhowe azokhula futhi anikeze isivuno esihle. Eqinisweni, i-mycelium yokusanhlamvu yengezwa ku-substrate kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5% ngesisindo se-substrate eqediwe. Lokhu kwandisa inani lokudla okunomsoco we-substrate ngenxa yokusanhlamvu kwe-mycelium futhi ikuvumela ukuba ukhule ngokushesha i-substrate.
Kodwa ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-mycelium yokusanhlamvu "ukuhlwanyela" ukhunta, njenge-ringworm, embhedeni wengadi ongeyona oyinyumba? Njengoba kuvela, akulula njengoba kubonakala. Ngokuhlwanyela okunjalo, isikhunta sihlasela okusanhlamvu okuyinyumba kwe-mycelium, okusanhlamvu kuhlanganiswe ngokushesha ngezinhlamvu zesikhunta eziluhlaza, futhi i-mycelium ye-ringworm iyafa. Ukuze uthole umphumela omuhle, kufanele uqale "uhlwanyele" i-mycelium eyinyumba esikhwameni esine-chip chip substrate oyinyumba, ulinde kuze kukhule i-mycelium enesilonda lapho, bese uyisebenzisa njenge-substrate mycelium emibhedeni yokuhlwanyela.
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I-Chopper yokutshala izikelemu
Isitshalo esikhulu samakhowe esihlahla singatholakala kuphela emibhedeni noma ku-substrate evulekile emasakeni epulasitiki, kodwa hhayi ezicucu zezinkuni. I-substrate kufanele ibe manzi, inempilo futhi ikhululeke ukuze ibe nomoya-mpilo owanele odingekayo ekukhuleni kwesikhunta. Zonke lezi zidingo zihlangatshezwa yi-substrate yamagatsha asanda kumiswa.
Ama-wood chips angangena esikhundleni sotshani lapho kutshalwa amakhowe oyster, ama-shiitake namanye amakhowe esihlahla. Kodwa into esemqoka oyidingayo ukuthenga i-grinder ukwenza i-substrate yemibhede enendandatho. Amagatsha asanda kufakwa emhlabathini anamaqabunga, futhi okungcono angenawo amaqabunga, ayi-substrate esenziwe ngomumo enomswakama ongaba ngu-50%, ongadingi ukuthi ufakwe ngaphambili. Amagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahla aqukethe imisoco eyanele edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-mycelium fungal.
Noma yisiphi isishicileli sengadi esinemimese siyadingeka. Kanye ne-chopper, ngincoma ukuthenga imimese eyisipele. Badinga ukucubungula amagatsha amasha kuphela. Khona-ke uthola ama-chips osayizi ofanele, futhi i-grinder ngokwayo izohlala isikhathi eside. Amamodeli anamagiya nawo angasetshenziswa, kodwa awakhiqizi i-substrate evumela umoya owanele. Ama-birches amancane afika ku-4 cm ubukhulu agaywe kahle esitsheni sokusika. Eduze nama-birch copses emasimini ashiywe, izindawo ezinehlathi eliminyene lama-birch amancane zakhiwa ngokuzihlwanyela. Ukuzihlwanyela okunjalo akwenzeki ehlathini, kodwa endaweni yokulima, lapho kuphanga khona amasimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma unganqamuli wonke ama-birch ngokulandelana, kodwa ube mncane ukuzinza ngokwakho, lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukukhula kwe-boletus namakhowe we-porcini kuwo.
Emzaneni ophukayo, noma omhlophe, omila emigwaqweni nasemifuleni, amagatsha angakhula aze afike ku-5 cm ubukhulu ngesizini eyodwa! Futhi ngisho bagaya kahle. Uma ususa inqwaba yale minyezane endaweni, khona-ke ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5 uzoba nomthombo ongashi we-substrate yamakhowe. Zonke izihlahla ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezihlahla ezakha amagatsha amade naqondile zifanelekile: i-willow efuywayo, i-hazel, i-aspen, njll. Ama-chips avela emagatsheni e-oki afanele ukukhulisa i-shiitake, kodwa hhayi amakhowe ama-ringworm nama-oyster, ngoba. ama-enzyme awo awaboli i-tannin.
Amagatsha ophayini namaspruce nawo agaywe kahle, kodwa anamathela ngokuqinile emimese yokusika nomzimba wayo wangaphakathi onenhlaka. Ama-chips avela emagatsheni e-coniferous afaneleka kuphela ukukhulisa umugqa onsomi (Lepista nuda).
Amagatsha omile ezihlahla nezihlahla azifanelekile ukugaya, njengoba evame ukuthinteka yisikhunta. Futhi, ngaphandle kwalokho, lapho ukugaya omile, ikakhulukazi amagatsha angcoliswe inhlabathi, imimese iba buthuntu ngokushesha.
Uma udinga ukugcina i-substrate ukuze isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, khona-ke ukuze igcinwe kufanele yomiswe ngaphansi kwe-canopy, futhi ifakwe emanzini ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. Ukuze uthole i-substrate enomswakama ongu-50%, ama-chips okhuni omisiwe kufanele athululwe ngamanzi imizuzu engama-30, bese amanzi kufanele akhishwe futhi ama-chips ezinkuni avelayo kufanele omiswe engadini emini.
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Ukunisela ipulazi ngendandatho
Ukuze kube nezithelo ezinhle, isitshalo samakhowe sidinga ukuniselwa njalo. Ukuyihlela kulula kakhulu.
Kukhona isiphethu esincane engadini, ngakho kwakungadingekile ukwenza umthombo noma umthombo. Amanzi aphuma esiphethwini ageleza ezansi nesayithi ngendlela yomfudlana omncane futhi aqoqwe echibini elilinganisa u-4 x 10 m. Kusuka lapho, kubekwe ipayipi le-asbestos-samente elingamamitha angu-8 ubude, lapho amanzi egeleza khona e-sump, lapho izinhlayiya zobumba zihlala khona. Khona-ke, imifudlana yamanzi ehlanzekile igcwalisa ithangi lekhonkrithi elinobubanzi obuyi-2,5 m nokujula kuka-2 m, lapho kufakwa khona iphampu yokudonsa amanzi enamandla angu-1100 W, inikeze ikhanda le-0,6 atm ngomthamo. kwe 10m3/h. Ukuze uthole ukuhlanzwa okwengeziwe kwamanzi ezinhlayiyeni zobumba, iphampu ifakwa ethini lepulasitiki, lapho kufakwa khona isikhwama se-agril esingu-200 µm. I-Agril iyimpahla yokumboza eshibhile yemibhede yasengadini.
Iphampu iletha amanzi epayipini elinobubanzi obungama-32 mm. Khona-ke, ngosizo lokufakwa okukhethekile, amanzi asakazwa ngamapayipi ububanzi obuyi-20 mm. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa amapayipi nokufakwa okwenziwe nge-polyethylene ephansi (i-HDPE) - lena yindlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi eshibhile yamapayipi nokufakwa.
Amapayipi okunisela abekwe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2,2 ngaphezu komhlaba kusetshenziswa ama-racks aqondile enziwe ngokuqiniswa ngobubanzi obuyi-12 mm. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ugunde utshani futhi unakekele ukutshala amakhowe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ukufafazwa kwamanzi kwenzeka emathini okuchelela aqondiswe phezulu. Amathini okunisela amabhodlela epulasitiki anezimbobo ezingu-0,05 mm. Zathengiswa ezitolo ze-hardware ngama-ruble angu-15. ucezu. Ukumatanisa nokufakwa kwe-HDPE, udinga ukusika intambo yangaphakathi engu-1/2 kuzo. Ucezu lwe-winterizer yokwenziwa lufakwa ngaphakathi kwekani lokunisela ngalinye, elibuye lihlanze amanzi.
Ukuvula iphampu kukhiqiza isibali sikhathi sasendlini. Ngokuniselwa kwensimu yonke yamakhowe (amahektha ayi-15) izikhathi ezi-2 ngosuku imizuzu engama-20, isamba samanzi esingaba ngu-4 m3 siyasetshenziswa lapho amanzi egeleza esuka emthonjeni esuka ku-8 m3 / ngosuku ukuya ku-16 m3 / ngosuku (kuye ngokuthi isikhathi ngonyaka). Ngakho, asekhona amanzi kwezinye izidingo. Amanye amathini okunisela ngezinye izikhathi ambozwa ubumba, naphezu kwesistimu yodaka kanye nokuhlunga. Ukuwahlanza, kwakwenziwa indawo ekhethekile yokukhipha amanzi eduze kwepompo ibe ingxenye yepayipi enezifakelo zamathini amanzi angu-5. Uma kungabikho ukugeleza kwamanzi, ipompo ithuthukisa ingcindezi engaphezu kwe-1 atm. Lokhu kwanele ukuhlanza amathini okunisela ngokuwajikijela ocezwini lwepayipi nokuvala ivalvu yokuphakela amanzi ohlelweni lokunisela. Ngasikhathi sinye nokunisela yonke indawo yokutshala amakhowe, izinqwaba zomquba, ama-raspberries, ama-cherries nezihlahla zama-apula ziyaphuziswa.
Amathini amahlanu afutha amanzi phezu kwensimu enendandatho. Ubukhulu obuphelele bombhede buyi-3 x 10 m. Amanzi okunisela awela kwezinye zezingxenye zawo, kanti amanye asala ngaphandle kokunisela. Njengoba ulwazi lwami lubonisa, umlimi wendandatho uthanda ukuthela izithelo kulezo zindawo lapho amanzi okunisela engangeni khona ngokuqondile. Ukuhlaziywa komswakama we-substrate embhedeni othela izithelo kufakazele ukuthi akudingekile ukuchelela yonke indawo yombhede. Ibhokisi lamakhowe ombandamu lisabalalisa umswakama ovela ekuniseleni kwezinye izingxenye zengadi phezu kwendawo yonke. Lokhu kufakazela izinzuzo ezingangabazeki zokuba ne-mycelium engadini.