Umfundi (kusuka ku-Latin pupilla) iyimbobo eyindilinga emnyama, etholakala ezingeni lamehlo phakathi nendawo ye-iris.

Isikhundla. Umfundi uyivula eyindilinga emaphakathi ye-iris, futhi ivumela ukukhanya kungene esweni. Ezingeni le-eyeball, umfundi ne-iris zitholakala phakathi kwe-lens, ngemuva, ne-cornea, ngaphambili. (1)

Isakhiwo. I-iris yakhiwa izingqimba zamaseli emisipha akha imisipha emibili (1):

• umsipha we-sphincter womfundi, ukufinyela okunciphisa ububanzi bomfundi. Ivalwe yizintambo ze-parasympathetic nerve, ezibamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluzimele.
• imisipha ye-dilator yomfundi, ukufinyela okwandisa ububanzi bomfundi. Ayivinjelwanga imicu yezinzwa ezinozwela, ebamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluzimele.

I-Myosis/Mydriase. I-Miosis iwukuncipha komfundi kuyilapho i-mydriasis iwukuvuleka komfundi.

Isilinganiso senani lokukhanya. Imisipha ye-iris isetshenziselwa ukukala ukungena kokukhanya esweni (1):

• Ukufakwa kokukhanya kuyancipha lapho imisipha ye-sphincter yesivumelwano somfundi. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi lapho iso libhekene nokukhanya okukhulu noma libheke entweni eseduze.
• Okokufaka okukhanyayo kuyanda lapho imisipha ye-dilator yomfundi inkontileka. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi lapho iso libheke okokufaka kokukhanya okubuthakathaka noma libheke into ekude.

I-Cataract. Le pathology ihambisana nokuguqulwa kwelensi, etholakala ngemuva komfundi. Kubonakala njengokulahlekelwa ukubona, okungaholela ebumpumputhe. Ukuguqulwa kwelensi kubonakala ngokushintsha kombala womfundi, ocacayo noma omhlophe esikhundleni somnyama.

Umfundi ka-Adie. Le pathology, imbangela yayo engaziwa namanje, iholela ekuguqulweni kwesimo sokuqina somfundi se-parasympathetic. (2)

UClaude Bernard-Horner syndrome. Le pathology ihambisana nokwehluleka kwe-innervation enozwela kanye ne-appendages yeso. Izimbangela zalesi syndrome zingaba umonakalo ohlelweni lwezinzwa ku-midbrain, umgogodla noma ukuhlakazeka komthambo we-carotid. (2)

I-Oculomotor nerve palsy. I-cranial nerve yesithathu, i-nerve III, noma i-oculomotor nerve inesibopho sokugcina inani elikhulu lemisipha ye-ocular kanye ne-extraocular kuhlanganise ikakhulukazi i-parasympathetic innervation ye-sphincter muscle yomfundi. Ukukhubazeka kwale nerve kungathinta ukubona. (2)

I-glaucoma. Lesi sifo samehlo sibangelwa ukulimala kwe-optic nerve. Kungathinta ukubona.

I-Presbyopia. Uma kuxhunyaniswa nobudala, kuhambisana nokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwamandla ehlo okukwazi ukukuthwala. Kungenxa yokulahlekelwa ukunwebeka kwelensi.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Pharmacological. Ngokuya nge-pathology, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungase kunqunywe, kuhlanganise namaconsi iso (amaconsi iso). (3)

Ukwelashwa kwe-Symptomatic. Kuma-pathologies athile, ukugqoka izibuko, ikakhulukazi izibuko ezinemibala, kunganqunywa. (4)

Ukwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa. Kuye ngohlobo lwe-pathology, ukuhlinzwa kungenziwa njengokuthi, isibonelo, ukukhishwa kwe-lens nokufakwa kwe-lens yokwenziwa kwezinye izimo ze-cataract.

Ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba. Ukuhlolwa komsebenzi we-pupillary kwenziwa ngokuhlelekile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamehlo (isb: fundus). Ivumela ukuthi kunikezwe ulwazi oluningi.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pharmacological. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pharmacological ikakhulukazi i-apraclonidine, noma i-pilocarpine kungenziwa ukuthola ushintsho ekuphenduleni kwe-pupillary. (3)

Ukuhlolwa kwezithombe zezokwelapha. I-MRI, i-magnetic resonance angiography, i-computed tomography noma i-pupillography ingasetshenziswa ukuqedela ukuxilongwa.

Ukubonakala kwamehlo abomvu esithombeni kuhlobene ne-choroid, enye yolwelwesi lwe-eye bulb, ecebile emithanjeni yegazi. Lapho kuthathwa isithombe, ukukhanya kungase kuvele kukhanyise amehlo. Ngakho-ke umfundi akanaso isikhathi sokuhoxisa futhi avumele ukuvela kwe-choroid ebomvu. (1)