Iphayini emnyama
Ngaphandle, ifana nophayini wethu wendabuko we-Scotch, kodwa izinaliti zawo zimnyama kakhulu. Isihlahla sihlobisa kakhulu futhi sihlala siyinto eyamukelekayo ngemuva kwendlu. Kodwa uphayini omnyama uyisivakashi saseningizimu. Kungenzeka yini ukuyikhulisa emgqeni ophakathi?

Uphayini omnyama udabuka eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan. Ngokwemvelo, itholakala eBulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Albania, Greece, kanye nasemazweni angomakhelwane - Austria, Italy, Slovenia. Lawa amazwe anesimo sezulu esifudumele, kodwa ihlala ikakhulukazi ezintabeni, ngakho ijwayele iqhwa nokubanda. Ngakho-ke, ingakhula Ezweni Lethu.

Uphayini omnyama (i-Pinus nigra) isihlahla esinamandla, ngokuvamile sifinyelela ubude obungama-20-30 m, kodwa kunezibonelo ezingama-50 m. Kodwa yinde kakhulu: ephayini yethu icishe ibe ngu-2 cm, kanti kuphayini omnyama - 5 - 10 cm.

Lapho zisencane, izihlahla zinesimo se-conical, izibonelo zabantu abadala ziba njengesambulela.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-subspecies nezinhlobonhlobo zephayini omnyama, phakathi kwazo, isibonelo, i-Crimea pine, engatholakala ezindaweni zethu zokungcebeleka zasoLwandle Olumnyama. Yebo, futhi njengoba inokuhlukahluka kwemvelo, abalimi abakwazanga ukusiza kodwa basebenzise lokhu futhi bathola izinhlobo eziningana ezithakazelisayo.

Izinhlobonhlobo zikaphayini omnyama

Ziningi zazo futhi zonke ziyizinguquko zemvelo.

Bambino (Bambino). Izinhlobonhlobo ezihlangene ezinomqhele oyindilinga - ububanzi bawo obukhulu buyi-2 m. Ikhula kancane kakhulu, inikeza ukwanda okungaphezu kuka-4 cm ngonyaka. Izinaliti ziluhlaza okumnyama, kodwa ebusika zishintsha umbala zibe grey-green. Ukumelana nesithwathwa akunamandla - kufika ku-28 ° С.

I-Brepo (Brepo). Lenhlobonhlobo inesimo sebhola elijwayelekile. Ikhula kancane kakhulu, lapho ineminyaka eyi-10 ayidluli ku-50 cm. Izinaliti ziluhlaza ngokumnyama. Ukumelana nesithwathwa kwehle kuya ku-28 ° C, kodwa njengoba izihlahla zihlangene kakhulu, ngaphansi kweqhwa zingakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi.

I-Globose (Globose). Futhi iyindilinga eyindilinga, kodwa inkulu kakhulu - icishe ibe ngu-3 m ukuphakama. Ikhula kancane, ibukeka ihlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Izinaliti ziluhlaza. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

Umbhoshongo Oluhlaza (I-Green Tower). Igama lalezi zinhlobonhlobo lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umbhoshongo oluhlaza", obonisa ngokugcwele ingqikithi yawo - lezi yizihlahla eziphansi zekholomu. Lapho beneminyaka engu-10, ukuphakama kwabo akudluli ku-2,5 m ububanzi obuyi-1 m, futhi uma beneminyaka engama-30 bufinyelela ku-5 m. Izinaliti zalolu hlobo zinde, zifinyelela ku-12 cm, ziluhlaza. Ukumelana nesithwathwa akukho ngaphezu kuka -28 ° С.

I-Green Rocket (Irokhethi Eliluhlaza). Esinye isimo se-pyramidal. Lapho isineminyaka eyi-10, ifinyelela ubude obungu-2-2,5 m nobubanzi bomqhele obungaphansi kwe-1 m. Izibonelo zabantu abadala ngokuvamile azidluli ku-6 m, kanti ububanzi obukhulu bungama-2 m. Izinaliti zayo zinde, ziluhlaza, kodwa zilula kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo. Ukumelana nesithwathwa akudluli -28 °C.

intombazane (Nana). Lolu uhlobo oluncane olu-2 m ukuphakama (aluvamile ukukhula lufinyelele ku-3 m) nobubanzi obufanayo. Inomumo wephiramidi ebanzi. Izinaliti ziluhlaza okumnyama, ubude obungu-10 cm, ziqinile, kodwa aziphuki. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

I-Oregon Green (Oregon Green). Lolu hlobo lunomumo we-asymmetric cone. Ikhula kancane - lapho ineminyaka engama-30 ifinyelela ubude obuyi-6 - 8 m, kodwa kamuva ingafinyelela ku-15 m. Ezitshalweni ezincane, izinaliti ziluhlaza ngokugqamile, bese ziba mnyama. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

I-Pyramidalis (Pyramidalis). Igama lalezi zinhlobonhlobo libuye libonise ukuma komqhele - yi-pyramidal. Ikhula kancane, ikhula cishe ngamasentimitha angama-20 ngonyaka, ifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angama-30 ngeminyaka eyi-6. Ubude obukhulu bungamamitha ayi-8, kanti ububanzi bomqhele buyi-3 m. Izinaliti ziluhlaza okumnyama, ziqinile, zingu-10 cm ubude. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

I-Fastigiata (Fastigiata). Izinhlobonhlobo ziyathakazelisa ngesici sazo sokukhula: zisencane, izitshalo zibukeka njengekholomu emincane enamagatsha alinganayo, kepha izihlahla ezivuthiwe zithola ukwakheka kwesambulela sakudala. Leli banga eliphakeme kakhulu - lifinyelela ku-20 - 45 m. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

I-Hornibrookiana (Hornibrookiana). Lolu hlobo lunomqhele oyindilinga, omise ngendlela engavamile. Ubude nobubanzi akudluli ku-2 m. Ikhula kancane, ukukhula konyaka kungu-10 cm. Izinaliti ziluhlaza ngokukhanyayo. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-28 ° С.

Ukutshala uphayini omnyama

Izithombo zikaphayini omnyama zithengiswa ezitsheni, ngakho-ke zingatshalwa phakathi nenkathi efudumele - kusukela maphakathi no-April kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba.

Awudingi ukumba umgodi omkhulu - kufanele ube mkhulu kancane kunosayizi wesitsha. Lapho utshala, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lomhlabathi ebhodweni lihambisana nezinga lenhlabathi engadini - intamo yezimpande akufanele ingcwatshwe.

ukunakekelwa kukaphayini omnyama

Inkinga enkulu ye-black pine ukumelana kwayo nesithwathwa. Izinhlobo eziningi zimelana nesithwathwa kuphela kuze kufike ku -28 ° C. Izincwadi zokubhekisela zibonisa ukumelana nesithwathwa okufanayo kwezihlahla zezinhlobo. Nokho, eqinisweni, bangaphila ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana ne umfuyi-dendrologist, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo uNikolai Vekhov (wahola isiteshi sokuhlola sase-Lipetsk iminyaka engu-30), uphayini omnyama ebusika obunzima buka-1939-1940 kanye no-1941-1942 wakwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa -40 ° C ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Futhi akazange ngisho aqande.

Nokho, kusenengozi. Ochwepheshe abakhuthazi ukuyikhulisa ngaphezu kwemingcele yezifunda zaseSaratov naseTambov. Ukuzijwayeza kubonisa ukuthi ezindaweni ezisemaqeleni nasezifundeni zamahlathi azinzile, kodwa esifundeni saseMoscow ikhula kabi futhi iqhwa. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje ibonise ukuqina esifundeni senhloko-dolobha.

Ground

Emvelweni, uphayini omnyama uvame ukumila enhlabathini ene-calcareous, eyomile futhi enamatshe, kodwa ngokuvamile awudingi inhlabathi - ungatshalwa esihlabathini esisanti, u-loam olula, nomhlabathi omnyama. Okuwukuphela kwento angayithandi yinhlabathi esindayo futhi emanzi kakhulu.

Lighting

Iphayini yethu ye-Scotch i-photophilous kakhulu, kodwa uphayini omnyama uyakwazi ukubekezelela ukukhanya. Yebo, futhi uyalithanda ilanga, kodwa ubekezelela ukuthungatha kwe-lateral ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Ukunisela

Kudingeka kuphela ngonyaka wokuqala emva kokutshala isithombo. Futhi-ke ukuchelela akudingeki - uphayini omnyama uyisitshalo esimelana nesomiso kakhulu futhi esimelana nokushisa.

umquba

Lapho utshala emgodini, akukho manyolo odinga ukungezwa.

Ukudla

Azidingeki futhi - ngokwemvelo, uphayini omnyama ukhula emhlabathini ompofu, wona ngokwawo uyakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla kwawo.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kukaphayini omnyama

Izinhlobo zikaphayini zingasakazwa ngembewu. Izigaxa zikaphayini ezimnyama zivuthwa ngonyaka wesibili, entwasahlobo. Kodwa imbewu idinga inkathi ye-dormancy ebandayo, ngakho-ke kufanele ihlungwe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele ahlanganiswe nesihlabathi esimanzi futhi athunyelwe inyanga esiqandisini. Ngemva kwalokho, zingahlwanyelwa emhlabathini ovulekile - ekujuleni kuka-1,5 cm.

Amafomu ezinhlobonhlobo asakazwa ngokuxhunyelelwa.

Imizamo yokusabalalisa uphayini omnyama kusuka kusikiwe cishe ayiphumeleli njalo.

Izifo zikaphayini omnyama

Ngokuvamile, uphayini omnyama uyisitshalo esimelana nezifo, kodwa zisenzeka.

I-pine spinner (ukudubula ukugqwala). Lesi ngesinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zikaphayini omnyama. Izimpawu zokuqala zesifo zivame ukuvela ekwindla - izinaliti zithola umbala onsundu okhanyayo, kodwa ungawi. I-pathogen fungus ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngokoqobo eminyakeni engu-1 - 2 ingabhubhisa ngokuphelele isihlahla.

Umuthi ophakathi walesi sikhunta yi-aspen ne-poplar. Kuphezu kwabo ukuthi yakha izinhlamvu ezithinta uphayini ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ezithintekile kufanele kuqale ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa i-Bordeaux liquid (1%). Ukwelashwa kokuqala kwenziwa ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, bese kuthi ezinye izifutho ezi-2 - 3 zibe nesikhawu sezinsuku ezi-5.

I-Brown Shutte (isikhunta seqhwa esinsundu). I-Shutte inezinhlobo eziningana, kodwa insundu ethinta uphayini omnyama. Okukhethekile kwalesi sikhunta se-pathogenic ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwayo okusebenzayo kwenzeka ezinyangeni zasebusika. Lesi sifo ungasibona ngezinaliti ezinsundu ezinombala omhlophe.

Lesi sifo siyelapheka; kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa i-Hom noma i-Racurs (1).

Umdlavuza wokudubula (scleroderriosis). Lesi sifo sithinta izinhlobo ezahlukene zikaphayini, kuhlanganise nomnyama. Ishaya, njengoba igama lisho, ihlumela, kodwa izimpawu zokuqala zingabonakala ezinalitini - ekupheleni kwamagatsha, ziwela ngendlela yezambulela. Okokuqala, izinaliti ziphenduka zibe phuzi-luhlaza, futhi ngemva kokuba iqhwa lincibilika (imvamisa phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa) ziba nsundu ngokubomvu. Lesi sifo sisakazeka esihlahleni sisuka phezulu siye phansi. Uma ingelashwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo ezifile ziyavela egxolweni (2).

Izihlahla zikaphayini ezincane, ububanzi besiqu zazo zingeqi ku-1 cm, ngokuvamile ziyafa. Ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ezindala, i-Fundazol isetshenziswa.

black pine izinambuzane

Ngokungafani ne-Scots pine, ehlaselwe izinambuzane eziningi, uphayini omnyama uzinzile impela - akuvamile ukuthi umuntu alungele ukuwufisa. Ungakwazi ukumaka, mhlawumbe, inkathazo eyodwa.

Isihlangu sikaphayini. Ihlala ephayini kuphela, kaningi kuphayini we-Scotch, kodwa ngokuvamile ilungele ukuzitika nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, kuhlanganise nophayini omnyama. Lesi sinambuzane esincane, esidala singu-1,5 - 2 mm ngobukhulu futhi ngokuvamile sihlala ngemuva kwezinaliti. Ngenxa yalokho, izinaliti ziba nsundu futhi ziwohloke. Imvamisa ilimaza izihlahla ezincane ezifika eminyakeni emi-5 (3).

Ukulwa nesinambuzane esikalini akuwona umsebenzi olula. Izinambuzane azinyakazi, kodwa zimbozwe ngegobolondo eliqinile namalungiselelo okuxhumana awasebenzi kuzo. I-Systemic kaningi futhi - yebo, ingena esitshalweni, ijikeleze ngesistimu ye-vascular, kodwa isinambuzane esikalini sidla amajusi avela ezicutshini ezingenhla zezinaliti, lapho izidakamizwa zingangeni khona. Ungasusa izinambuzane zesikali kuphela lapho kuvela izibungu ezilahlekile ezingavikelwe yigobolondo - ngoJulayi, izitshalo zidinga ukuphathwa nge-Actellik. Futhi abantu abadala bazofa ngokwabo - baphila isizini eyodwa kuphela.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Siphendule imibuzo ecindezela kakhulu mayelana nophayini omnyama isazi sezolimo namahlathi uSvetlana Mikhailova.

Kungenzeka yini ukukhulisa uphayini omnyama emgqeni ophakathi nendawo esifundeni saseMoscow?
Iphayini emnyama inokumelana nesithwathwa okuphansi, kepha ezindaweni eziseningizimu yendawo ephakathi (kuze kufike emngceleni wesifunda saseTambov) ikhula kahle. Ngasenyakatho, amahlumela awo angaba yiqhwa kancane, ngakho ezindaweni ezinjalo kungcono ukutshala izinhlobo ezincane zalesi sihlahla - zingena ebusika kahle ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Ungawusebenzisa kanjani uphayini omnyama ekwakhiweni kwe-landscape?
Izinhlobo zikaphayini kanye nezinhlobo ezinde zingatshalwa endaweni eyodwa noma ngamaqembu, kanye nokuhlangana neminye imiphayini. Amafomu amancane abukeka emuhle ekutshalweni kwezihlahla zikaphayini, imijunipha enwabuzelayo, i-thujas, ne-microbiota. Futhi zingatshalwa emagqumeni alpine nasezingadini ezinamatshe.
Ingabe uphayini omnyama kufanele uthenwe?
Amaphayini amade angagcinwa ngosayizi ngokuthenwa. Futhi wenze i-bonsai kubo. Izinhlobo ezincanyana azidingi ukuthenwa okwakhayo, kodwa ukuhlanzeka kuyadingeka - amagatsha omile nagulayo kufanele asuswe.

Imithombo ye

  1. Ikhathalogi yesifundazwe yezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali ezolimo avunyelwe ukuthi asetshenziswe endaweni ye-Federation kusukela ngomhla ka-6 Julayi 2021 // Umnyango Wezolimo Wenhlangano https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii - i-zashchity-rasteniy/imboni-ulwazi/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/
  2. U-Zhukov AM, u-Gninenko Yu.I., u-Zhukov PD Izifo eziyingozi ezifundwe kancane zezihlahla zikagwayi emahlathini Ezwe Lethu: ed. 2, rev. kanye nokunye // Pushkino: VNIILM, 2013. - 128 p.
  3. Grey GA Pine isinambuzane esikalini - ucaspis pusilla Low, 1883 (Homoptera: Diaspididae) esifundeni Volgograd // Ucwaningo lwe-Entomological kanye ne-parasitological esifundeni saseVolga, 2017 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/schitovka-sosnovaya-ucasspis- i-pusilla-low-1883- homoptera-diaspididae-v-volgogradskoy-oblasti

shiya impendulo