Ake senze isiphetho esijwayelekile nesiyisisekelo esivela kulokho okuye kwashiwo: ubuntu abukho kangako lokho umuntu aziyo nalokho aqeqeshwayo njengesimo sakhe sengqondo emhlabeni, kubantu, kuye ngokwakhe, ingqikithi yezifiso nemigomo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kuphela, umsebenzi wokukhuthaza ukwakheka kobuntu awukwazi ukuxazululwa ngendlela efanayo nomsebenzi wokufundisa (i-pedagogy esemthethweni ibilokhu yenza isono nalokhu). Sidinga indlela ehlukile. Bheka. Ukuze uthole isifinyezo sezinga lobuntu-semantic yomuntu, ake siphendukele emcabangweni wokuma kobuntu. Esichazamazwini esithi "Psychology" (1990) sifunda ukuthi: "Ubuntu bubonakaliswa yi-orientation - uhlelo olunamandla kakhulu lwezisusa - izithakazelo, izinkolelo, imibono, izinto ezithandayo, njll., lapho izidingo zomuntu zizibonakalisa khona: izakhiwo ze-semantic ezijulile (« Amasistimu we-semantic ashukumisayo», ngokusho kuka-LS Vygotsky), okunquma ukwazi kwakhe nokuziphatha kwakhe, amelana nokuthonywa ngamazwi futhi aguqulwa emsebenzini ohlangene wamaqembu (isimiso sokuxoxisana komsebenzi), izinga lokuqwashisa ubuhlobo babo neqiniso. : izimo zengqondo (ngokusho kwe-VN Myasishchev), izimo zengqondo (ngokusho kwe-DN Uznadze nabanye), izimo (ngokusho kuka-VA Yadov). Umuntu othuthukisiwe unokuzicabangela okuthuthukile…” Kulandela le ncazelo ukuthi:
- isisekelo sobuntu, okuqukethwe kwakho kwe-semantic yomuntu siqu kuzinzile futhi kunquma ngempela ukwazi nokuziphatha komuntu;
- umgudu oyinhloko wethonya kulokhu okuqukethwe, okungukuthi imfundo ngokwayo, okokuqala, ukubamba iqhaza komuntu ngamunye emisebenzini ehlanganyelwe yeqembu, kuyilapho izindlela zokukhuluma ngomlomo zingasebenzi;
- esinye sezici zobuntu obuthuthukisiwe ukuqonda, okungenani ngokwemibandela eyisisekelo, kokuqukethwe komuntu siqu kanye nesemantiki. Umuntu ongakathuthuki noma akazi "I" yakhe, noma akacabangi ngakho.
Esigabeni 1, empeleni, sikhuluma ngesikhundla sangaphakathi se-LI Bozhovich esihlonziwe, isici somuntu maqondana nemvelo yezenhlalo kanye nezinto zomuntu ngamunye zemvelo yezenhlalo. U-GM Andreeva ukhomba ukuba semthethweni kokuhlonza umqondo wokuqondiswa kobuntu nomqondo we-predisposition, okulingana nesimo sengqondo somphakathi. Ephawula ukuhlotshaniswa kwale mibono nomqondo wencazelo yomuntu siqu u-AN Leontiev kanye nemisebenzi ka-AG Asmolov kanye no-MA Kovalchuk, ezinikezelwe isimo sengqondo senhlalo njengencazelo yomuntu siqu, u-GM Andreeva uyabhala: "Ukwakheka okunjalo kwenkinga akufaki ngaphandle. umqondo wesimo sengqondo senhlalo esivela ku-mainstream ye-psychology evamile, kanye nemibono "yesimo sengqondo" kanye "nokuqondiswa kobuntu". Ngokuphambene nalokho, yonke imibono ecatshangelwe lapha iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba khona komqondo "wesimo sengqondo somphakathi" ku-psychology evamile, lapho manje sekuhlangene nomqondo "wesimo sengqondo" ngomqondo owasungulwa ngawo esikoleni se-DN. Uznadze” (Andreeva GM Social psychology. M., 1998. P. 290).
Ukufingqa lokho osekushiwo, igama elithi ukukhuliswa kokukhathazeka, okokuqala, ukwakheka kokuqukethwe komuntu siqu kwe-semantic okuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwemigomo yokuphila, ukuqondiswa kwenani, ukuthandwa nokungathandwa. Ngakho, imfundo ngokusobala ihlukile ekuqeqeshweni, okusekelwe emthelela emkhakheni wokuqukethwe kokusebenza komuntu ngamunye. Imfundo ngaphandle kokuncika ezinhlosweni ezakhiwe yimfundo ayisebenzi. Uma ukuphoqelela, ukuqhudelana, nokusikisela ngomlomo kwamukelekile ngezinjongo zemfundo kwezinye izimo, khona-ke ezinye izindlela ziyabandakanyeka enqubweni yemfundo. Ungakwazi ukuphoqa ingane ukuthi ifunde ithebula lokuphindaphinda, kodwa awukwazi ukuyiphoqa ukuthi ithande izibalo. Ungabaphoqa ukuba bahlale ngokuthula ekilasini, kodwa ukubaphoqa ukuba babe nomusa akunangqondo. Ukuze ufeze lezi zinhloso, kudingeka indlela ehlukile yokuthonya: ukufakwa komuntu osemusha (ingane, osemusha, insizwa, intombazane) emisebenzini ehlangene yontanga yeqembu lontanga eholwa uthisha-uthisha. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula: akuwona wonke umsebenzi owumsebenzi. Ukuqashwa kungenzeka futhi ezingeni lesenzo esiphoqelelwe. Kulokhu, isisusa somsebenzi asihambisani nesihloko sawo, njengasesaga esithi: «okungenani shaya isiphunzi, ukuchitha usuku nje. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngeqembu labafundi elihlanza igceke lesikole. Lesi senzo akuwona neze «umsebenzi». Kuyoba uma abafana befuna ukubeka igceke ngokuhlelekile, uma bebuthana ngokuzithandela futhi bahlela isenzo sabo, imithwalo yemfanelo basakaza, umsebenzi ohleliwe futhi bacabange uhlelo lokulawula. Kulesi simo, isisusa somsebenzi - isifiso sokubeka igceke ngokuhlelekile - kuwumgomo wokugcina womsebenzi, futhi zonke izenzo (ukuhlela, inhlangano) zithola incazelo yomuntu siqu (ngifuna futhi, ngakho-ke, ngiyayenza). Akuwona wonke iqembu elikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi, kodwa elilodwa kuphela lapho ubudlelwane bobungani nokubambisana bukhona okungenani kancane.
Isibonelo sesibili: izingane zesikole zabizelwa kumqondisi futhi, ngokwesaba izinkinga ezinkulu, zayalwa ukuba zihlanze igceke. Leli izinga lesenzo. Isici saso ngasinye senziwa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa, okungenayo incazelo yomuntu siqu. Abafana baphoqeleka ukuthi bathathe ithuluzi futhi bazenzise kunokuba basebenze. Izingane zesikole zinentshisekelo yokwenza inani elincane lokuhlinza, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zifuna ukugwema isijeziso. Esibonelweni sokuqala, ngamunye wabahlanganyeli emsebenzini uhlala enelisekile ngomsebenzi omuhle - yile ndlela esinye isitini esibekwe ngayo esisekelweni somuntu ohlanganyela ngokuzithandela emsebenzini owusizo. Icala lesibili alilethi imiphumela, ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, igceke elihlanzwe kabi. Izingane zesikole zakhohlwa ukuhlanganyela kwazo phambilini, sezishiye amafosholo, amareki nama-whisk, zabaleka zaya ekhaya.
Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu bentsha ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi ohlangene kuhlanganisa izigaba ezilandelayo.
- Ukwakhiwa kwesimo sengqondo esihle mayelana nesenzo somsebenzi we-pro-social njengesenzo esifiselekayo kanye nokulindela imizwa emihle yomuntu mayelana nalokhu, kuqiniswa isimo sengqondo seqembu kanye nesikhundla somholi wemizwa - umholi (uthisha).
- Ukwakhiwa kwesimo sengqondo se-semantic kanye nencazelo yomuntu siqu ngesisekelo salesi simo sengqondo (ukuziqinisekisa ngezenzo ezinhle kanye nokulungela okungenzeka kubo njengendlela yokuziqinisekisa).
- Ukwakhiwa kwesisusa somsebenzi owusizo emphakathini njengento eyenza incazelo, ukukhuthaza ukuziqinisekisa, ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esihlobene neminyaka yemisebenzi ehlobene nomphakathi, esebenza njengendlela yokwenza ukuzihlonipha ngokuhlonipha abanye.
- Ukwakheka kwesimo semantic — isakhiwo sokuqala se-semantic esisebenza ngokweqile esinezici ze-transsituational, okungukuthi ikhono lokunakekela abantu ngokuzinikela (ikhwalithi yomuntu siqu), ngokusekelwe esimweni sengqondo esihle ngabo (isintu). Lokhu, empeleni, indawo yempilo - ukujwayela komuntu ngamunye.
- Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-semantic. Ngokuqonda kwethu, lokhu ukuqwashisa ngesikhundla sempilo yomuntu phakathi kwezinye izikhundla zempilo.
- “Umqondo osetshenziswa umuntu ukuze ahlukanise imicimbi ngokwezigaba futhi ehlele inkambo yesenzo. (…) Umuntu uthola izehlakalo, azihumushe, azakhe futhi azinike izincazelo”19. (19 First L., John O. Psychology of Personality. M., 2000. P. 384). Kusukela ekwakhiweni kokwakhiwa kwe-semantic, ngokombono wethu, ukuqonda komuntu ngaye njengomuntu kuqala. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ebusheni obudala ngokudlulela ebusheni.
- Okuphuma kule nqubo ukwakheka kwezimiso zomuntu siqu njengesisekelo sokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuziphatha nobudlelwano obukhona kumuntu ngamunye. Zibonakala ekuqapheleni kwesihloko ngendlela ye-value orientations, ngesisekelo lapho umuntu ekhetha imigomo yakhe yokuphila kanye nezindlela eziholela ekuzuzeni kwabo. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa nomqondo wencazelo yokuphila. Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwezikhundla zokuphila kanye nokuqondiswa kwenani lomuntu ngamunye ibonakala ngathi ngesisekelo semodeli ehlongozwa ngu-DA Leontiev (Fig. 1). Ephawula ngakho, uyabhala: “Njengoba kulandela ohlelweni, amathonya aqoshwe ngokusemthethweni ekuqapheleni nasekusebenzeni anezincazelo zomuntu siqu kanye nesimo sengqondo se-semantic somsebenzi othile, okukhiqizwa kokubili ngesisusa salo msebenzi kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-semantic okuzinzile izimo zobuntu. Izisusa, ukwakheka kwe-semantic kanye nezimo zakha izinga lesibili lokulandelana kwemithethonqubo ye-semantic. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokulawulwa kwe-semantic lakhiwa amanani asebenza njengokwakha incazelo maqondana nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo ”(Leontiev DA Izingxenye ezintathu zencazelo // Amasiko namathemba endlela yokusebenza kwengqondo. Isikole sika-AN Leontiev. M ., 1999. P. 314 -315).
Kungaba okunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ohlelweni lwe-ontogenesis yomuntu, ukwakheka okukhuphukayo kwezakhiwo ze-semantic kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko, kuqala ngesimo sengqondo ezintweni zenhlalo, bese - ukwakheka kwezimo zengqondo (i-pre-motive yomsebenzi) kanye nobuntu bayo. incazelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingeni lesibili le-hierarchical, ukwakheka kwezisusa, izimo ze-semantic kanye nokwakha ngokusebenza ngokweqile, izakhiwo zomuntu zingenzeka. Kungalesi sisekelo kuphela lapho kungenzeka khona ukwakha ama-value orientations. Ubuntu obuvuthiwe buyakwazi ukwehla kwendlela yokwakheka kokuziphatha: ukusuka kumagugu kuye ekwakhiweni nasekuziphatheni, ukusuka kuwo kuye kwizisusa ezakha imizwa, bese kuya esimweni sengqondo se-semantic, incazelo yomuntu siqu yomsebenzi othile kanye nobudlelwano obuhlobene.
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu osekushiwo, siyaphawula: abadala, ngendlela ethile noma enye lapho bethintana nabancane, kudingeka baqonde ukuthi ukwakheka kobuntu kuqala ngokubona kwakhe ubuhlobo babanye abalulekile. Ngokuzayo, lobu budlelwano bubuyiselwa ekuzimiseleni ukwenza ngokufanele: esimweni sengqondo somphakathi enguqulweni yayo ye-semantic (pre-motive), bese kuba nomuzwa wencazelo yomuntu siqu yomsebenzi ozayo, ekugcineni obangela izisusa zawo. . Sesike sakhuluma ngethonya lesisusa ebuntwini. Kodwa kufanele kugcizelelwe futhi ukuthi yonke into iqala ngobudlelwane babantu kusukela kulabo ababalulekile - kulabo abadinga lobu budlelwano.
Ngeshwa, akulula neze ukuthi ezikoleni eziningi zamabanga aphezulu, ukufunda akubi wumsebenzi wobuntu bezingane zesikole. Lokhu kwenzeka ngezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, imfundo yesikole ngokwesiko yakhiwa njengomsebenzi oyimpoqo, futhi incazelo yawo ayibonakali ezinganeni eziningi. Okwesibili, ukuhlelwa kwemfundo esikoleni sesimanjemanje semfundo evamile akunaki izici ezingokwengqondo zezingane ezifunda isikole. Okufanayo kusebenza kwabancane, abasebasha, nabafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu. Ngisho nomfundi webanga lokuqala, ngenxa yalo mlingiswa wendabuko, ulahlekelwa isithakazelo ngemva kwezinyanga zokuqala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namasonto amakilasi, futhi uqala ukubona ukutadisha njengesidingo esiyisicefe. Ngezansi sizobuyela kule nkinga, futhi manje siyaqaphela ukuthi ezimweni zanamuhla, nenhlangano yendabuko yenqubo yemfundo, ukutadisha akumeleli ukusekelwa ngokwengqondo kwenqubo yemfundo, ngakho-ke, ukuze kwakhiwe ubuntu, kuba kudingekile. ukuhlela eminye imisebenzi.
Yini le migomo?
Ukulandela umqondo walo msebenzi, kubalulekile ukuthi unganciki ezicini ezithile zobuntu futhi hhayi ngisho nasebudlelwaneni okufanele buthuthuke “ngokufanelekile”, kodwa kwezimbalwa, kodwa ezinhlotsheni ezinqumayo ze-semantic kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwezisusa, nakho konke okunye umuntu. , ngokusekelwe kulokhu kuqondiswa, ngizozithuthukisa. Ngamanye amazwi, imayelana nokuma komuntu.