Impilo yengqondo njengesici esiguqukayo sobuntu

Kubalulekile futhi ngathi ukuthi sisebenzise wona kanye umqondo wempilo yengqondo (hhayi engokomoya, yomuntu siqu, engokwengqondo, njll.). Sivumelana nababhali abakholelwa ukuthi ukungafakwa komqondo othi «umphefumulo» olimini lwesayensi yezengqondo kuphazamisa ukuqonda ubuqotho bokuphila kwengqondo yomuntu, futhi ababhekisela kukho emisebenzini yabo (BS Bratus, FE Vasilyuk, VP Zinchenko , TA Florenskaya nabanye). Yisimo somphefumulo njengezwe elingaphakathi lomuntu eliyinkomba kanye nesimo sokukwazi kwakhe ukuvimbela nokunqoba izingxabano zangaphandle nezangaphakathi, ukuthuthukisa ubuntu kanye nokububonakalisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zamasiko.

Indlela yethu ehlongozwayo yokuqonda impilo yengqondo ihluke ngandlela thile kuleyo evezwe ezincwadini zengqondo. Njengomthetho, ababhali ababhala kulesi sihloko babhala lezo zici zobuntu ezimsiza ukuba abhekane nezinkinga zokuphila futhi ahlangabezane nenhlalakahle eqondile.

Omunye wemisebenzi enikelwe kule nkinga kwakuyincwadi kaM. Yagoda «Imibono yesimanje yempilo yengqondo enhle» [21]. I-Yagoda ihlukanise izinqubo ezazisetshenziswa ezincwadini zesayensi zaseNtshonalanga ukuchaza umuntu ophile kahle ngokwengqondo, ngokwemibandela eyisishiyagalolunye eyinhloko: 1) ukungabikho kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo; 2) ukujwayelekile; 3) izimo ezihlukahlukene zenhlalakahle ngokwengqondo (isibonelo, «injabulo»); 4) ukuzimela komuntu ngamunye; 5) ikhono lokuthonya imvelo; 6) umbono "olungile" weqiniso; 7) izimo zengqondo ezithile ngokuqondene nawe; 8) ukukhula, ukuthuthuka kanye nokuzenza ongokoqobo; 9) ubuqotho bomuntu ngamunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ugcizelele ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-semantic komqondo "wezempilo yengqondo enhle" kuncike emgomweni lowo owusebenzisayo abhekene nawo.

U-Yagoda ngokwakhe uqambe izimpawu ezinhlanu zabantu abaphilile ngokwengqondo: ikhono lokuphatha isikhathi sakho; ukuba khona kobudlelwane obubalulekile bomphakathi kubo; ikhono lokusebenza ngempumelelo nabanye; ukuzihlola okuphezulu; umsebenzi ohlelekile. Ifunda abantu abalahlekelwe yimisebenzi, i-Yagoda ithole ukuthi babhekana nesimo sokucindezeleka ngokwengqondo ngenxa yokuthi balahlekelwa eziningi zalezi zimfanelo, hhayi nje ngoba belahlekelwa inhlalakahle yabo yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Sithola izinhlu ezifanayo zezimpawu zempilo yengqondo emisebenzini yababhali abahlukahlukene. Emcabangweni we-G. Allport kukhona ukuhlaziywa komehluko phakathi kobuntu obunempilo kanye nobongqondongqondo. Umuntu onempilo, ngokusho kuka-Allport, unezisusa ezingabangelwa isikhathi esidlule, kodwa okwamanje, uyazi futhi uyingqayizivele. U-Allport ubize umuntu onjalo ovuthiwe futhi waveza izici eziyisithupha ezimgqamisayo: “ukunwetshwa komuzwa wokuzicabangela yena siqu”, okusho ukubamba iqhaza okuyiqiniso ezindaweni zomsebenzi ezibalulekile kuye; imfudumalo maqondana nabanye, ikhono lozwelo, uthando olujulile nobungane; ukulondeka ngokomzwelo, ikhono lokwamukela kanye nokubhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, ukubekezelela ukukhungatheka; umbono ongokoqobo wezinto, abantu nezimo, ikhono lokucwiliswa emsebenzini kanye nekhono lokuxazulula izinkinga; ukuzazi okuhle kanye nomuzwa wokuhlekisa ohambisana nawo; ukuba khona «kwefilosofi eyodwa yokuphila», umqondo ocacile wenhloso yokuphila komuntu njengomuntu oyingqayizivele kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisanayo [14, p. 335-351].

Ku-A. Maslow, umuntu ophile kahle ngokwengqondo yilowo oye wabona isidingo sokuzenza ongokoqobo okungokwemvelo ngokwemvelo. Nazi izimfanelo azisho kubantu abanjalo: umbono ophumelelayo weqiniso; ukuvuleka kokuhlangenwe nakho; ubuqotho bomuntu ngamunye; ukuzenzela; ukuzimela, ukuzimela; ubuhlakani; ukwakheka komlingiswa wentando yeningi, njll. UMaslow ukholelwa ukuthi isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuzenza abantu bazenze ukuthi bonke bahileleke ohlotsheni oluthile lwebhizinisi olubaluleke kakhulu kubo, oluhlanganisa ubizo lwabo. Olunye uphawu lobuntu obunempilo uMaslow ubeka esihlokweni sesihloko esithi “Impilo njengendlela yokuphuma endaweni ezungezile”, lapho ethi: “Kumelwe sithathe isinyathelo esibheke … yona, ikhono lokumelana nayo, ukulwa nayo, ukunganaki noma ukuyifulathela, ukuyilahla noma ukuzivumelanisa nayo [22, p. 2]. UMaslow uchaza ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi nesiko lomuntu ozenza ongokoqobo ngokuthi isiko elizungezile, njengomthetho, linempilo encane kunobuntu obunempilo [11, p. 248].

A. Ellis, umlobi wemodeli ye-rational-emotional behavioral psychotherapy, ubeka phambili le mibandela elandelayo yempilo engokwengqondo: ukuhlonipha izithakazelo zomuntu siqu; intshisekelo yomphakathi; ukuzilawula; ukubekezelela okuphezulu kokukhungatheka; ukuguquguquka; ukwamukela ukungaqiniseki; ukuzinikela emisebenzini yokudala; ukucabanga kwesayensi; ukuzamukela; ubungozi; ukubambezeleka kwe-hedonism; i-dystopianism; umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphazamiseka kwabo ngokomzwelo [17, p. 38-40].

Amasethi ethulwe ezici zezimpawu zomuntu ophile kahle ngokwengqondo (njengezinye eziningi ezingashiwongo lapha, kuhlanganise nalabo abakhona emisebenzini yezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zasekhaya) abonisa imisebenzi exazululwa ababhali bazo: ukuhlonza izimbangela zokucindezeleka kwengqondo, izisekelo zethiyori kanye nezincomo ezisebenzayo zezengqondo. usizo kubantu bamazwe aseNtshonalanga athuthukile . Izimpawu ezifakwe ohlwini olunjalo zinokucaciswa okushiwo kwezenhlalo namasiko. Bavumela ukugcinwa kwempilo yengqondo kumuntu ongokwesiko lanamuhla laseNtshonalanga, ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zamaProthestani (umsebenzi, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, ubuntu, umthwalo wemfanelo, ukukhuthala, impumelelo), futhi osethathe izindinganiso zesiko laseYurophu lesintu ( ukuzethemba komuntu, ilungelo lakhe lenjabulo, inkululeko, intuthuko, lokusungula). Singavuma ukuthi ukuzenzela, ukuhluka, ukucacisa, ubuciko, ukuzimela, ikhono lokusondelana ngokomzwelo kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu kubonisa umuntu ophile kahle ngokwengqondo ezimweni zesiko lesimanje. Kodwa kungenzeka yini ukusho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi lapho ukuthobeka, ukugcinwa ngokuqinile kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye nemikhuba emihle, ukunamathela emaphethini endabuko kanye nokulalela igunya okungenamibandela kwakubhekwa njengezimfanelo eziyinhloko, uhlu lwezimpawu zomuntu ophilile ngokwengqondo luyoba okufanayo. ? Ngokusobala akunjalo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izazi ze-anthropologists zamasiko zazivame ukuzibuza ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu nezimo zokwakheka komuntu ophilile ngokwengqondo emasikweni endabuko. M. Mead waba nesithakazelo kulokhu futhi wanikeza impendulo yakhe encwadini ethi Growing Up in Samoa. Wabonisa ukuthi ukungabi bikho kokuhlupheka okukhulu kwengqondo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zalesi siqhingi, ezahlala kwaze kwaba ngawo-1920. izimpawu zendlela yokuphila yendabuko, ngenxa, ikakhulukazi, ukubaluleka okuphansi kwazo kwezici zomuntu ngamunye zabanye abantu kanye nezabo. Isiko lamaSamoa lalingenawo umkhuba wokuqhathanisa abantu bodwa, kwakungewona umkhuba ukuhlaziya izisusa zokuziphatha, futhi ukunamathela okunamandla okungokomzwelo nokubonakaliswa kwakungakhuthazwa. U-Mead wabona isizathu esiyinhloko senani elikhulu lezinzwa zesiko laseYurophu (kuhlanganise laseMelika) eqinisweni lokuthi lihluke kakhulu, imizwa yabanye abantu yenziwa samuntu futhi igcwele ngokomzwelo [12, p. 142-171].

Mangisho ukuthi ezinye zezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziye zaqaphela amandla amamodeli ahlukene okugcina impilo yengqondo. Ngakho-ke, u-E. Fromm uxhumanisa ukulondolozwa kwempilo yengqondo yomuntu kanye nekhono lokuthola ukwaneliseka ngenani lezidingo: ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi nabantu; ekudaleni; ezimpandeni; ngobuwena; ekuqondisweni kobuhlakani kanye nohlelo lwamagugu olunemibala ethinta imizwa. Uphawula ukuthi amasiko ahlukene anikeza izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo. Ngakho, ilungu lomndeni wakudala lalikwazi ukuveza ukuthi lingubani ngokuba ngowesibongo; ngeNkathi Ephakathi, umuntu wayehlotshaniswa neqhaza lakhe lenhlalo embusweni we-feudal [20, p. 151-164].

K. Horney wabonisa isithakazelo esibalulekile enkingeni yokunqunywa kwamasiko kwezimpawu zempilo yengqondo. Kucatshangelwa iqiniso elaziwayo nelisekelwe kahle yizazi ze-anthropologists zamasiko ukuthi ukuhlolwa komuntu njengonempilo engokwengqondo noma ogulayo kuncike ezindinganisweni ezitholwa isiko elithile noma kwelinye: ukuziphatha, imicabango nemizwa ebhekwa njengejwayelekile ngokuphelele kwelinye. Isiko libhekwa njengophawu lwe-pathology kwenye. Nokho, sithola umzamo ka-Horney obaluleke kakhulu wokuthola izimpawu zempilo yengqondo noma ukugula ezitholakala kuwo wonke amasiko. Uphakamisa izimpawu ezintathu zokulahlekelwa impilo yengqondo: ukuqina kokuphendula (okuqondwa njengokuntula ukuguquguquka ekuphenduleni izimo ezithile); igebe phakathi kwamandla omuntu nokusetshenziswa kwawo; ukuba khona kokukhathazeka kwangaphakathi kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela ezingokwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko ngokwalo lingasho izinhlobo ezithile zokuziphatha nezimo zengqondo ezenza umuntu aqine, angakhiqizi, akhathazeke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isekela umuntu, iqinisekisa lezi zindlela zokuziphatha nezimo zengqondo njengoba zamukelwa ngokuvamile futhi imnike izindlela zokuqeda ukwesaba [16, p. 21].

Emisebenzini ka-K.-G. Jung, sithola incazelo yezindlela ezimbili zokuthola impilo yengqondo. Eyokuqala iyindlela yokuzihlukanisa, ethatha ukuthi umuntu wenza umsebenzi ozimele ngokuzimela, unesibindi sokungena ekujuleni komphefumulo wakhe futhi ahlanganise okuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo okuvela emkhakheni wokungazi lutho okuhlangene nezimo zakhe zengqondo. Okwesibili kuyindlela yokuzithoba ezingqungqutheleni: izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezikhungo zomphakathi - ezokuziphatha, ezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe, ezenkolo. UJung ugcizelele ukuthi ukulalela izimiso kungokwemvelo emphakathini lapho ukuphila kweqembu kubusa, futhi ukuzazi komuntu ngamunye njengomuntu akuthuthukisiwe. Njengoba indlela yokuhlukanisa umuntu ngamunye iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iphikisana, abantu abaningi basakhetha indlela yokulalela izivumelwano. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zanamuhla, ukulandela izinkolelo-mbono zomphakathi kuthwala ingozi engaba khona kokubili emhlabeni wangaphakathi womuntu kanye nekhono lakhe lokuzivumelanisa nezimo [18; ishumi nesishiyagalolunye].

Ngakho-ke, sibonile ukuthi kuleyo misebenzi lapho ababhali becabangela ukuhlukahluka kwezimo zamasiko, imibandela yempilo yengqondo ijwayeleke kakhulu kunalapho lo mongo ukhishwa kubakaki.

Yimuphi umqondo ojwayelekile ongenza kube nokwenzeka ukucabangela umthelela wesiko empilweni yengqondo yomuntu? Siphendula lo mbuzo, thina, silandela u-K. Horney, senza umzamo wokuqala wokuthola izindlela ezijwayelekile zempilo yengqondo. Ngemva kokuhlonza lezi zindlela, kungenzeka ukuthi kuphenywe ukuthi (ngenxa yaziphi izici ezingokwengqondo futhi ngenxa yaziphi izibonelo zamasiko okuziphatha) umuntu angakwazi ukulondoloza impilo yakhe yengqondo ezimweni zamasiko ahlukene, kuhlanganise nesiko lesimanje. Eminye imiphumela yomsebenzi wethu kule ndlela yethulwe ngaphambili [3; 4; 5; 6; 7 nabanye]. Lapha sizowakha kafushane.

Umqondo wempilo yengqondo esiwuphakamisayo usekelwe ekuqondeni komuntu njengohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuzithuthukisa, okusho ukuthi isifiso sakhe semigomo ethile nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo (kuhlanganise nokusebenzelana nomhlaba wangaphandle kanye nokuqaliswa kokuzithuthukisa kwangaphakathi). umthethonqubo).

Samukela izindlela ezine ezijwayelekile, noma izinkomba zempilo yengqondo: 1) ukuba khona kwemigomo yempilo enenjongo; 2) ukwanela kwemisebenzi ezidingweni zezenhlalo namasiko kanye nemvelo; 3) isipiliyoni senhlalakahle subjective; 4) ukubikezela okuhle.

Umbandela wokuqala - ukuba khona kwezinhloso zempilo ezakha incazelo - uphakamisa ukuthi ukuze kugcinwe impilo yengqondo yomuntu, kubalulekile ukuthi imigomo eqondisa umsebenzi wakhe ibaluleke kakhulu kuye, ibe nencazelo. Esimeni lapho kuziwa ekusindeni ngokomzimba, izenzo ezinencazelo yebhayoloji zithola ukubaluleka kokuzicabangela. Kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu kumuntu isipiliyoni sokuziphendulela sencazelo yomuntu siqu yomsebenzi wakhe. Ukulahlekelwa injongo yokuphila, njengoba kuboniswe emisebenzini ka-V. Frankl, kuholela esimweni sokukhungatheka okukhona kanye ne-logoneurosis.

Umbandela wesibili ukwanela komsebenzi ezidingweni zezenhlalo namasiko kanye nemvelo. Isekelwe esidingweni sokuthi umuntu azivumelanise nezimo zokuphila zemvelo nezenhlalo. Ukusabela komuntu ophile kahle ngokwengqondo ezimweni zempilo kwanele, okungukuthi, agcina uhlamvu oluguquguqukayo (oluhlelekile futhi olukhiqizayo) futhi luwusizo ngokwebhayoloji nangokwenhlalo [13, p. 297].

Umbandela wesithathu isipiliyoni senhlalakahle yomuntu siqu. Lesi simo sokuvumelana kwangaphakathi, esichazwe izazi zefilosofi zasendulo, uDemocritus ngokuthi "isimo esihle sengqondo." Ku-psychology yesimanje, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi injabulo (inhlalakahle). Isimo esiphambene sithathwa njengokungazwani kwangaphakathi okubangelwa ukungahambisani kwezifiso, amakhono kanye nezimpumelelo zomuntu ngamunye.

Esimweni sesine - ukubikezela okuhle - sizohlala ngokuningiliziwe, njengoba le nkomba yempilo yengqondo ayizange ithole ukufakwa okwanele ezincwadini. Ibonisa ikhono lomuntu lokulondoloza ukwanela komsebenzi kanye nolwazi lwenhlalakahle ye-subjective ngesikhathi esibanzi. Lo mbandela wenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ezinqumweni ezikhiqiza ngempela lezo ezinikeza isimo esanelisayo somuntu esikhathini samanje, kodwa ezigcwele imiphumela engemihle esikhathini esizayo. I-analogue "i-spurring" yomzimba ngosizo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezikhuthazi. Ukwenyuka kwesimo somsebenzi kungaholela ekwandeni kwamazinga okusebenza nokuphila kahle. Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esizayo, ukuwohloka kwamakhono omzimba akunakugwenywa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla kokumelana nezinto eziyingozi kanye nokuwohloka kwezempilo. Umbandela wokubikezela okuhle kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqonda ukuhlolwa okungekuhle kwendima yezindlela zokuzivikela uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokubhekana nokuziphatha. Izindlela zokuzivikela ziyingozi ngoba zidala inhlalakahle ngokuzikhohlisa. Kungaba usizo uma kuqhathaniswa uma ivikela i-psyche ekuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kakhulu, kodwa ingaba yingozi uma ivala ithemba lokuthuthuka okugcwele komuntu.

Impilo yengqondo ekuchazeni kwethu iyisici esinohlangothi. Okusho ukuthi, singakhuluma ngezinga elilodwa noma elinye lempilo yengqondo ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka empilweni ephelele kuya ekulahlekelweni kwayo okuphelele. Lilonke izinga lempilo yengqondo linqunywa izinga lenkomba ngayinye kulezi ezingenhla. Angase ahambisane kakhulu noma afane. Isibonelo sokungafani yizimo lapho umuntu ebonisa ukufaneleka ekuziphatheni, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlangabezana nokungqubuzana okujulile kwangaphakathi.

Imibandela esohlwini yempilo yengqondo, ngokombono wethu, iyindawo yonke. Abantu abahlala emasikweni ahlukahlukene, ukuze balondoloze impilo yabo yengqondo, kufanele babe nemigomo yokuphila enenjongo, benze ngokwanele izidingo zemvelo yemvelo nenhlalo-masiko, balondoloze isimo sokulinganisela kwangaphakathi, futhi bacabangele isikhathi eside- umbono wethemu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucaciswa kwamasiko ahlukene kuhlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, ekudalweni kwezimo ezithile ukuze abantu abahlala kuyo bakwazi ukuhlangabezana nalezi zindlela. Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokwemibandela izinhlobo ezimbili zamasiko: lawo lapho imicabango, imizwa kanye nezenzo zabantu zilawulwa ngamasiko, kanye nalezo eziwumphumela wokwenza komuntu ingqondo yakhe, imizwa kanye nomzimba.

Emasikweni ohlobo lokuqala (ngokwemibandela "yendabuko"), umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni wathola uhlelo lwempilo yakhe yonke. Yayihlanganisa imigomo ehambisana nesimo sakhe senhlalo, ubulili, ubudala; imithetho elawula ubuhlobo bakhe nabantu; izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo; imibono mayelana nokuthi inhlalakahle yengqondo kufanele ibe yini nokuthi ingafinyelelwa kanjani. Imiyalelo yamasiko yahlanganiswa phakathi kwabo, yagunyazwa yinkolo nezikhungo zenhlalo, yavunyelwa ngokwengqondo. Ukuzilalela kwakuqinisekisa ikhono lomuntu lokulondoloza impilo yakhe engokwengqondo.

Kuvela isimo esihluke kakhulu emphakathini lapho umthelela wezinkambiso ezilawula umhlaba wangaphakathi kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu uba buthaka kakhulu. E. Durkheim wachaza isimo somphakathi esinjalo njenge-anomie futhi wabonisa ubungozi baso enhlalakahleni nasekuziphatheni kwabantu. Emisebenzini yongoti bezokuhlalisana kwabantu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX neshumi lokuqala leminyaka yesi-XNUMX! ku. (O. Toffler, Z. Beck, E. Bauman, P. Sztompka, njll.) kuboniswa ukuthi izinguquko ezisheshayo ezenzeka empilweni yomuntu wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga, ukwanda kokungaqiniseki kanye nezingozi kudala ubunzima obuningi ukuzikhomba nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zomuntu ngamunye, okuvezwa ekuhlangenwe nakho «ukushaqeka kwekusasa», «ukuhlukumezeka kwamasiko» kanye nezimo ezimbi ezifanayo.

Kusobala ukuthi ukulondolozwa kwempilo yengqondo ezimeni zomphakathi wanamuhla kusho isu elehlukile kunomphakathi wendabuko: hhayi ukulalela «izivumelwano» (K.-G. Jung), kodwa isixazululo esisebenzayo, esizimele sokudala senombolo ye izinkinga. Sikhethe le misebenzi njenge-psychohygienic.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi eminingi ye-psychohygienic, sihlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu: ukuqaliswa kokubeka imigomo kanye nezenzo ezihloselwe ukufeza imigomo ebalulekile; ukujwayela imvelo yamasiko, yenhlalo kanye nemvelo; ukuzilawula.

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lezi zinkinga zixazululwa, njengomthetho, ngaphandle kwe-reflexively. Kudingeka ukunakwa ngokukhethekile ezimeni ezinzima ezifana «nezehlakalo ezibucayi zempilo» ezidinga ukuhlelwa kabusha kobudlelwane bomuntu nomhlaba wangaphandle. Kulezi zimo, umsebenzi wangaphakathi uyadingeka ukulungisa imigomo yokuphila; ukwenza kahle kokusebenzelana nendawo yamasiko, yenhlalo kanye nemvelo; ukwandisa izinga lokuzilawula.

Kuyikhono lomuntu lokuxazulula lezi zinkinga futhi ngaleyo ndlela anqobe ngokuphumelelayo izenzakalo zokuphila ezibucayi okungukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkomba, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo sokugcina nokuqinisa impilo yengqondo.

Isixazululo sale nkinga ngayinye sibandakanya ukwakhiwa kanye nesixazululo sezinkinga ezithize kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa kokubeka umgomo kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlonzwa kwamadrayivu eqiniso, ukuthambekela namakhono omuntu ngamunye; ngokuqaphela isigaba semigomo esizimele; ngokusungulwa kwezinto ezibalulekile empilweni; ngokubuka okude kakhulu noma okuncane. Emphakathini wanamuhla, izimo eziningi zenza lezi zinqubo zibe nzima. Ngakho, okulindelwe abanye nokucabangela ukuvelela kuvame ukuvimbela umuntu ekufezeni izifiso namakhono akhe eqiniso. Izinguquko esimweni sezenhlalo namasiko zidinga ukuthi aguquke, avuleleke ezintweni ezintsha ekunqumeni imigomo yakhe yokuphila. Okokugcina, izimo zangempela zokuphila azinikezi ngaso sonke isikhathi umuntu ithuba lokufeza izifiso zakhe zangaphakathi. Lesi sakamuva siyisici ikakhulukazi semiphakathi empofu, lapho umuntu ephoqeleka ukuba alwele ukuphila ngokomzimba.

Ukwenziwa ngcono kokusebenzelana nendawo ezungezile (imvelo, inhlalo, ngokomoya) kungenzeka kokubili njengenguquko esebenzayo yezwe langaphandle, nanjengokunyakaza okuqaphelayo ukuya endaweni ehlukile (ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuhlalisana, imvelo ye-ethno-cultural, njll.). Umsebenzi ophumelelayo wokuguqula iqiniso langaphandle udinga izinqubo zengqondo ezithuthukisiwe, ngokuyinhloko ezobuhlakani, kanye nolwazi olufanele, amakhono namakhono. Badalwa ohlelweni lokuqongelela ulwazi lokusebenzelana nendawo yemvelo kanye nenhlalo-masiko, futhi lokhu kwenzeka emlandweni wesintu kanye nasempilweni yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokuzilawula, ngaphezu kwamakhono engqondo, ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yomzwelo, intuition, ulwazi nokuqonda kwamaphethini ezinqubo zengqondo, amakhono namakhono okusebenza nawo kuyadingeka.

Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo lapho isixazululo sezinkinga ezisohlwini ze-psychohygienic singaphumelela? Sawakha ngendlela yezimiso zokulondoloza impilo yengqondo. Lezi yizimiso zokucabangela; intando empilweni; ukwakha phezu kwamagugu amasiko.

Esokuqala isimiso sombono. Ingqikithi yayo iwukuthi izinqumo ezithathwayo zizophumelela uma zihambisana nesimo sangempela sezinto, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zangempela zomuntu ngokwakhe, abantu ahlangana nabo, izimo zomphakathi futhi, ekugcineni, ukuthambekela okujulile kokuba khona. womphakathi wesintu nomuntu ngamunye.

Isimiso sesibili, ukugcinwa kwayo okuyisidingo sesixazululo esiphumelelayo sezinkinga ze-psychohygienic, kuyintando yempilo. Lesi simiso sisho ukuqaphela impilo njengenani okufanele kwenziwe imizamo ngalo.

Isimo sesithathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokuqinisa impilo yengqondo isimiso sokuthembela emasikweni amasiko. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko nomlando, isintu siqoqe ulwazi oluningi ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokubeka imigomo, ukuzivumelanisa nokuzilawula. Umbuzo wokuthi igcinwa ngaziphi izinhlobo nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezingokwengqondo ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa le ngcebo kwakucatshangelwa emisebenzini yethu [4; 6; 7 nabanye].

Ubani ophethe impilo yengqondo? Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, abacwaningi balesi simo sengqondo bakhetha ukubhala ngobuntu obunempilo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokubona kwethu, kuphumelela kakhulu ukucabangela umuntu njengomuntu njengomuntu ophethe impilo yengqondo.

Umqondo wobuntu unezincazelo eziningi, kodwa okokuqala uhlotshaniswa nokuzimisela komphakathi kanye nokubonakaliswa komuntu. Umqondo womuntu ngamunye nawo unezincazelo ezahlukene. Umuntu ngamunye kuthathwa njengokuhlukile kokuthambekela kwemvelo, inhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo zengqondo nobudlelwano bezenhlalo, umsebenzi ekunqumeni isikhundla somuntu wempilo, njll. Okubaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezempilo yengqondo, ngokombono wethu, ukuchazwa kobuntu umqondo BG Ananiev. Umuntu ngamunye uvela lapha njengomuntu obalulekile onomhlaba wakhe wangaphakathi, olawula ukusebenzisana kwazo zonke izingxenye ezingaphansi zomuntu kanye nobudlelwano bakhe nendawo yemvelo nenhlalo. Ukuhumusha okunjalo komuntu ngamunye kukusondeza emibonweni yesifundo nobuntu, njengoba kuchazwa izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zesikole saseMoscow - AV Brushlinsky, KA Abulkhanova, LI Antsyferova nabanye. Isifundo esisebenza ngenkuthalo futhi siguqula impilo yakhe, kepha ngokugcwala kwemvelo yakhe yebhayoloji, ulwazi olusezingeni eliphezulu, amakhono akhiwe, izindima zomphakathi. “… Umuntu oyedwa njengomuntu angaqondwa kuphela njengobunye nokuxhumana kwezakhiwo zakhe njengobuntu nesihloko somsebenzi, esakhiweni lapho izici zemvelo zomuntu zisebenza njengomuntu ngamunye. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuntu bungaqondwa kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo sesethi ephelele yezici zobuntu” [1, p. 334]. Lokhu kuqonda komuntu ngamunye kubonakala kuphumelela kakhulu hhayi kuphela ocwaningweni lwezemfundo kuphela, kodwa nasekuthuthukisweni okungokoqobo, inhloso yakho okuwukusiza abantu bangempela bathole amakhono abo, ukusungula ubudlelwano obuhle nomhlaba, futhi bathole ukuzwana kwangaphakathi.

Kusobala ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlukile kumuntu ngamunye njengomuntu ngamunye, ubuntu kanye nesihloko somsebenzi zidala izimo ezithile kanye nezimfuneko zokuxazulula imisebenzi ye-psychohygienic ebalwe ngenhla.

Ngakho, isibonelo, izici ze-biochemistry yobuchopho, ezibonisa umuntu njengomuntu, zithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ngokomzwelo. Umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa isizinda somuntu ngokomzwelo uyohluka kumuntu amahomoni akhe anikeza isimo sengqondo esiphakeme, kusukela kocatshangelwa kusengaphambili amahomoni kuye esimweni sokucindezeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-biochemical agents emzimbeni ayakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukushayela, ukugqugquzela noma ukuvimbela izinqubo zengqondo ezihilelekile ekuzivumelaniseni nokuzilawula.

Ubuntu ekuchazeni u-Ananiev, okokuqala, umhlanganyeli empilweni yomphakathi; kunqunywa izindima zomphakathi kanye nokuqondiswa kwenani okuhambisana nalezi zindima. Lezi zici zidala izimfuneko zokujwayela okuyimpumelelo noma okuncane kwezakhiwo zomphakathi.

Ukuqaphela (njengokubonakaliswa kweqiniso lomgomo) kanye nomsebenzi (njengokuguqulwa kweqiniso), kanye nolwazi oluhambisanayo namakhono, ngokusho kuka-Ananiev, umuntu njengesihloko somsebenzi [2, c.147]. Kusobala ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile ekugcineni nasekuqiniseni impilo yengqondo. Abasivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde izimbangela zobunzima obukhona, kodwa futhi sithole izindlela zokubunqoba.

Nokho, phawula ukuthi u-Ananiev wabhala mayelana nobuntu hhayi kuphela njengobuqotho besistimu, kodwa wayibiza ngokuthi i-substructure ekhethekile, yesine, yomuntu - izwe lakhe elingaphakathi, kuhlanganise nezithombe ezihlelekile nemibono ehlelekile, ukuzazi komuntu, uhlelo lomuntu ngamunye. value orientations. Ngokuphambene nezingxenye ezingaphansi zomuntu, ubuntu kanye nesihloko somsebenzi "ovulekile" emhlabeni wemvelo nomphakathi, ubuntu buwuhlelo oluvaliwe ngokuqhathaniswa, "olushumekwe" ohlelweni oluvulekile lokuxhumana nomhlaba. Umuntu ngamunye njengoba uhlelo kuqhathaniswa ivaliwe eba «ubuhlobo obuthile phakathi ukuthambekela komuntu namandla, ukuzesaba kanye «Mina» — umnyombo ubuntu womuntu» [1, p. 328].

Isakhiwo ngasinye kanye nomuntu njengobuqotho besistimu ubonakala ngokungahambisani kwangaphakathi. "... Ukwakheka komuntu ngamunye kanye nesiqondiso esihlangene sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye, ubuntu kanye nesihloko esakhiweni esijwayelekile somuntu esinqunywe yiso kusimamisa lesi sakhiwo futhi kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuqina okuphezulu nokuphila isikhathi eside" [2, p. . 189]. Ngakho-ke, ubuntu (njengengxenye ethile, umhlaba wangaphakathi womuntu) owenza imisebenzi ehloselwe ukugcina nokuqinisa impilo yengqondo yomuntu.

Nokho, phawula ukuthi lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma impilo yengqondo ingeyona inani eliphakeme kakhulu kumuntu, angakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingakhiqizi ngokombono wokuhlanzeka kwengqondo. Ukuxolisa ngokuhlupheka njengesimo somsebenzi wembongi kukhona esanduleleni sombhali sencwadi yezinkondlo kaM. Houellebecq, enesihloko esithi “Ukuhlupheka Kuqala”: “Ukuphila kuwuchungechunge lwezivivinyo zamandla. Sinda okokuqala, unqunywe ekugcineni. Lahla ukuphila kwakho, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele. Futhi hlupheka, hlupheka njalo. Funda ukuzwa ubuhlungu kuwo wonke amangqamuzana omzimba wakho. Ucezu ngalunye lomhlaba kumele lukulimaze wena mathupha. Kodwa kufanele uhlale uphila - okungenani isikhashana» [15, p. eziyishumi nantathu].

Ekugcineni, ake sibuyele egameni lomcimbi esinentshisekelo kuwo: «impilo yengqondo». Kubonakala sengathi kwanele kakhulu lapha, ngoba umqondo womphefumulo uvela uhambelana nesipiliyoni somuntu wezwe lakhe elingaphakathi njengengqikithi yomuntu ngamunye. Igama elithi "umphefumulo", ngokusho kwe-AF Losev, lisetshenziselwa ifilosofi ukukhomba izwe elingaphakathi lomuntu, ukuzazi kwakhe [10, p. 167]. Sithola ukusetshenziswa okufanayo kwalo mqondo kupsychology. Ngakho, uW. James ubhala ngomphefumulo njengento ebalulekile, ebonakala emuzweni womsebenzi womuntu wangaphakathi. Lo muzwa wokusebenza, ngokusho kukaJames, «yiwona kanye isikhungo, umnyombo we-«I» yethu [8, p. 86].

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kokubili wona kanye umqondo welithi “umphefumulo” kanye nezici zalo ezibalulekile, indawo, kanye nemisebenzi kube yisihloko socwaningo lwezemfundo. Umqondo ongenhla wempilo yengqondo uhambisana nendlela yokuqonda umphefumulo, eyakhiwe ngu-VP Zinchenko. Ubhala ngomphefumulo njengohlobo lwe-essence yamandla, ukuhlela ukwakhiwa kwezitho ezintsha zokusebenza (ngokusho kwe-AA Ukhtomsky), ukugunyaza, ukuxhumanisa nokuhlanganisa umsebenzi wabo, ukuzibonakalisa ngokugcwele nangokwengeziwe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Kukulo msebenzi womphefumulo, njengoba u-VP Zinchenko ephakamisa, ukuthi "ubuqotho bomuntu ofunwa ososayensi nabaculi bufihliwe" [9, p. 153]. Kubonakala kungokwemvelo ukuthi umqondo womphefumulo uphakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile emisebenzini yochwepheshe abaqonda inqubo yokusiza ngokwengqondo kubantu ababhekene nezingxabano zangaphakathi.

Indlela ehlongozwayo yocwaningo lwempilo yengqondo isivumela ukuthi siyicabangele esimweni esibanzi samasiko ngenxa yokuthi yamukela imibandela yendawo yonke ehlinzeka ngemihlahlandlela yokunquma okuqukethwe kwalesi sici somuntu. Uhlu lwemisebenzi ye-psychohygienic lwenza kube nokwenzeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlola izimo zokugcina nokuqinisa impilo yengqondo ezimweni ezithile zezomnotho nezenhlalakahle, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaziya ukuthi umuntu othile uzibeka kanjani futhi axazulule le misebenzi. Ekhuluma ngobuntu njengomthwali wezempilo yengqondo, sidonsela ukunaka esidingweni sokubheka, lapho sitadisha isimo samanje namandla empilo yengqondo, izakhiwo zomuntu njengomuntu ngamunye, ubuntu kanye nesihloko somsebenzi, esilawulwayo. ngomhlaba wakhe wangaphakathi. Ukuqaliswa kwale ndlela kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha evela kwisayensi yemvelo eminingi kanye nezabantu. Nokho, ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo akunakugwenywa uma sizoqonda isici esiyinkimbinkimbi kangaka somuntu njengempilo yakhe engokwengqondo.

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