Okuqukethwe
Iziphuzo ezidakayo zaziwa isikhathi eside kakhulu. Isintu sijwayelene newayini nobhiya okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa futhi kufana ncamashi - nemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka kwaba nemizamo yokuthola isilinganiso esamukelekayo sesiphuzo futhi kuthethelelwe ukuphuza kwabo, kanye nokuyekiswa utshwala.
Nazi ezinye iziqephu zale ndaba.
Greece Ancient
Ukulimala ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwewayini kwakwaziwa eGrisi yasendulo.
Ezweni lakubo likaDionysus, uNkulunkulu wamaGreek vinopedia ephuza iwayini elihlanjululwe kuphela. Idili ngalinye belihanjelwe yisimpoziyamu, umuntu okhethekile obenomsebenzi wokusungula izinga lokuhlanza utshwala.
Ukuphuza iwayini elingenakutholwa kwakubhekwa njengento embi.
AbaseSpartan, abaziwa ngokuba nokhahlo, bahlelela abafana ukumelwa okucacile. Baphuze iwayini elingaphithizelwanga lama-helots anqotshiwe futhi bawabeka emigwaqweni ukuze abantu abasha babone ukuthi babukeka benengeka kanjani.
I-Kiev Russ nobuKristu
Uma ukholwa "Umlando weminyaka edlule", okuyikhono lokuphuza utshwala sekube yisizathu esichazayo ekukhetheni inkolo yombuso.
Okungenani iNkosana uVladimir yenqaba ukwamukela ubuSulumane ngenxa yobuKristu ngenxa yotshwala.
Kodwa-ke eBhayibhelini ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwewayini nakho akukhuthazwa.
UNowa wasebhayibhelini, ngokusho kombhalo ongcwele, basungule iwayini baliphuza kuqala.
U-Al-Kohl
Kuze kube VII-VIII emakhulwini eminyaka isintu asikaze siyazi imimoya. Utshwala bakhiqizwa ngokuvutshelwa okulula kwezinto ezingavuthiwe: amagilebhisi kanye ne-malt wort.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthola imimoya eminingi ngale ndlela: lapho ukuvutshelwa kufinyelela ezingeni elithile lotshwala, inqubo iyama.
Utshwala obumsulwa baqale banikwa ama-Arabhu, njengoba kukhonjiswa lona kanye igama lesi-Arabhu elithi "alcohol" ("al-Kohl" lisho utshwala). Ngalezo zinsuku ama-Arabhu ayengabaholi ekhemistry futhi utshwala buvulwa ngendlela ye-distillation.
Konje, abasunguli ngokwabo nabantu babo bayakwenza hhayi uphuze utshwala: i-Qur'an ivimbela ngokusobala ukuphuza iwayini.
Isibonelo sokuqala se-vodka, ngokusobala, sathola i-Arab Ar-Rizi ngekhulu le-XI. Kepha usebenzise le nhlanganisela kuphela ngenhloso yokwelashwa.
Peter Omkhulu notshwala
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkosi uPeter uqobo wayengumthandi omkhulu wesiphuzo. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngokusobala yindalo yakhe - ehlekisa kakhulu, edakiwe futhi eyiCathedral ebabazekayo - okulingisa isigaba sabaphathi beSonto.
Imicimbi yaleli Khathedrali ihlale igcinwe nenani elifanele lotshwala, yize inhloso bekungekhona ukuphuza, kodwa ikhefu elingokomfanekiso nokwedlule.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPeter wayekubona ngokusobala ukulimala kotshwala.
Ngo-1714 waze wasungula negama elidumile oda "ukudakwa". Leli oda "laklonyeliswa" lazihlukanisa ngotshwala. Ngaphandle kochungechunge indondo obekufanele ifake entanyeni, isisindo sayo singaphansi kancane kwamakhilogremu ayisikhombisa.
Inganekwane yevodka enikeza impilo
Kusuka kubaphuzi uvame ukuzwa ukuthi i-vodka ingutshwala bama-degree angama-40 futhi ayinabungozi empilweni. Ngokwenganekwane, ifomula izuzisa ngokusebenza emzimbeni, okuthiwa yasungulwa ngumlobi wohlelo lwezinto, uDmitry Mendeleev.
Maye, i abaphuphayo bazophoxeka. Emcabangweni wakhe wobudokotela kaDmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev "inhlanganisela yotshwala namanzi", inikelwe kuzakhiwo zezixazululo ezinotshwala obuningi, ngaphandle kokusho igama nge-vodka engama-40-degree.
Iziqu ezingama-40 ezidume kabi zasungulwa yizikhulu zaseRussia.
Ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokukhiqiza, i-vodka yakhiqizwa ngamaphesenti angama-38 (okubizwa nge- "polugar"), kepha ku- "Charter on cathedral cathedral" yabona amandla esiphuzo, kuyindilinga kufika kumaphesenti angama-40.
Ayikho imilingo nesilinganiso sokuphulukisa sotshwala namanzi asikho nje.
ukwenqatshelwa kokusetshenziswa
Amanye amazwe, azamile ukuxazulula inkinga yobudakwa ngokweqile: ukwenqabela ukuthengiswa, ukwenziwa nokuphuzwa kotshwala.
Okudume kakhulu emlandweni wamacala amathathu: ukwenqatshelwa eRussia yangena kabili (ngo-1914 nango-1985), futhi ukunqatshelwa e-United States.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwethulwa kokuvinjelwa kwaholela ukwanda kwesikhathi sokuphila nekhwalithi yayo.
Ngakho-ke, eRussia, ngo-1910 yehlisa inani lezidakwa, ukuzibulala kanye neziguli zengqondo, futhi yandisa nenani lemali efakwa kwi-savings Bank.
Ngasikhathi sinye, le minyaka ibonile ukuphuza i-boom nokufaka ushevu ngokufakelwa ngokwesivumelwano. Ukwenqatshelwa akubandakanyi noma yiluphi usizo lokunqoba ukulutheka, okwenze ukuthi ukubhekana nokuphuza ngokweqile kubheke okungenziwa esikhundleni.
Ukufika kokuvinjelwa, ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-18 kuMthethosisekelo wase-US ngo-1920 kwaholela ekuveleni kwe-mafia edumile yaseMelika, ukuyilawula ukushushumbisa nokuhweba ngotshwala ngokungemthetho.
Bathe ukuchibiyela kwe-18 kwaphakanyiselwa esihlalweni sobukhosi se-gangster al Capone. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1933 ngesichibiyelo sama-21 sokuchitshiyelwa sakhanselwa.
Izindlela zesimanje
Emazweni amanje ukulwa nokuluthwa utshwala kunjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Into yokuqala - ukunciphisa ukutholakala kotshwala, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinyathelo kukhuphula izindleko zotshwala, okungavunyelwe ukuthengiswa kwabo kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwandisa umkhawulo weminyaka wokuthengwa kotshwala (eRussia yiminyaka eyi-18 nase-USA 21).
Owesibili ukukhuthaza indlela yokuphila enempilo nokuqwashisa ngezingozi zotshwala.
Okwesithathu - ukuhlinzekwa kosizo kubantu abathembele kuye.
Ezweni lethu manje kwenziwa okuhlukile imikhankaso, obeka ngaphambi kwayo ngokunembile lezi zinhloso. Futhi imiphumela yokuqala isivele ikhona. Ukuphuza utshwala kuyehla.
Okuningi ngokubukwa komlando wotshwala kuvidiyo engezansi:
