Ikhala (kusuka kwelesiLatini elithi nasus), liyingxenye evelele yobuso, ephakathi komlomo nebunzi, ikakhulukazi ehilelekile ekuphefumuleni nasekuhosheni.

Ifomu.

Ichazwa njengephiramidi yamakhala, ikhala linomumo ongunxantathu1 Isakhiwo sangaphandle. Ikhala lakhiwe ama-cartilages kanye nohlaka lwamathambo (1,2).

• Ingxenye engenhla yekhala yakhiwe ngamathambo afanele ekhaleni, axhunywe emathanjeni obuningi bobuso.
• Ingxenye engezansi yakhiwe ama-cartilage amaningana.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ikhala lichaza imigodi yamakhala noma imigodi. Amabili ngenani, ahlukaniswa yi-nasal noma i-septum septum (1,2). Baxhumana nhlangothi zombili:

• Ngengaphandle ngamakhala;
• Nge-nasopharynx, ingxenye engaphezulu yepharynx, ngokusebenzisa imigodi ebizwa ngokuthi i-choanae;
• Ngemibhobho yezinyembezi, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi imigudu yezinyembezi, ekhipha uketshezi oludabukile oludlulele ekhaleni;
• Kanye ne-sinuses, etholakala emathanjeni e-cranial, akha amaphakethe omoya.

Ukwakheka komgodi wamakhala.

Ulwelwesi lwamafinyila ekhaleni. Ibeka imigodi yamakhala futhi imbozwe ngezinkophe.

• Engxenyeni engezansi, iqukethe imithambo yegazi eminingi kanye nezindlala zamafinyila, ezigcina umswakama ngaphakathi kwemigodi yamakhala.
• Engxenyeni engenhla, iqukethe izindlala zamafinyila ezimbalwa kodwa amangqamuzana amaningi anukayo.

Amakona. Akheke ngethambo elikhulu, abandakanyeka ekuphefumuleni ngokuvimbela ukugeleza komoya ngamakhala.

Umsebenzi wokuphefumula. Ikhala liqinisekisa ukudlula komoya ophefumulelwe ngasepharynx. Kuphinde kuhileleke nasekufudumeni umoya ophefumulelwe (3).

Ukuzivikela kwamasosha omzimba. Uma udlula emigudwini yamakhala, umoya ohogelwe nawo uhlungwa yizinkophe namafinyila, akhona kulwelwesi lwamafinyila (3).

Isitho se-olfaction. Imigudu yamakhala igcina amangqamuzana anukayo kanye neziphetho zenzwa yokuhogela, ezoyisa umlayezo wezinzwa ebuchosheni (3).

Indima efonini. Ukukhishwa komsindo wezwi kungenxa yokudlidliza kwezintambo zezwi, ezisezingeni le-larynx. Ikhala lidlala indima ye-resonance.

Ikhala eliphukile. Kuthathwa njengokuphuka kobuso okuvamile (4).

I-Epistaxis. Ihambisana nokopha ekhaleni. Izimbangela ziningi: ukuhlukumezeka, umfutho wegazi ophezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwe-coagulation, njll. (5).

ubhejane. Kubhekiselwa ekuvuvukeni kolwelwesi lwekhala futhi kubonakale njengekhala eligijimayo elisindayo, ukuthimula njalo, nokuminyana emakhaleni (6). I-rhinitis ebukhali noma engapheli ingabangelwa ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya noma igciwane kodwa futhi kungase kube ngenxa yokungezwani komzimba (i-rhinitis ye-allergic, ebizwa nangokuthi i-hay fever).

Cold. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-viral or acute rhinitis, ibhekisela ekuthelelekeni ngegciwane emigodini yamakhala.

I-Rhinopharyngite noma i-Nasopharyngite. Ihambisana nokutheleleka ngegciwane emigodini yamakhala kanye ne-pharynx, futhi ngokunembile i-nasopharynx noma i-nasopharynx.

sinusitis. Ihambisana nokuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwamafinyila elimboze ingaphakathi lezono. Amafinyila akhiqizwayo ayisakhishelwa ekhaleni futhi avimbela ukona. Ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya noma igciwane.

Ikhala noma umdlavuza we-sinus. Isimila esiyingozi singakhula emangqamuzaneni omgodi wamakhala noma ezonweni. Ukuqala kwayo akuvamile (7).

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya ngezimbangela zokuvuvukala, ama-antibiotics, izidakamizwa ezilwa nokuvuvukala, ama-antihistamine, ama-decongestants angase abekwe.

Phytotherapy. Imikhiqizo ethile noma izithasiselo zingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela izifo ezithile noma ukukhulula izimpawu zokuvuvukala.

I-Septoplastie. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kuhlanganisa ukulungisa ukuchezuka kwe-septum yamakhala.

I-Rhinoplasty. Lokhu kuhlinzwa kuhilela ukuguqula ukwakheka kwekhala ngezizathu zokusebenza noma zobuhle.

Ukulungiswa. Ukusebenzisa i-laser noma umkhiqizo wamakhemikhali, le nqubo yenza kube nokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi, ukubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza noma ukuvimba imithambo yegazi esimweni se-benign epistaxis ephindaphindiwe.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngendawo kanye nesigaba somdlavuza, kungase kwenziwe ukuhlinzwa ukuze kukhishwe isimila.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Udokotela angakwazi ukubona isakhiwo sangaphandle sekhala. Ingaphakathi lomgodi wamakhala lingahlolwa ngokusabalalisa izindonga nge-speculum.

I-Rhinofibroscopic. Okwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia yendawo, lokhu kuhlolwa kungavumela ukubonwa kwe-nasal cavity, pharynx kanye ne-larynx.

Inani lobuhle bekhala. Ukuma kwekhala kuyisici esibonakalayo sobuso (2).

Ikhala emlandweni. Ingcaphuno edumile yomlobi uBlaise Pascal iyavuselela: “Ikhala likaCleopatra, ukube belilifushane, bonke ubuso bomhlaba ngabe bushintshile. "(8).

Ikhala ezincwadini. I-"nose tirade" edumile emdlalweni Cyrano de Bergerac ngombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi u-Edmond Rostand uhlekisa ngesimo sekhala likaCyrano (9).