Okuqukethwe
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi i-mycology njengegatsha lebhayoloji efunda isikhunta saqala maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kusenemibuzo eminingi engaphenduleki. Ngakho-ke, akukacaci ukuthi into efundwayo ingeyezitshalo noma izilwane. Akukafakazelwa ukuthi imizimba yezithelo, ethathwa njengobuthi, iyingozi kakhulu. Akucaci kahle ukuthi amakhowe adliwayo anombandela angasetshenziswa kanjani. Kunamanye amaphuzu amaningi angakahlolisiswa mayelana nemvelaphi yamakhowe nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngabantu.
Ngaphambilini, kwakukholelwa ukuthi umlando wokutadisha amakhowe uvela eChina futhi uneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Nokho, muva nje umcimbi osephenduke undabamlonyeni ususaziwa emazweni aseYurophu. E-Tyrolean Alps, kwatholakala indoda eyiqhwa endaweni eyiqhwa, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Otsi. Kwakungenzeka ukusungula indlela ye-radiocarbon ukuthi lesi sakhamuzi sasendulo seplanethi yethu sawela ekuthunjweni kweqhwa eminyakeni engu-5300 edlule. Okumangaza kakhulu ngalokhu okutholakele ukuthi amakhowe atholwe nale ndoda yakudala. Enye yazo kwakuyi-whitefly agariki, eyayingaba yisigqilo somuntu. Amanye amakhowe amathathu omisiwe futhi eqandisiwe ayequkethe i-asidi eyayifana nemithi elwa namagciwane emthelela wawo wokwelapha.
Izigaba zamakhowe nendlela yokuzisebenzisa kahle zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.
Yiziphi izigaba amakhowe zasendle
Ekuqaleni, amakhowe ahlukaniswa njengezitshalo, kodwa ngawo-1990 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, kwakubhalwe okuningi mayelana nokuthi amakhowe ayingxenye yezilwane. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izakhiwo eziningi zihlangana nezilwane. Isibonelo, amaseli amagciwane esikhunta ngendlela ye-plasmodium ngesikhathi sokuzala angahamba ngesivinini esingu-5 mm ngehora.
Amakhowe ahlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4 ngokuya ngenani lokudla okunempilo:
- Isigaba sokuqala - izinhlobo zehlathi eziyigugu kakhulu futhi ezimnandi, ezinikeza imikhiqizo yamakhowe yekhwalithi enhle kakhulu (amakhowe amhlophe, ubisi, amakhowe, amakhowe kaKhesari).
- Isigaba sesibili - amakhowe amahle futhi ayigugu kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ikhwalithi enhle kakhulu (i-boletus, i-boletus, i-boletus, i-chanterelles, i-champignons, i-volnushki, amakhowe oju).
- Isigaba sesithathu - amakhowe adliwayo wekhwalithi ephakathi kanye nokunambitheka (amakhowe e-moss, i-russula, amakhowe amnyama, ama-chanterelles, i-valui),
- Isigaba se-4 - amakhowe amahlathi anenani eliphansi (imigqa, ama-cobwebs nabanye).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izigaba zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakhowe zichazwe futhi zivunyelwe "emithethweni yeSanitary yokuvuna, ukucubungula nokudayiswa kwamakhowe SP 2.3.4.009-93". Ukwazi ukuthi yisiphi isigaba samakhowe, ungahlela ukuthi ungawasebenzisa kanjani.
Ingxenye elandelayo yalesi sihloko igxile endleleni umuntu asebenzisa ngayo amakhowe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe kwezokupheka nokwelapha
Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe amahlathi amasha kungenzeka unyaka wonke, kuhlanganise nesikhathi sasebusika.
Amakhowe ayinto emangalisayo yemvelo, injongo yawo eyinhloko ekuphileni komuntu imi kanje:
- Ukusetshenziswa kokupheka kwamakhowe ekulungiseleleni izitsha ezihlwabusayo, ezinempilo nezithengekayo (isikhathi eside Ezweni Lethu, ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla, babedla amakhowe obisi, ama-chanterelles, ama-agarics oju, amakhowe namakhowe).
- Ukupheka kanye nezibiliboco ze-gourmet izitsha ezisetshenziswa emadilini nasemihlanganweni yezinga eliphezulu.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yokuphulukisa kanye nemithi yabantu, isibonelo, kusuka kuma-raincoats (ngezinjongo ze-hemostatic), njll.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe emithini yokwenziwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nemithi esikalini sezimboni, isibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwe-flammulin kusuka kumakhowe asebusika, anemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antitumor.
- Amakhowe ahlukile ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zawo. Lezi zakhiwo zidinga ukufundwa ngokucophelela. Kunombono wososayensi ukuthi amakhowe aqukethe zonke izinto eziwusizo nezokwelapha ezidingekayo kubantu, kodwa kuphela ezinye zazo eziye zafundwa ngokugcwele. Eminyakeni yamuva, isithakazelo emithini yokwelapha yamakhowe iye yanda izikhathi eziningi. Isizathu salokhu silele ekutholakaleni kwenani lezakhiwo ezintsha kanye nesikhunta esinezindawo zokulwa nomdlavuza kanye nezokulwa namagciwane ezingasetshenziswa ekwenzeni izidakamizwa ezisiza kunoma yisiphi isigaba sesifo, isibonelo, imithi esekelwe birch chaga. Nokho, kunolunye uhlangothi. Ukusetshenziswa kwawo wonke amakhowe ngokungakhethi kwaholela ebuthi, ukubonakaliswa kwe-hallucinogenic ngisho nokufa.
- Ukuthola injabulo “ekuzingeleni amakhowe”. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo zesikhunta ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezaziwayo, okuyikhulu kuphela eziye zahlolwa. Imvelo, njengokungathi, isitshela: funda futhi usebenzise amakhowe ngokugcwele, kodwa ngobuchule! AmaJapane akholelwa ukuthi uma udla amagremu angu-100 amakhowe nsuku zonke, khona-ke umuntu akasoze abe nezifo ze-oncological. Amakhowe angaphola, kutholwe imithi eminingi ewusizo kuwo, futhi okungaphezu kwalokho okusazohlolwa. Zingafakwa ubuthi, kodwa futhi zingelapheka. Amakhowe ahluke kakhulu ezindaweni zawo kangangokuthi kubonakala sengathi umuntu angathola imithi yokwelashwa kwanoma yisiphi isifo kuwo, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga okuphelele. Umuntu angaphikisana noma avumelane nombono wososayensi mayelana nezakhiwo zezinhlobo eziningi, kodwa into eyodwa icacile: amandla awusizo amakhowe makhulu. Le ndawo inekusasa elihle!
Umuntu angawasebenzisa kanjani amakhowe asehlathini ngendlela efanele
Ngokuphathelene nenani lokudla okunomsoco kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco, amakhowe awekho ngaphansi kwenyama, kodwa amaprotheni awo anzima ukugaya futhi adinga ukwelashwa kokushisa nokugaya isikhathi eside. Lokhu kusebenza ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kodwa hhayi zonke isikhunta. Kodwa ukutholwa kwama-macro- kanye nama-microelements aqukethwe kuwo kuletha izinzuzo ezingabazeki, ikakhulukazi ebusika. Ukuba khona kwamavithamini nama-amino acid abalulekile, ukuntuleka kwawo okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza komzimba, ngokuvamile, kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe kungabi mnandi kuphela, kodwa futhi kuwusizo.
Imikhawulo ingase ibe nokubhebhetheka kwezifo zepheshana lesisu, i-gallbladder ekude, i-pancreatitis engapheli kanye ne-cholecystitis. Kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi uqhathanise imizwa evela ekudleni okudlayo nesimo sendawo yakho yangaphakathi futhi usondele ngokunengqondo ezintweni zokuzilibazisa ze-gastronomic. Khona-ke izibiliboco zamakhowe zizoletha injabulo enkulu futhi zizuze.
Ukwelashwa kwezinga lokushisa nganoma iyiphi indlela amakhowe asetshenziswa ngayo ekuphekeni akuwenzi njalo amakhowe aphephe ukudliwa. Ngakho-ke, izingulube ezincane ziqoqa izinto ezinobuthi. Yiqiniso, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okukodwa, umphumela omubi awubonwa, kodwa isikhathi eside siholela ekushintsheni ekubunjweni kwegazi kanye nokulimala kwamangqamuzana esibindi. Yingakho izingulube ezizacile zihlukaniswa njengamakhowe anobuthi.
Isimo siyefana nangemigqa evamile. Ukubilisa okujwayelekile imizuzu engu-15-20 nokukhipha amanzi kukuvumela ukuba uwasebenzise kanye ngenani elincane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngokuphindaphindiwe kuholela emthelela omubi esiswini kanye nokubonakala kobuhlungu, ngakho-ke nabo banobuthi.
Abantu bayakwazi ukupheka. Amaresiphi adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni zengeza emaresiphi endabuko umuzwa wendawo yokudlela wokudla kwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi isiNtaliyane nesiJapane.