Izinhlobo zokuzalanisa amakhowe
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokuzalanisa isikhunta - i-vegetative, i-asexual kanye neyocansi. Ngokuvamile zishintshana komunye nomunye ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesikhunta.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Vegetative kwesikhunta kwenzeka ngokukhipha izingxenye ze-mycelium, kanye nokuhluma, i-chlamydospores, i-arthrospores, namagugu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ze-mycelium kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusabalalisa isikhunta. I-Mycelium ingakheka kunoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-mycelium endala equkethe iseli elinekhono. Ezifanele ukukhiqizwa futhi yizindawo ze-mycelium engeyona yamaselula. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza isetshenziswa ekutshaleni amakhowe adliwayo afuywayo.
I-Budding iyindlela yokusabalalisa izitshalo zesikhunta. Itholakala kusikhunta esine-thallus efana nemvubelo. Phakathi nale nqubo, ingqamuzana lendodakazi liyahlukana nengqamuzana likamama ngosizo lwe-septum bese lisebenza njengento ehlukile enengqamuzana elilodwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-yeast cell ayikwazi ukuhluma unomphela. Inombolo yokuhlukaniswa okuphelele ingasungulwa ngamasongo e-chitinous, abonakala endaweni yokuhlukaniswa kwezinso. Amaseli emvubelo endala makhulu kunamancane, kodwa inani lawo lincane.
Ama-Artrospores amangqamuzana akhethekile okusabalalisa isikhunta, elinye igama lawo yi-oidia. Zivela ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwe-hyphae, kusukela kumathiphu, zibe yinani elikhulu lezinqubo, kamuva zizonikeza impilo ku-mycelium entsha. I-Oidia inegobolondo elincanyana kanye nokuphila okufushane. Angatholakala nakwezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe.
Amagugu ayi-subspecies ye-oidia, ahlukaniswa ngegobolondo elijiyile futhi elimnyama ngombala, futhi ahlala isikhathi eside. Amagugu atholakala kuma-marsupials, kanye nama-smuts nokungapheleli.
I-Chlamydospores iyadingeka ekusakazeni kwezitshalo kwesikhunta. Anamagobolondo aminyene anombala omnyama futhi ayabekezelela izimo ezinzima. Zivela ngokuhlanganiswa nokuhlukaniswa kokuqukethwe kwamaseli e-mycelium ngamanye, okuthi phakathi nale nqubo ambozwe igobolondo elimnyama elimnyama. Ama-Chlamydospores ahlukaniswe namaseli e-hyphae kamama angaphila isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezinzima. Lapho ziqala ukuhluma, izitho ze-sporulation noma i-mycelium zivela kuzo. I-Chlamydospores ivela kuma-basidiomycetes amaningi, ama-deuteromycetes, nama-oomycetes.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Asexual kuthatha isikhundla esibalulekile ekusabalaliseni isikhunta emvelweni futhi kungenye yezici eziyinhloko zalezi zinambuzane. Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lwenzeka ngosizo lwezinhlamvu, ezakhiwe ngaphandle kokuvundiswa kwezitho ezikhethekile. Lezi zitho zihlukile ngokuma kanye nezakhiwo ezivela ku-hyphae yemifino ye-mycelium. Ngendlela ye-endogenous yokwakheka kwe-spore, izinhlobo ezimbili zezitho ezithwala i-spore zihlukaniswa - okungukuthi, i-zoosporangia ne-sporangia. I-Conidia ingenzeka ngokujwayelekile.
Izinhlamvu zesikhunta yizona zakhiwo eziyinhloko ezihilelekile ekuzaleni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinhlamvu ukudala abantu abasha bohlobo oluthile, kanye nokuhlala kwabo kabusha ezindaweni ezintsha. Zihlukene ngemvelaphi, izici kanye nezindlela zokuhlala. Zivame ukuvikelwa igobolondo eliminyene elivikelayo lezendlalelo eziningi noma azinalo udonga lwamaseli, zingaba ngamangqamuzana amaningi, zithuthwe umoya, imvula, izilwane, noma zihambe ngokuzimela zisebenzisa i-flagella.
Ama-Zoospores yizakhiwo zokuzalana ezingasexual zesikhunta. Ziyizingxenye ezingenalutho ze-protoplasm ezingenalo igobolondo, zine-nuclei eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ene-flagella eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Lawa ma-flagella anesici sesakhiwo sangaphakathi senqwaba yama-eukaryote. Ziyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe isikhunta, ziqukethe inani elincane lezakhamzimba futhi azikwazi ukuhlala zisebenza isikhathi eside. Kwenzeka ekugcineni e-zoosporangia. Ama-zoospores asebenza ekukhiqizeni isikhunta esincane, esitholakala kakhulu emanzini, kodwa i-zoosporangia nayo itholakala ezikhunjini eziningi zasemhlabeni ezihlala ezitshalweni zasezweni.
I-zoosporangium iyisitho esithwala inhlamvu esikhiqiza izinhlamvu ezinyakazayo, ezizalanayo ngocansi ezine-flagella. Lezi zinhlamvu zibizwa ngokuthi ama-zoospores. Njengomthetho, i-zoosporangia ivela ngqo ku-hyphae yemifino, ngaphandle kwama-sporangiophores akhethekile.
Ama-sporangiospores (ama-aplanospores) yizakhiwo zokuzalanisa kwe-asexual kwesikhunta. Azinyakazi, azinazitho zokunyakaza, kunegobolondo. Ziyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe isikhunta, ziqukethe inani elincane lezakhamzimba futhi azikwazi ukuhlala zisebenza isikhathi eside. Zivela ekugcineni ngaphakathi kwezitho ze-sporogenous (sporangia). Izinhlamvu ziphuma ku-sporangium ngokusebenzisa izimbobo zegobolondo (izimbotshana) noma lapho ubuqotho bamuva buphulwa. I-Endogenous sporulation kwenzeka kusikhunta sakudala. Ama-Sporangiospores akhiqiza kabusha ngokwesini kumaZygomycetes.
I-Sporangium - leli yigama lesitho esithwala izinhlamvu, ngaphakathi lapho izinhlamvu ezinganyakazi zokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ngegobolondo ziphakama futhi zikhule. Esikhunta esiningi esine-filamentous, i-sporangium yakheka ekuvuvukeni kwe-hyphal apex ngemva kokuba ihlukaniswe ne-hypha yomzali nge-septa. Ngenqubo yokwakheka kwezinhlamvu, i-sporangium protoplast ihlukana izikhathi eziningi, yakhe izinkulungwane eziningi zezinhlamvu. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zesikhunta, i-sporangial-bearing hyphae ihluke kakhulu kune-vegetative hyphae. Kulokhu, zibizwa ngokuthi i-sporangiophores.
Ama-sporangiophores ama-hyphae athela izithelo akhiqiza i-sporangia.
I-Conidia yizinhlamvu ze-asexual reproduction ezakheka ziqonde phezulu kwesitho esithwala inhlamvu ebizwa ngokuthi i-conidiophore, emele izingxenye ezikhethekile ze-mycelium. I-conidia evamile itholakala kuma-marsupials, ama-basidiomycetes, nesikhunta se-anamorphic. Isikhunta esingaphelele (deuteromycetes) singazalana kuphela nge-conidia. Izindlela zokwenza i-conidia, izici zayo, izinhlangano kanye nokubekwa kuhluke kakhulu. I-Conidia ingaba i-unicellular kanye ne-multicellular, yezimo ezihlukahlukene. Izinga lombala wazo liyahlukahluka - ukusuka kokusobala kuye kwegolide, intuthu, grey, umnqumo, pinkish. Ukukhululwa kwe-conidia ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa kwezinye izimo ukwenqatshwa kwabo okusebenzayo kuyabonwa.