Muscarine (Muscarine)
Lena enye ye-alkaloid enobuthi kakhulu, eyatholwa ngu-Schmideberg. Itholwe kumpukane i-agaric Amanita muscaria noma i-Agaricus Muscarius L. Kusuka emndenini omncane womndeni we-agaric ama-Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes). Futhi i-muscarine itholakale kusikhunta i-Boletus luridus ne-Amanita pantherina kanye nakufungus i-Inocybe.
izakhiwo zomzimba
Le alkaloid esuselwe kumakhowe ibizwa ngokuthi amakhowe noma i-muscarine yemvelo, futhi ifomula yayo ye-empirical ithi C5H15NO8, kuyilapho kungekho fomula yesakhiwo etholakele. I-muscarine yemvelo ayinaphunga futhi ayinambitheki futhi iwuketshezi olune-syrupy olune-alkaline eqinile, okuthi, lapho yomisiwe phambi kwe-sulfuric acid, kancane kancane iphenduke ibe yi-crystalline state. Emoyeni, amakristalu e-alkaloid asakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi i-muscarine ibuyela oketshezini olunoketshezi. Incibilika kakhulu otshwaleni nasemanzini, ayincibiliki kakhulu ku-chloroform, futhi ayincibiliki ngokuphelele ku-ether. Uma ishisa ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-100, khona-ke iyabhujiswa, futhi iphunga likagwayi elingabonakali kakhulu livela. Uma iphathwa nge-lead oxide noma i-caustic alkali futhi ifudunyezwa, iguqulwa ibe i-trimethylamine, futhi nge-sulfuric noma i-hydrochloric acid idala usawoti wecrystalline. Kunombono wokuthi ukwakheka kwe-muscarine kufana nesakhiwo se-choline (C5H15NO2):
I-H3C / CH2CH(OH)2
I-H3C—N
H3C / OH
Kodwa ukuhlola kuka-Schmiedeberg no-Harnack kubonisa ukuthi i-alkaloid yokwenziwa, etholakala ngokwenziwa ku-choline, ithinta izilwane ngendlela ehlukile kuneyemvelo. Lokhu kuhlola kubonise ukuthi ama-muscarine okwenziwa nawemvelo awafani.
Ukubaluleka kwemithi
Kokubili i-alkaloid yamakhowe emvelo kanye nenhlanganisela etholwe ngokwenziwa okwamanje ayisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwezokwelapha kuphezulu kakhulu. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, kwenziwa imizamo yokwelapha isifo sokuwa kanye nezinqubo ze-oncological zezindlala nge-muscarine. Kwahlongozwa nokuthi isetshenziswe ezifweni zamehlo kanye nokwelapha izilonda. Kodwa konke lokhu kuhlola kuye kwamiswa ngenxa yobuthi obungavamile benhlanganisela.
Kodwa i-muscarine inobuthi obukhulu, obuthiyori kanye nokubaluleka kwezemithi. Kungokweqembu le-parasympathicotropic yobuthi, abanomphumela ovuselelayo kuma-peripheral parasympathicotropic nerves, kuyilapho i-alkaloid inomphumela okhethekile wokukhetha ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Lesi sici sisenza sibe nenani elikhulu njenge-ejenti yezemithi engasetshenziswa ekuhloleni okufana nokuvuselela ugesi noma esikhundleni sako.
Uma ngemithamo emincane wethula yemvelo i-muscarine emzimbeni wesilwane, khona-ke kukhona ukwehla komsebenzi wenhliziyo (imiphumela emibi ye-inotropic ne-chronotropic), futhi ngemithamo emikhulu kuqala kubangela ukwehla kanye nokuba buthakathaka kokufinyela kwe-systolic. Futhi-ke esigabeni se-diastolic, ukuboshwa okuphelele kwenhliziyo kwenzeka.
Isenzo emzimbeni
Ucwaningo olwenziwa ososayensi abahlukahlukene lubonisa ukuthi i-muscarine inomphumela okhubazayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwe-peripheral lwepheshana lokuphefumula, ibangela ukwanda kwemisipha yesisu namathumbu, futhi ukunyakaza kwamathumbu kubonakala ngisho nangezingxenye zodonga lwesisu. . Uma i-muscarine ilawulwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu, khona-ke kukhona ukunyakaza okungahambi kahle kwe-peristaltic, okuthathelwa indawo yi-antiperistalsis, ukuhlanza nokuhuda kuqala. Isibonakaliso esicacile sobuthi be-muscarine yisimo se-spastic sokufinyela kwesisu sonke noma izingxenye zaso ngazinye, okulandelwa ukuphumula. Ngokusho kukaSchmideberg, i-muscarine inomphumela onamandla kakhulu emathunjini nasesiswini, hhayi nje ngenxa yomphumela wayo ekugcineni kwemizwa ye-vagus etholakala kulezi zitho, kodwa futhi ngenxa yomphumela wayo kumaseli we-ganglion we-plexus ye-Auerbach. . Futhi, le alkaloid ibangela ukufinyela kwe-spastic kwezinye izitho zemisipha ebushelelezi, isibonelo, esibelethweni, i-spleen nesinye. Ukuncipha kwenzeka ngenxa yomphumela ocasulayo wento kuma-peripheral receptors we-parasympathetic nerves etholakala kulezi zitho, kanye nangenxa yethonya kumadivayisi we-automatic nerve ganglion, ngokufanisa nendlela okwenzeka ngayo emzimbeni. inhliziyo. I-pupil yeso ngaphansi kwethonya le-muscarine inciphile kakhulu, i-spasm yendawo yokuhlala iqala. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbili zibangelwa isenzo se-alkaloid kuma-receptors emicu ye-parasympathetic ye-oculomotor nerve etholakala emithanjeni eyindilinga ye-iris kanye ne-ciliary muscle.
U-Schmideberg uthole ukuthi i-mushroom muscarine ayisebenzi emithanjeni ye-motor, ngokungafani ne-muscarine yokwenziwa, ekhubaza iziphetho ze-motor nerve. Lokhu kwabuye kwaqinisekiswa nguHans Meyer noGonda. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezifana ne-curare zihlukile ku-synthetic muscarine etholakala ku-choline.
I-Mushroom muscarine ivuselela izindlala ze-gastrointestinal tract, ivuselele ukukhishwa kwe-bile kanye nejusi le-pancreatic. Iphinde kwandisa amathe, ukujuluka kanye lacrimation. Ukugcinwa kwamathe ngaphansi kwesenzo se-muscarine kuchazwa ngokuthi kucasula iziphetho ze-peripheral nerve (lokhu kwafakazelwa nguSchmideberg). Ukukhishwa kwazo zonke ezinye izindlala kuthuthukiswa isenzo esicasulayo se-muscarine emithanjeni yabo ye-scapular. Kulokhu, okuhlosiwe kwesenzo se-muscarine yi-peripheral nerve endings.
Umphikisi oqondile we-muscarine yi-atropine, evimbela umphumela we-muscarine ngokukhubaza ukuphela kwezinzwa ze-parasympathetic. Lokhu kubonakala ezimweni lapho i-muscarine inomphumela ocasulayo kuma-receptors we-peripheral wanoma yimiphi imizwa ye-parasympathetic. Ngakho-ke, i-atropine iqeda ngokushesha ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo ye-diastolic kanye nokuncipha kwesilinganiso senhliziyo esicasulwa yi-muscarine. I-Atropine iphinde iyeke ukwanda kwe-peristalsis, i-antiperistalsis kanye ne-spasms yesisu namathumbu, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokufinyela komfundi, ukufinyela kwesinye isinye, kanye nokwanda komsebenzi womfihlo wezindlala ezihlukahlukene (umjuluko, amathe nabanye). I-Atropine sulphate yenza umphumela wayo ophikisayo ku-muscarine ngenani elincane (0,001-0,1 mg). I-Muscarine yaziwa futhi ngokumisa isenzo se-atropine enhliziyweni yexoxo, amehlo, indlala ye-submandibular, nezindlala zokujuluka. Ngakho-ke, kunombono wokuthi i-muscarine ne-atropine yizimbangi ezihlangene. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-muscarine eningi iyadingeka (kufika ku-7 g) ukuze isenzo se-atropine siyeke. Kulokhu, akufanele neze ukusho ukuthi i-muscarine inomphumela othize ku-atropine, futhi izazi eziningi zemithi zinombono wokuthi indaba yokuphikisana kwamazwe amabili kulezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili ayikaxazululwa.
Futhi, abaphikisi be-muscarine bahlanganisa i-aconitine, i-hyoscyamine, i-veratrin, i-scopolamine, i-physostigmine, i-digitalin, i-delphinium, i-camphor, i-helleborine, i-chloral hydrate, i-adrenaline. Kunamaqiniso athakazelisayo ethulwa yi-Tsondek ukuthi i-calcium chloride nayo inomphumela ophikisayo ku-muscarine.
Ukuzwela kwezilwane ezahlukene ku-muscarine kungahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ikati liyafa ngomjovo we-subcutaneous we-muscarine ngethamo lika-4 mg ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, futhi ngethamo lika-12 mg ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-10-15. Izinja zibekezelela imithamo ephezulu ye-alkaloid. Abantu bazwela kakhulu kule nto. U-Schmideberg no-Koppe benza izivivinyo ngokwabo futhi bathola ukuthi umjovo we-muscarine ngethamo lika-3 mg usuvele udala ubuthi, obonakaliswa ngokuphuma kwamathe okunamandla, ukugijima kwegazi ekhanda, isiyezi, ubuthakathaka, ububomvu besikhumba, isicanucanu kanye nokucijile. izinhlungu esiswini, i-tachycardia, ukubona ukukhungatheka kanye ne-spasm yendawo yokuhlala. Kuphinde kunyuke ukujuluka ebusweni futhi kunciphe kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.
Isithombe sobuthi
Endabeni yobuthi bamakhowe, isithombe singase sifane nencazelo yobuthi be-muscarine, kodwa ngokuvamile lusahluka ngenxa yokuthi i-fly agaric iqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene ezinobuthi ezifana ne-atropine nezinye izinhlanganisela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zithinta indawo emaphakathi. isimiso sezinzwa, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, yeka isenzo se-muscarine. Ngakho-ke, ubuthi bungabonakala ngezimpawu ezivela esiswini nasemathunjini (isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ubuhlungu, isifo sohudo) noma izimpawu ezihluke ngokuphelele, isibonelo, isimo sokudakwa esihambisana ne-delirium kanye nenjabulo eqinile, isiyezi, isifiso esingenakuvinjelwa sokubhubhisa yonke into. nxazonke, isidingo sokunyakaza. Khona-ke ukuthuthumela kwenzeka kuwo wonke umzimba, i-epileptiform kanye ne-tetanic convulsions, umfundi uyakhula, i-pulse esheshayo iyancipha kakhulu, ukuphefumula kuyaphazamiseka, kuba okungavamile, izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla kakhulu futhi isimo sokuwa siqala. Kulesi simo, ukufa kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu. Endabeni yokululama, umuntu ululama kancane kakhulu, isimo se-hyperleukocytosis sibonakala egazini, futhi igazi ngokwalo lihlanganisa kabi kakhulu. Kodwa kuze kube manje, ayikho idatha enokwethenjelwa futhi eqinisekisiwe ngokugcwele mayelana nezinguquko zegazi, njengoba nje kungekho datha mayelana nezinguquko ze-pathological ngesikhathi sobuthi.
Insiza yezimo eziphuthumayo
Okokuqala, uma kwenzeka ubuthi ngamakhowe, kuyadingeka ukususa okuqukethwe esiswini nasemathunjini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa i-emetics, i-gastric lavage nge-probe, namathumbu ane-enema. Ngaphakathi ngomthamo omkhulu baphuza amafutha e-castor. Uma izimpawu zobuthi be-muscarine zigcwele, khona-ke i-atropine ijova ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Uma ubuthi bukhula ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezinjenge-atropine, khona-ke i-atropine ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa njenge-antidote.
I-muscarine yokwenziwa, etholakala ku-choline, iyona efundwa kakhulu. Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngamanye ama-muscarine okwenziwa. I-Anhydromuscarine inyusa ukugcinwa komjuluko namathe, futhi ayinawo umphumela emehlweni nasenhliziyweni. Idala ukufa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kokuphefumula. I-Isomuscarine ayibangeli ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo, kodwa ibambezela ukushaya kwenhliziyo, okungahle kuguqulwe nge-atropine. Ezinyonini, kuholela ekufinyezweni komfundi, futhi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kunomthelela ofana ne-currare emithanjeni ye-motor futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwemfihlo yezindlala, akuphazamisi amehlo namathumbu, kodwa kwandisa umfutho wegazi. I-Ptomatomuscarine inomphumela ofanayo ne-cholinemuscarine, okuphakamisa ukuthi banesakhiwo samakhemikhali esifanayo. Isenzo se-pharmacological se-uromuscarin asikakafundwa. Kungashiwo okufanayo mayelana nesenzo se-pharmacological se-carnomoscarin.