I-Microcephaly ibonakala ngokuthuthukiswa komjikelezo we-cranial, ekuzalweni, ngaphansi kokujwayelekile. Izingane ezizalwa zine-microcephaly ngokuvamile zinesayizi encane yobuchopho, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukukhula kahle. (1)

Ukusabalala kwalesi sifo (inani lamacala kubantu abathile ngesikhathi esinikeziwe) asaziwa kuze kube namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuboniswe ukuthi lesi sifo sikhona, ngokuphindaphindiwe, e-Asia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngesigameko se-1 / 1 ngonyaka. (000)

I-Microcephaly yisimo esichazwa ubukhulu bekhanda lomntwana elincanyana kunokuvamile. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ikhanda lomntwana likhula ngokujwayelekile ngenxa yokukhula kobuchopho okuqhubekayo. Lesi sifo singase sikhule ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngesikhathi sokukhula okungavamile kobuchopho bengane, noma lapho izalwa, lapho ukukhula kwayo kuyeka ngokuzumayo. I-Microcephaly ingaba umphumela ngokwawo, ngaphandle kokuba ingane yethule okunye okungavamile noma umataniswe nokunye ukusilela okubonakala lapho izalwa. (1)

Kukhona uhlobo olunzima lwesifo. Leli fomu elibucayi livela ngenxa yokukhula okungavamile kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma lapho kuzalwa.

Ngakho-ke i-Microcephaly ingaba khona ekuzalweni kwengane noma ikhule ezinyangeni zokuqala ngemva kokubeletha. Lesi sifo ngokuvamile siwumphumela wokungajwayelekile kofuzo okuphazamisa ukukhula kwe-cerebral cortex phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala zokukhula kwengane. Lesi sifo singaba futhi umphumela wokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa noma utshwala kumama, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakhe. Ukutheleleka komama nge-cytomegalovirus, i-rubella, inkukhu yenkukhu, njll kungase kube umthombo wesifo.

Endabeni yokutheleleka komama ngegciwane leZika, ukusabalala kwaleli gciwane kubonakala nasezicutshini zengane okuholela ekufeni kobuchopho. Kulo mongo, ukulimala kwezinso kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokutheleleka ngegciwane leZika.

Imiphumela yalesi sifo incike ekuqineni kwaso. Impela, izingane ezikhula nge-microcephaly zingaletha ukukhubazeka ekukhuleni kwengqondo, ukubambezeleka kokusebenza kwemisipha, ubunzima bolimi, ukwakheka okufushane, ukuxakeka ngokweqile, isithuthwane, ukungakwazi ukusebenza kahle noma okunye ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa. (2)

I-Microcephaly ibonakala ngosayizi wekhanda omncane kunokuvamile. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kuwumphumela wokuncipha kokukhula kobuchopho phakathi nesikhathi sombungu noma ngemva kokubeletha.

Izinsana ezizalwa zine-microcephaly zingaba nenani lezimpawu zomtholampilo. Lokhu kuncike ngqo ebukhulwini besifo futhi kuhlanganisa: (1)

- isithuthwane;

– ukubambezeleka ekukhuleni kwengqondo yengane, ekukhulumeni, ekuhambeni, njll.;

- ukukhubazeka kwengqondo (ukunciphisa amandla okufunda kanye nokubambezeleka emisebenzini ebalulekile);

- izinkinga zokungaxhumani;

- ubunzima bokugwinya;

- ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa;

– izinkinga zamehlo.

Lezi zimpawu ezahlukene zingasukela kokumnene kuye kokuqina kuyo yonke impilo yesifundo.

I-Microcephaly ngokuvamile iwumphumela wokubambezeleka ukukhula kobuchopho bengane, okubangela ukuba isiyingi sekhanda sibe sincane kunokuvamile. Ngokombono lapho ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho kuphumelela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nasebuntwaneni, i-microcephaly ingakhula phakathi nalezi zikhathi ezimbili zokuphila.

Ososayensi baye babeka phambili imvelaphi ehlukene yalesi sifo. Phakathi kwalokhu kubalwa izifo ezithile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuphazamiseka kofuzo noma ngisho nokungondleki kahle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zezifo ezilandelayo zofuzo nazo zihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni i-microcephaly:

- Cornelia de Lange syndrome;

- ukukhala kwe-cat syndrome;

- Down's syndrome;

I-Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome;

- Seckel's syndrome;

-Smith -Lemli-Opitz syndrome;

- trisomy 18;

- I-Down's syndrome.

Eminye imvelaphi yalesi sifo ihlanganisa: (3)

- i-phenylketonuria (PKU) engalawuleki kumama (umphumela wokungajwayelekile kwe-phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), okwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-plasma phenylalanine nokuba nomthelela onobuthi ebuchosheni);

- ubuthi be-methylmercury;

- rubella yokuzalwa;

- i-toxoplasmosis yokuzalwa;

- ukutheleleka nge-congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV);

– ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ikakhulukazi utshwala nephenytoin.

Ukutheleleka komama nge-Zika virus kuye kwabonakala kuyimbangela yokuthuthukiswa kwe-microcephaly ezinganeni. (1)

Ngakho-ke izici eziyingozi ezihambisana ne-microcephaly zihlanganisa iqoqo lezifo zomama, ukungalungi kofuzo noma cha, i-phenylketonuria engalawuleki kumama, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile (njenge-methylmercury), njll.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-microcephaly kungenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ngemva nje kokuzalwa kwengane.

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound kungaxilonga ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba khona kwesifo. Lokhu kuhlolwa ngokuvamile kwenziwa phakathi nengxenye yesibili yokukhulelwa noma ngisho nasekuqaleni kwengxenye yesithathu yesi-2.

Ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana, izinsiza zezokwelapha zikala usayizi omaphakathi womjikelezo wekhanda lomntwana (umjikelezo wekhanda). Isilinganiso esitholiwe sibe sesiqhathaniswa nezindlela zenani labantu njengomsebenzi weminyaka nobulili. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwangemuva kokuzalwa kuvame ukwenziwa okungenani amahora angama-24 ngemva kokubeletha. Lesi sikhathi senza kube nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kabusha okulungile kogebhezi, olucindezelwe ngesikhathi sokubeletha.

Uma ukutholakala kwe-microcephaly kusolwa, ezinye izivivinyo ezengeziwe zingenzeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe noma cha ukuxilongwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ikakhulukazi, isithwebuli, i-MRI (I-Magnetic Resonance Imaging), njll.

Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo kudlulela kuyo yonke impilo yesihloko. Njengamanje, awukho umuthi wokwelapha owenziwayo.

Njengoba ukuqina kwalesi sifo kuhluke kwengane eyodwa kuya kwenye, izingane ezisesimweni esihle ngeke zibe nezimpawu ngaphandle komjikelezo wekhanda owumngcingo. Ngakho-ke lezi zimo zesifo zizobhekwa ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokukhula kwengane.

Endabeni yezinhlobo ezinzima kakhulu zesifo, izingane, kulokhu, zidinga ukwelashwa okuvumela ukulwa nezinkinga ze-peripheral. Izindlela zokwelapha zikhona zokuthuthukisa nokukhulisa amakhono obuhlakani nawomzimba alezi zingane. Imithi yokuvimbela ukuquleka nokunye ukubonakaliswa komtholampilo kungase kunqunywe. (1)

Ukubikezelwa kwesifo ngokuvamile kuhle kodwa kuncike kakhulu ebucayi besifo. (4)