Okuqukethwe
Njengomthetho, yilabo kuphela asebevele benekhono lokuzalanisa amanye amakhowe, okulula ukuwatshala abazama ukutshala amakhowe ekhaya noma ezweni. Kwabaqalayo, kuhlongozwa ukuthi baqale baqonde indlela yokuzalanisa ama-champignon noma amakhowe e-oyster. Uma okungenani unokuhlangenwe nakho okuncane ekukhuleni kwamakhowe futhi manje uhlose ukuqonda indlela yokutshala amakhowe, qala unqume ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ongakhetha kuzo lezi zinhloso.
Phakathi kwezinto ezidliwayo nezilungele ukulinywa, kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili: ihlobo nobusika.
Uzofunda mayelana nezindlela eziyisisekelo zokutshala amakhowe ekhaya nasengadini ngokufunda lesi sihloko.
Abukeka kanjani amakhowe ehlobo
Lelikhowe lisakazeke kakhulu, futhi abakhi bamakhowe bawaqoqa cishe kuwo wonke amahlathi. Amakhowe akhula phezu kwezinkuni ezifile, njengomthetho, emaqenjini amaningi. Uma uhamba ehlathini, ngokuvamile ungabona ikepisi elisagolide eliphuzi elakhiwe amakhowe amaningi ezihlahleni eziwa ezivundile noma eziphunzini. Le phethini ibonwa kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSepthemba.
I-mushroom encane ngosayizi, ububanzi be-cap ngokuvamile busukela ku-20-60 mm, ukwakheka kuyi-flat-convex, imiphetho ishiywe. Phakathi nendawo yekepisi kukhona i-tubercle yesici. Umbala wobuso be-honey agaric unombala onsundu ngokuphuzi kanye neziyingi ezithile ezilula ezinamanzi. Inyama incane impela, ithambile, imhlophe ngombala. Ubude bomlenze - 35-50 mm, ukujiya - 4 mm. Isiqu sinikezwa ngendandatho yombala ofanayo ne-cap, engashabalala ngokushesha, nakuba umkhondo ocacile usazohlala.
Kumele kuqashelwe kakhulu amapuleti, okuthi kuma-agarics oju oludliwayo abe nokhilimu ekuqaleni, futhi abe nsundu ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, okuwahlukanisa nama-agarics angamanga anobuthi. Amapuleti alokhu okugcina aqala ngokumpunga-ophuzi, bese kuba mnyama, aluhlaza okotshani noma ansundu ngomnqumo.
Lezi zithombe zibonisa ukuthi amakhowe asehlobo abukeka kanjani:
Ukunambitheka kwe-mushroom kuphezulu kakhulu. Iphunga linamandla futhi limnandi. Izigqoko zingagcinwa ngemva kokumiswa.
Imilenze, njengomthetho, ayidliwa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo. Esikalini sezimboni, amakhowe awakhuliswa, ngoba amakhowe ayabola, adinga ukucubungula okusheshayo, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, awakwazi ukuthuthwa. Kodwa abalimi ababodwa bamakhowe bayawazisa ama-agarics oju Ezweni Lethu, eCzech Republic, eSlovakia, eJalimane, njll. futhi bayawuhlakulela ngokuzithandela.
Okulandelayo kuchaza ukuthi amakhowe angatshalwa kanjani ngemuva kwendlu.
Ungawakhulisa kanjani amakhowe ehlobo esitokisini
Izinkuni ezifile zisetshenziswa njenge-substrate yokutshala amakhowe ehlobo, futhi i-mycelium ivame ukuthengwa njengendlela yokunamathisela kumashubhu. Nakuba ungasebenzisa futhi impahla yakho yokutshala - ukuthakwa kwezigqoko zamakhowe ezivuthiwe noma izingcezu zokhuni ezingenwe ukhunta.
Ngaphambi kokutshala amakhowe ezweni, udinga ukulungisa i-mycelium. I-infusion yenziwe ngezigqoko ezinamapuleti amnyama amnyama, okumele achotshozwe futhi afakwe esitsheni samanzi (kunconywa ukusebenzisa amanzi emvula) amahora angu-12-24. Khona-ke ingxube ewumphumela ihlungwa nge-gauze futhi izinkuni ziswakanyiswe kakhulu ngayo, sezike zasikeka emaphethelweni nasezinhlangothini.
Ngokungeziwe ekufakweni okhunini, ama-caps avuthiwe angabekwa ngamapuleti phansi, awasuse ngemva kosuku noma ezimbili. Ngale ndlela yokutshala amakhowe, i-mycelium ikhula isikhathi eside futhi isivuno sokuqala singalindeleka ukuthi sitholwe kuphela ekupheleni kwesizini elandelayo.
Ukwenza inqubo ihambe ngokushesha, kufanele usebenzise izingcezu zokhuni nge-mycelium ehlumayo, engatholakala ehlathini kusukela ngoJuni. Qaphela iziphunzi noma iziqu zezihlahla eziwile. Izingcezu kufanele zithathwe ezindaweni zokukhula okujulile kwe-mycelium, okungukuthi lapho kunezintambo eziningi ezimhlophe nezikhilimu (hyphae), futhi zikhipha iphunga elinamandla lamakhowe.
Izingcezu zokhuni ezingenwe ukhunta ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene zifakwa emigodini enqunywe okhunini olulungisiwe. Khona-ke lezi zindawo zimbozwe nge-moss, amagxolo, njll. Ukuze lapho ukhula amakhowe ehlobo, i-mycelium iqhubekela phambili ngokuthembekile okhunini oluyinhloko, izingcezu zingabethelwa futhi zimbozwe ngefilimu. Khona-ke amakhowe okuqala akhiwa kakade ekuqaleni kwehlobo elizayo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokutheleleka, izinkuni zanoma iyiphi izinkuni eziqinile zifanelekile ukutshala amakhowe ezigxotsheni. Ubude bezigaba buyi-300-350 mm, ububanzi buphinde bube yinoma iyiphi. Kulesi sikhundla, iziphunzi zezihlahla zezithelo nazo zingasebenza, ezingadingi kusishulwa, ngoba eminyakeni engu-4-6 zizohlukana noma kunjalo, zibhujiswe ngokuphelele yisikhunta.
Okhunini olusanda kusikwa kanye neziphunzi, ukuhlasela kungenziwa ngaphandle kokulungiselela okukhethekile. Uma izinkuni zigcinwe isikhathi esithile futhi zinesikhathi sokumisa, khona-ke izingcezu zigcinwa emanzini izinsuku ezingu-1-2, futhi iziqu zithululelwa phezu kwayo. Ukutheleleka kokutshala amakhowe ezweni kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi nenkathi yokukhula. Okuwukuphela kwesithiyo kulokhu yisimo sezulu esomile esishisayo. Kodwa-ke, noma kunjalo, isikhathi esifanele sokutheleleka intwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla.
Ukhuni oluvame ukusetshenziselwa ukutheleleka nge-honey agaric enkabeni Yezwe Lethu i-birch, lapho umswakama omningi usala khona ngemva kokugawulwa, futhi igobolondo elithembekile elisesimweni se-birch bark livikela izinkuni ekumisweni. Ngaphandle kwe-birch, i-alder, i-aspen, i-poplar, njll.
Ngaphambi kokutshala ama-mushroom, bukela le vidiyo:
Izingxenye zokhuni ezinegciwane zifakwa endaweni eqondile emigodini embiwe ngaphambili enebanga elingama-500 mm phakathi kwazo. Ingxenye yokhuni olusuka phansi kufanele lulunguze cishe ngo-150 mm.
Ukuze ukhule amakhowe eziqwini ngendlela efanele, umhlaba kufanele uniselwe kakhulu ngamanzi futhi ufafazwe ngongqimba lwe-sawdust ukuvimbela umswakama ukuthi ungahwamuki. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukukhetha izindawo ezinomthunzi ngaphansi kwezihlahla noma izindawo zokukhosela eziklanywe ngokukhethekile.
Imiphumela emihle ingatholakala ngokubeka izinkuni ezigcwele emhlabathini ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo noma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo lapho amazinga omswakama angalawuleka khona. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-7 ukwakheka kwemizimba yezithelo futhi, nakuba isimo sezulu singesihle, zingase zithuthuke ngonyaka wesibili.
Uma ukhule amakhowe ezweni njengoba ubuchwepheshe obufanele bubonisa, amakhowe azothela izithelo kabili ngonyaka (ekuqaleni kwehlobo nasekwindla) iminyaka engu-5-7 (uma izingcezu zokhuni ezinobubanzi obungu-200-300 mm zazisetshenziswa, uma ububanzi bukhulu, i-fruiting ingaqhubeka isikhathi eside).
Isivuno sokhunta sinqunywa izinga lezinkuni, izimo zezulu, kanye nezinga lokukhula kwe-mycelium. Imikhiqizo ingahluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni esisodwa ungathola kokubili u-300 g ngonyaka kanye no-6 kg ehlobo. Njengomthetho, i-fruiting yokuqala ayicebile kakhulu, kodwa izimali ezilandelayo ziyizikhathi ezingu-3-4 ngaphezulu.
Kungenzeka ukukhulisa amakhowe ehlobo esizeni kumfucumfucu wamahlathi (iziqu ezincane, amagatsha, njll.), lapho kwakhiwa khona izixha ezinobubanzi obuyi-100-250 mm, atheleleke nge-mycelium ngenye yezindlela ezichazwe futhi zangcwatshwa endaweni. umhlabathi ekujuleni okungama-200-250 mm, umboze phezulu nge-turf. Indawo yokusebenza ivikelekile emoyeni naselanga.
Njengoba i-agaric ye-honey ingeyona eyesikhunta se-mycorrhizal futhi ikhula kuphela okhunini olufile, ukulinywa kwayo kungenziwa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulimaza izihlahla eziphilayo.
Imininingwane mayelana nokutshala ama-honey mushroom ichazwe kule vidiyo:
I-honey agaric imnandi njengekhowe njengoba abalimi bamakhowe benganakwa ngokungafanele. Ubuchwepheshe bokulima obuchazwe ngokujwayelekile kumele bucwengisiswe ngendlela efanayo, ukuze abalimi bamakhowe abayizimfundamakhwela babe namathuba amahle okudala ekuhloleni.
Okulandelayo kuchaza ubuchwepheshe bokutshala amakhowe ekhaya kwabaqalayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa amakhowe asebusika ekhaya
Isigqoko se-honey agaric yasebusika (i-velvety-legged flammulina) siyisicaba, simbozwe ngamafinyila, sincane ngosayizi - 20-50 mm kuphela ububanzi, ngezinye izikhathi sikhula sifike ku-100 mm. Umbala wekepisi unombala ophuzi noma ukhilimu, phakathi nendawo ungase ube nsundu. Amapuleti anombala okhilimu abanzi futhi ambalwa ngenani. Inyama iphuzi. Umlenze unobude obungu-50-80 mm nogqinsi obungu-5-8 mm, uqinile, uluhlaza, uphuzi ngokukhanyayo ngenhla, futhi ube nsundu ngezansi, mhlawumbe onsundu ngokumnyama (ngalesi sici kulula ukuhlukanisa lolu hlobo lwe-agaric yoju kwezinye). Isisekelo sesiqu sinoboya-velvety.
Isikhunta sasebusika ezimweni zemvelo sisatshalaliswa kabanzi eYurophu, e-Asia, eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia nase-Afrika. Le khowe elicekela phansi izinkuni likhula ngamaqembu amakhulu, ikakhulukazi eziqwini naseziqwini eziwile zezihlahla ezivuthulukayo noma ezihlahleni eziphilayo ezibuthakathaka (njengomthetho, kuma-aspens, poplars, willows). Enkabeni yeZwe Lethu, kungenzeka ukuthi itholakale ngoSepthemba - Novemba, nasezifundeni eziseningizimu ngisho nangoZibandlela.
Ukutshalwa kokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo lwamakhowe kwaqala eJapane emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa edlule futhi kwakubizwa ngokuthi "endokitake". Kodwa-ke, kokubili izinga kanye nomthamo wesivuno lapho kukhula amakhowe asebusika kuma-chocks okhuni kwakuphansi kakhulu. Maphakathi nawo-50s. eJapane, banelungelo lobunikazi bendlela yokulima yegama elifanayo emfucumfucwini yokhuni, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ukutshalwa kwe-flammulina kwanda kakhulu. Njengamanje, i-honey agaric yasebusika isendaweni yesithathu emhlabeni mayelana nokukhiqizwa. Ngaphezulu kwe-champignon kuphela (indawo yokuqala) kanye nekhowe le-oyster (indawo yesibili).
Amakhowe asebusika anezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa (isivuno sasebusika lapho kungabikho izimbangi zasendle ezimakethe, ukukhiqizwa kalula kanye nezindleko eziphansi ze-substrate, umjikelezo omfushane wokukhula (izinyanga ezingu-2,5), ukumelana nezifo). Kodwa kukhona nokungalungile (ukuzwela okuphezulu ezimweni zezulu, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa kanye nokuba khona komoya omusha, ukukhetha okulinganiselwe kwezindlela nezindlela zokulima, isidingo sezimo eziyinyumba). Futhi konke lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe ngaphambi kokutshala i-mushroom mycelium.
Nakuba i-agaric yoju ithatha indawo yesithathu ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni, ayaziwa kangako kubalimi bamakhowe abayizimfundamakhwela, nokho, kanye naphakathi kwabacosha amakhowe.
Njengoba i-flammulina ingeyesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, okusho ukuthi iyakwazi ukumila ezihlahleni eziphilayo, kufanele itshalwe ngaphakathi endlini kuphela.
Ukukhulisa amakhowe asebusika ekhaya kungenziwa kokubili ngendlela ebanzi (okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa izingcezu zokhuni) kanye nokuqina (ukuzalanisa endaweni enomsoco, esekelwe ku-hardwood sawdust enezithako ezihlukahlukene: utshani, i-sunflower husk, okusanhlamvu kotshwala, ummbila, amakhoba e-buckwheat, bran, ikhekhe). Uhlobo lwezithako ezisetshenziswayo luncike ekutholakaleni kwemfucuza efanele epulazini.
Izilinganiso zezithako ezidingekayo zokutshala amakhowe ekhaya zingahluka, kucatshangelwa imininingwane ethile ye-nutrient medium. I-sawdust ene-bran, okuyisithako esicebile se-organic, ixutshwe ngesilinganiso esingu-3: 1, sawdust nezinhlamvu zobhiya - 5: 1, lapho kuhlanganiswa amakhoba kabhekilanga namakhoba e-buckwheat, kusetshenziswa isilinganiso esifanayo. Utshani, ummbila, amakhoba kabhekilanga, amakhoba e-buckwheat ahlanganiswe ne-sawdust ngesilinganiso se-1: 1.
Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, lezi izingxube ezisebenza kahle, ezibonise imiphumela emihle ensimini. Uma ungasebenzisi izithasiselo, khona-ke isivuno kuma-sawdust angenalutho kuzoba mncane, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium ne-fruiting kuzokwehla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utshani, ummbila, ama-sunflower husks, uma efunwa, angasetshenziswa futhi njengendawo eyinhloko yezakhi, lapho ama-sawdust noma amanye ama-substrates engadingeki.
Kunconywa ukufaka u-1% we-gypsum no-1% we-superphosphate endaweni yezakhi zokukhulisa amakhowe asekhaya. Umswakama wengxube ewumphumela kufanele ube ngu-60-70%. Yiqiniso, akufanele usebenzise izithako uma zingezekhwalithi engabazekayo noma ezinezinhlamvu zesikhunta.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-substrate isilungile, ingaphansi kokwelashwa okushisa. Lokhu kungaba inzalo, umusi noma ukwelashwa kwamanzi abilayo, i-pasteurization, njll. Ukuze ukhule amakhowe, inzalo yenziwa ngokubeka i-nutrient izikhwama zepulasitiki noma izimbiza zeglasi ezinomthamo we-0,5-3 amalitha.
Inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwamathini ifana ne-canning evamile yasekhaya. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba i-substrate ifakwe ezitsheni, kodwa kulokhu iziqukathi ngokwazo kufanele futhi ziphathwe ngokushisa, khona-ke ukuvikelwa kwendawo yezakhi ezivela esikhunjeni kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu.
Uma i-substrate ihlelwe ukuthi ifakwe emabhokisini, khona-ke ukwelashwa kokushisa kwenziwa kusengaphambili. Umquba obekwe emabhokisini une-tamped kancane.
Uma sikhuluma ngezimo ezibalulekile zokukhula kwamakhowe asekhaya (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukunakekelwa), khona-ke kuyadingeka ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni ethile, lapho impumelelo yomcimbi wonke izoncika kakhulu.
Iziqukathi eziphathwe ngokushisa okunomsoco ezinomsoco zipholile zibe ngu-24-25 ° C, emva kwalokho i-substrate ihlwanyelwa nge-mycelium yokusanhlamvu, isisindo sayo esingama-5-7% wesisindo somquba. Phakathi nendawo yembiza noma isikhwama, izimbobo zenziwa kusengaphambili (ngisho nangaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa) kuwo wonke ubukhulu bomthombo wezakhi kusetshenziswa induku yokhuni noma yensimbi enobubanzi obuyi-15-20 mm. Khona-ke i-mycelium izosakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke i-substrate. Ngemuva kokwenza i-mycelium, izimbiza noma izikhwama zimbozwe ngephepha.
Ukuze ukhule amakhowe, udinga ukudala izimo ezifanele. I-mycelium ihluma ku-substrate ekushiseni kwama-24-25 ° C futhi ichitha izinsuku ezingu-15-20 kulokhu (izici zesitsha, i-substrate kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ze-honey agaric zibaluleke kakhulu kulokhu). Kulesi sigaba, i-fungus ayidingi ukukhanya, kodwa kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-nutrient medium ayiwomi, okungukuthi umswakama ekamelweni kufanele ube cishe u-90%. Iziqukathi ezine-substrate zimbozwa nge-burlap noma iphepha, elimanziswa ngezikhathi ezithile (kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka neze ukuzivumela ukuthi zibe manzi kakhulu).
Lapho i-mycelium ihluma ku-substrate, ukugqoka okuvela ezitsheni kuyasuswa futhi kuthuthelwe ekamelweni elikhanyayo elinokushisa kwe-10-15 ° C, lapho ungathola khona isivuno esiphezulu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15 kusukela lapho amathini athuthelwa egumbini elikhanyayo (izinsuku ezingama-25-35 kusukela ekutshalweni kwe-mycelium), imilenze emincane enamakepisi amancane iqala ukuvela ezitsheni - lezi yiziqalo ze imizimba ye-fruiting ye-fungus. Njengomthetho, isivuno siyasuswa ngemuva kwezinye izinsuku eziyi-10.
Izixha zamakhowe zinqunywa ngokucophelela phansi kwemilenze, futhi isiqu esisele ku-substrate sisuswa endaweni yezakhi, okuhle kunakho konke, ngosizo lwama-tweezers okhuni. Khona-ke ubuso be-substrate abuphazamisi umswakama omncane ovela ku-sprayer. Isivuno esilandelayo singavunwa emasontweni amabili. Ngakho-ke, umzuzu wokwethulwa kwe-mycelium ngaphambi kokuvuna kokuqala kuzothatha izinsuku ezingama-40-45.
Ubukhulu bokubukeka kwesikhunta kanye nekhwalithi yabo kuncike ekubunjweni kwendawo yezakhi, ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ukushisa, uhlobo lwesitsha esisetshenzisiwe nezinye izimo ezikhulayo. Kumaza ama-2-3 we-fruiting (izinsuku ezingama-60-65), i-1 g yamakhowe ingatholakala ku-500 kg we-substrate. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo - 1,5 kg wamakhowe kusuka embizeni engama-3 litre. Uma ungenayo inhlanhla, khona-ke ama-200 g amakhowe aqoqwa embizeni yamalitha amathathu.
Buka ividiyo mayelana nokutshala amakhowe ekhaya ukuze uqonde kangcono inqubo yobuchwepheshe:
