â € ​ â € ‹â€‹ â € ‹â€‹ â € ‹Ishicilelwe ngu: MOTKOV OI On the indida yenqubo self-actualization of ubuntu / Master. 1995, no. 6, p. 84-95
I-Abstract - Indlela yokuqala yokutadisha ukuzibona komuntu nokuzwana kuyaphakanyiswa. Kuboniswa ukuthi ukulingana okuhle phakathi kwempumelelo nempumelelo yokuvumelana kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuntu obusebenzayo.
Umdali wethiyori yokuziphendulela kobuntu A. Maslow uchaza isidingo sokuzenzakalela ngokuthi “isifiso somuntu sokuzifeza” (23, p. 92). Umuntu kumele abe yilokho angaba yikho: umculi makadale umculo, umdwebi adwebe. “KODWA. UMaslow ubize abantu abazenza ukuthi baphile impilo ngokugcwele, okuphelele kunomuntu ojwayelekile. Kumayelana ... amandla okusebenzisa amandla omuntu angaphakathi» (21, p. XNUMX).
Igama elithi "self-acualization" laqala ukusetshenziswa nguK. Goldstein. UMaslow ucabangele ukuzenza ngokoqobo hhayi nje njengesimo sokuphela, kodwa futhi njengenqubo yokuhlonza kanye nokubona amakhono omuntu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi «umuntu uhlale efuna ukuba yi-first class noma abe muhle ngangokunokwenzeka» (13, p. 113). Siyabona ukuthi uMaslow ugxile ekuzenzeni ongokoqobo ezinzuzweni eziphakeme kakhulu, umkhawulo endaweni lapho umuntu angase athambekele khona kusengaphambili. Iqiniso liwukuthi wenza izifundo zomlando womuntu asebekhulile ngempumelelo enkulu emkhakheni abawukhethile - Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, njll. Wafunda izici zobuntu «ezinhle, ezinempilo, eziqinile, abantu abanobuhlakani, abalungile, abanokuqonda” (ibid., p. 109). Laba ngabantu abanezinga eliphezulu lokuzenza ongokoqobo. Zibonakala ngezici ezinjengokugxila kwamanje, indawo yangaphakathi yokulawula, ukubaluleka okuphezulu kokukhula kanye namagugu angokomoya, ukuzenzela, ukubekezelelana, ukuzimela kanye nokuzimela ngaphandle kwemvelo, umuzwa womphakathi nobuntu buphelele, a. ukuthambekela kwebhizinisi okuqinile, ithemba, izimiso zokuziphatha ezizinzile zangaphakathi, intando yeningi ebudlelwaneni, ukuba khona kwendawo eseduze ehlanganisa abantu abambalwa abasondelene nabo, ubuciko bokusungula, ukugxeka ngokuphathelene nesiko labo (ngokuvamile bazithola behlukanisiwe endaweni yamasiko abangayamukeli) , ukuzamukela okuphezulu nokwamukela abanye (20, p. 114; 5, p. .359).
Kumongo walesi sihloko, ukunaka okukhethekile kukhokhwa eminyakeni yobudala kanye nezici zamasiko zokuzenzakalela komuntu. “Asikakazi ukuthi ama-data ethu asebenza kangakanani entsheni. Asazi ukuthi ukuzenzela umathanda kusho ukuthini kwamanye amasiko…” (13, p. 109). Futhi ngokuqhubekayo: «… abantu abasha bahlushwa ukuntula ukuzidela kanye nokudlulela kwamahloni nokuzidla» (ibid., p. 112). "Kusebusheni kuphela ukuthi izici ezithile zokuzibona zibalulekile, okuyinto, okungcono kakhulu, zingabonakala kakade lapho usukhulile" (20, p. 113).
Senza ucwaningo ngezinga lokuvumelana kubuntu babafundi besikole esiphakeme kanye nabafundi befilosofi baseRussian Open University. Ngokuphathelene nabafundi bebanga le-10 le-gymnasium yaseMoscow, kwakuhlanganisa nokunquma izinga lokuzibona komuntu ngamunye. Ku-psychology yasekhaya, lolu wucwaningo lokuqala lokuzenza ngokoqobo kwabafundi bezikole eziphakeme. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi okuyindida kwakuwukuthi izenzakalo zokungaboni ngaso linye komuntu siqu zatholakala kubafundi abanezinga eliphezulu lokuzenza ngokoqobo. Ithiyori kaMaslow ichaza abantu abazenza bona ngokwabo njengabavumelanayo, abalinganiselayo ngaphakathi kwabo kanye nemvelo yangaphandle, njengabantu abanezinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka. Lokhu asikubonanga kubafundi bethu basesikoleni samabanga aphezulu. Lesi sihloko sizinikele ekuhlaziyweni kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwethu, izimbangela zokungalingani kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kubantu abasha abangokoqobo.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuhlaziya, sichaza kafushane izinhlinzeko zomqondo lapho ukuhlola kwethu kusekelwe khona.
Ubuntu kuleli cala buqondwa ngomqondo obanzi njengendima ekhuthazayo yengqondo yomuntu. Abantu ngabanye bayazalwa futhi babe. Amandla okuqala, angokwemvelo omuntu anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi ahlanganisa okungenani izingxenye ezintathu ezihlobene: izifiso eziyisisekelo ze-meta (izidingo), amandla omuntu kanye namandla amasiko (bona u-Fig. 1).
amandla emvelo luhlaka lobuntu, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lithole amagobolondo amasha: Amathuba e-I ngendlela yemiqondo ye-II, imiqondo ye-I-Wena kanye ne-I-We (ubudlelwano ne-micro- kanye ne-macrosociety), I-Earth nature kanye I - Imiqondo yomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emngceleni nezwe langaphandle kanye ne-intrapersonal, kukhona isendlalelo sesimo-somuntu siqu. Sekukonke, ubuntu buqukethe amandla ayisisekelo emvelo, i-I-potential kanye ne-blockal block ebhekene nezimo kuphela, izinjongo "zesikhashana".
Izifiso ezine eziyisisekelo zihlukaniswe −
i-adaptive yokuqala:
mina — ekulondolozweni nasekuqhubekeni kokuphila — ekuzibhubhiseni, ukufa;
II - emandleni obuntu (ukuzethemba nokuzethemba okuphezulu) - ebuthakathakeni bobuntu (ukungaqiniseki, ukuzethemba okuphansi);
i-adaptive yesibili:
III - ekukhululekeni, ukuthembela kuye - ukungabi nenkululeko, ukuthembela kwabanye;
IV - ekuthuthukisweni, ukuzazi, ukuzenza ngokoqobo - ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile, okucatshangwayo.
Ukuthambekela kobuntu zihlanganisa izingxenye ezishukumisayo zesimo somoya nezici zomlingiswa. Izimpawu zobuntu zivuthwa lapho eneminyaka eyi-15-16 futhi ngokwezinga elithile ziyakwazi ukufunda nokuzifundisa; bayamodela, banikeze iphethini yomuntu ngamunye enqubweni yokusebenzisa ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kanye nakho konke okunye okugqugquzelayo. Izisusa zamasiko zenza umsebenzi ofanayo.
Izisusa zamasiko - lezi zimiso zokuziphatha eziyinhloko - ukuziphatha okubi, ubuhle - okungezona ubuhle, ukuqonda - okungezona ingqondo, ukulawulwa kwengqondo - okungezona ukulawulwa kwengqondo, ukulawulwa komzimba - ubudlelwano obungenangqondo bokulawula bobuntu. Ngokwesisekelo sazo, izindinganiso ziyakhiwa, kuhlanganise nezingokomoya.
Zonke izisusa zomuntu siqu imvelo ye-polar. Izifiso ezinhle nezimbi kanye nokuthambekela kukhonjisiwe emkhiwaneni. 1 enezimpawu zika-"+" kanye no-"-". Lezi zimpawu zikhomba imiqondo ephikisanayo. Angahlolwa ngokwemibono ehlukene. Isibonelo, ukuthi ngabe lesi sifiso sinomthelela noma asifaki isandla ekuzivumelaniseni kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kobuntu, ukuzibona. Zonke izifiso nokuthambekela kunamandla, noma kungokoqobo (okulungele ukuqaliswa), noma kusesimweni esingokoqobo. Esigabeni sokuqala, isifiso esingaba khona sihunyushwa esimweni sangempela.
Nge-aspiration IV eyisisekelo (ekuthuthukisweni, ukuzenza ngokoqobo), isistimu enikeziwe ekuqaleni nayo ixhunywe ngaphakathi injongo yokuphila umuntu. Igxile ekuthuthukisweni emisebenzini ethile. Okusho ukuthi, futhi iyi-modulator yenqubo yokuzibona komuntu ngamunye. Ngokuvamile lolu hlelo lusesimweni esicashile futhi ludinga imizamo yokuzikhethela, ukuqaphela. Incazelo yokuphila kwabantu ilele ekuzifezekiseni ngokuvumelana nezinjongo zabo zokuphila.
Zonke izingxenye zobuntu obuyisisekelo, futhi sizokhuluma ngakho kuqala, zifaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni. Kodwa-ke, lezi zingxenye zivame ukuhlukana, azilingani, ziphikisana ngaphakathi kwazo naphakathi kwazo. Umsebenzi okhethekile wentuthuko, self-actualization kuyinto «psychosynthesis» yayo yonke iminyango ubuntu phakathi kwabo, ukuhlanganiswa kwabo ubuqotho jikelele. Kukhona ibhalansi elilungile lokugqugquzela okuhlukahlukene kumuntu othile. Isistimu yebhalansi elungile yangaphakathi yobuntu iyadala ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi (19, njll.).
Ibhalansi elungile yobuntu ingasungulwa nendawo lapho ubuntu buhlala khona futhi benza okuthile. Enjalo ukuvumelana kwangaphandle ubuntu uqobo bukhula ebudlelwaneni babo ne-psyche ephezulu (amakhono, izinqubo zengqondo), nomzimba, ne-micro-macro-society, enemvelo ephilayo nengaphili yasemhlabeni, enezici ezihlukahlukene zeCosmos, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuba khona. Inqubo yokusungula ibhalansi elungile enjalo ngaphakathi kobuntu kanye nezici zendawo yabo izobizwa ngokuthi ukuvumelanisa kobuntu. Umphumela wale nqubo yizinga elithile lokuvumelana kobuntu. Ukuvumelana kwangaphakathi, ukuvumelana nawe kuveza ibhalansi efanele yezifiso eziyisisekelo ezingezinhle nezihle, izifiso eziguquguqukayo eziyisisekelo nesesibili, izilinganiso ezifanele zama-intercomponent, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivezwa ezimeni zengqondo ezifanele, okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo. Ukuvumelana kwangaphandle kuzibonakalisa ezingeni eliphelele lokufezekiswa kwezisusa, endleleni yokuphila efanele kanye nokusebenza.
Kuphakama umbuzo osemthethweni: kuyini umbandela wokuvumelana nokwenza kahle ubudlelwano bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, ukungaguquguquki kobuntu? Imibandela embalwa ikhonjiwe:
- ukuvumelana — izinga elingaphezu kwesilinganiso elingaphezu kwesilinganiso sokuhlanganiswa, ubuqotho bobuntu (ukuhlanganiswa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kunqunywa isilinganiso sebhalansi elungile nengalungile ezingxenyeni zobuntu, endleleni yokuphila kanye nasekuzaziseni);
- ukusebenza kahle: ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka kwentuthuko yesikhathi eside nesimeme, ngoba intuthuko enjalo kuphela engakha izimo zokuthuthuka okuphelele kwawo wonke amandla emvelo omuntu, lonke uhlelo lwezinjongo zakhe zokuphila (kufanele ulalele imithetho ye ukugcwaliseka okungaguquguquki kwezinhloso zomuntu ngesikhathi kanye nomthetho we-heterochrony yokukhula - ukuvuthwa kweminyaka engalingani kwamakhono kanye nokwenzeka kwawo okungalingani; ngakho-ke, intuthuko iwukuqoqwa kokujwayela komuntu ngamunye, ukwanda mayelana nalokhu, ubunzima. , ubuqotho besistimu yokuqondisa ukuziphatha, ukuxaka kanye nokwenza kahle kokusebenza, ukwanda, ngokuthuthuka okuvumelanayo, kokuhlakanipha kokuphila);
- ukubusa okuzinzile kwethoni engokomzwelo eyakhayo, impilo enhle, okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle;
- iphakeme kancane kunokwaneliseka okumaphakathi ngokuphila kwabo (isikhundla emndenini, emsebenzini, empilweni jikelele);
- ubukhona bezinto eziningi zokuzijwayeza zamasiko ezinhle ezivela eqoqweni leziqondiso eziyisisekelo (okuhlanganisa nezokomoya) kanye nemisebenzi eminingi edingekayo eguquguqukayo eyakha indlela yokuphila efanele.
Thina, njengo-A. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli nabanye, sicabangela ukuzazi, ukuzenza ongokoqobo injongo yokuphila komuntu njengesici esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa komuntu. Kodwa-ke, uma uMaslow egxila emcabangweni wakhe wokuzenza ongokoqobo ikakhulukazi ezinzuzweni eziningi, lapho-ke sicabangela umumo onjalo ongase uhlukanise ubuntu futhi sigxile ekuzuzeni ukuzwana empilweni yomuntu, ukukhula kwayo. Umjaho wezimpumelelo ezinkulu uvamise ukwenza inqubo yokuzenza ube ohlangothini olulodwa, ithunaze indlela yokuphila, futhi ingaholela ekucindezelekeni okungapheli, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
Uhambo oluya emcabangweni wobuntu bemvelo lwaludingeka ukuze kwenziwe imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu icace kakhudlwana. Izifundo kwakungabafundi bebanga leshumi esikoleni-i-gymnasium No. 1256 eMoscow, ingqikithi yabantu abangu-27. Kusetshenziswe izindlela zoqobo: «Izifiso eziyisisekelo», «Indlela yokuphila yomuntu ngamunye», kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Mini-mult (ukunquma isimo sengqondo nezici zomlingiswa), ukuhlolwa kokuzenzakalela kwe-CAT (okuhlukile kwe-MV Zagik kanye ne-L.Ya .Gozman — imibuzo eyi-108) , Ukujwayelana (izici eziyi-10 ze-I), indlela ye-«Socio-psychological regulatory core of personality» — «HID» Yu.A. I-Mislavsky, inhlolovo mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kokugcwala nokuvumelana kokuphila, ukuhlolwa kwe-psychogeometric S. Dellinger. Izindlela zivumela ukuhlonza izici zekhono lemvelo lomuntu ngamunye - izifiso eziyisisekelo, amandla omuntu; izici zomongo wezenhlalo namasiko wobuntu; I-imibono; izici eziphelele zokuzenza ongokoqobo kanye nendlela yokuphila; okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomzwelo.
Izinkomba zokuvumelana zitholakala ezindleleni «Izifiso Eziyisisekelo», «Indlela yokuphila yomuntu ngamunye», ukuhlolwa kwe-Mini-cartoon. Ukuzimisela kwabo kungenzeka nakwezinye izindlela.
Ngaphezu kwedatha yokuhlola, idatha yaqoqwa ngenqubekelaphambili yabafundi, ezintweni abazithandayo, amakilasi emibuthano, izigaba, izitudiyo, njll.
I-hypothesis
I-hypothesis sokutadisha kwethu kwaba ukuthi ukuvumelana ukuthuthukiswa ubuntu udlala akukho kancane, futhi mhlawumbe indima enkulu ekuphileni komuntu, kule nqubo self-actualization, ukwedlula isifiso impumelelo okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi lezi impumelelo ngokwabo, kuka ukusetshenziswa kwamathalenta umuntu. "ngokugcwele kakhulu" (21, 1966).
Indlela
Ngingathanda ukusho ikakhulukazi ngendlela ye-CAT — ukuhlolwa kokuzenza ngokoqobo enguqulweni ye-MV Zagik (9). Lokhu ukuguqulwa kwasekhaya kohlolo lwakudala lwe-POI — Uhlu Lwemibuzo Lokuqondiswa Komuntu Siqu, oluthuthukiswe umfundi ka-Abraham Maslow u-Everett Shostrom ngeminyaka yawo-60s. Kokubili i-CAT ne-POI kuqinisekisiwe futhi kwatholakala ukuthi kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu. I-CAT iphinde yamiswa kusampula yezakhamizi zaseSoviet. Kukhona futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-POI eshicilelwe ngu-L.Ya. U-Gozman kanye no-M. Kroz ngokwengezwa kwesilinganiso sokudala (7). Nokho, alikho ifomu lephrofayela ekushicilelweni. Sikhethe i-CAT ku-MV Zagika, njengoba inazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo futhi iyindlela emfushane kunazo zonke — imibuzo eyi-108, ebalulekile lapho uhlola esikoleni (uma siqhathanisa: POI — imibuzo eyi-150, ukuguqulwa nguL.Ya. Gozman no M. Kroz - imibuzo eyi-126) . Okuhlukile kwe-MV Zagik kugcina sonke isakhiwo sokuqukethwe sokuhlolwa kwe-POI, zonke izikali zakhona kanye nesistimu yokunquma izinga lokuzenza ongokoqobo. Yonke "imibono" yokuhlolwa kwe-POI ilondoloziwe.
Imiphumela
Ngakho, sithole okulandelayo okutholwe. Ezifundweni ezingu-27, zi-3 kuphela ezifinyelele izinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela ngokwendlela ye-CAT. Abantu abambalwa sebesondele kuleli zinga. Kunomkhuba ojwayelekile, ongasho lutho kakhulu: izinga eliphezulu lokuzenza ongokoqobo, liphezulu ukuvumelana kwendlela yokuphila (10% izinga lokubaluleka lokuhlobana kwezikhundla). Lo mkhuba awubonakali kuwo wonke umuntu. Kuvele ukuthi izinga lokuzibona labafundi lizwela kakhulu ezimeni zengqondo ezingezinhle zesikhashana, ku-loci engalungile emcabangweni wokuzibona. Isibonelo, umfundi we-OE, webanga le-10, unezinga eliphansi lokuzenza ngokoqobo kanye nezinga eliphezulu lendlela yokuphila evumelanayo. Unamahloni, akanelisekile ngokubukeka kwakhe, okwandisa ukungabaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esimweni sakhe sobuntu, ngaphezu kokubonisa ukungabaza, kukhona futhi amandla amahle okuzenzakalela, izikali eziphakeme ngokulinganayo ze-6 ne-9, okubonisa izinga elihle lamandla, ukubekezela, okungasiza ukubhekana nesimo. nezingcindezi zesimo. Intombazane ifunda ku-4 no-5, ihlanganyela emibuthanweni. Isiphetho: izinga lokuzibona lithonywa kakhulu yizici zezimo zengqondo, ukwanda kokukhathazeka. Ake sinake iqiniso lokuthi i-OE kudatha ye-CAT, isikali "Imvelo Yomuntu" siphezulu kakhulu, ezingeni lokuzenzakalela okuphezulu, okungukuthi umbono womuntu njengomuhle kakhulu, ukuqashelwa okuhle kweqiniso. namanga, okuhle nokubi. Amaphuzu aphansi kulesi sikali asho ukuthi isihloko sibheka umuntu njengomuntu omubi futhi ongavumelani.
Ekuhlaziyeni kwethu, kubalulekile ukuthi kube yilesi sikali lapho u-E. Shostrom, umsunguli wokuhlolwa kwe-POI, engazange anikeze umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ezifundo ezenziwe zaba ngokoqobo kakhulu nezingezona ezangempela. Zonke ezinye izikali zokuhlola zibonise umehluko omkhulu. Okungukuthi, lesi sikali futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, isikali esithi "Values of self-actualization" sibonisa izindinganiso ezinhle zamasiko nezimo zokuzithuthukisa, ukukhula komuntu siqu, isifiso sokuzuza okuphakeme, kanye nesici sokuziphatha samagugu amasiko. .
Ukuzenza ongokoqobo kwezifundo ezingokoqobo kuyaxaka. Iphikisana nesithombe esifanele sobuntu obunjalo kumbono kaMaslow kanye nomqondo wabantu abathuthuke kakhulu emphakathini wethu waseRussia. Amantombazane BC kanye ne-GO ngokusho kwezinkomba ezibalulekile "i-orientation ngesikhathi" kanye "nokusekelwa kwangaphakathi", babonise izinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela. Ukuhlaziywa kwabonisa ukuthi lokhu kukhuphuka kwakungenxa yamaphuzu abo aphezulu esikalini esithi «ukuzethemba» kanye "nokuzamukela". Bakhuluma ngokuzethemba okukhulu, ukuzethemba. Esikalini "semvelo yomuntu", amantombazane anezinga eliphakathi nangaphansi kwesilinganiso. Ngokuvamile, banendawo yangaphakathi yokulawula, ukuzinza kwangaphakathi, ikhono lokuphila esikhathini samanje, ukuzimela kokuziphatha, ukuzethemba, ukuthintana okuhle, ukuzethemba okukhulu. Zonke lezi zimfanelo, yiqiniso, zenza umhlabathi omuhle wokuzethemba okuphezulu ngokusho kuka-A. Maslow, kodwa ubuntu obuzenzelayo buthuthuke kakhulu "ama-B-values" - isifiso seqiniso, ubuhle, ubuhle, ukuvumelana, ukuqonda, njll. (13, ikhasi 110). Lawa magugu "akhona" empeleni afana nokuthambekela kwethu kwezemvelo kubuntu obuyisisekelo, kokubili kokuqukethwe kanye nezimpande zabo zangempela esimweni sobuntu: «Amanani aphezulu kakhulu akhona emvelweni yomuntu uqobo futhi angatholakala. Lapho. Lokhu kungqubuzana nemibono emidala nejwayeleke kakhudlwana yokuthi amanani aphakeme kakhulu avela kuNkulunkulu ongaphezu kwemvelo noma omunye umthombo ongaphandle kwemvelo yomuntu uqobo” (13, p. 170). “…Amanani e-B ayincazelo yokuphila kubantu abaningi; abantu abazibona bezenzela izinto bazifuna ngenkuthalo futhi bazinikele kuzo.” (13, k. 110).
Kunjani ngamasiko, ikakhulukazi, izimilo zokuziphatha ezifundweni zethu ezingokoqobo? Isilinganiso "semvelo yomuntu", njengoba sekushiwo kakade, sisezingeni lalezo ezingezona ezingokoqobo. Ngokwendlela Yokujwayelana (izici ezingu-10 zomuntu siqu), womabili amantombazane embule ubugovu obuphezulu nomuzwa wokuba ngaphezu kwabanye njengezici ezibalulekile zobuntu bawo. Baphumelele ezifundweni eziphakeme kanye nesimo sengqondo esingathi sína sokufunda. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, bafuna ukuya emanyuvesi. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-Mini-Cartoon, amantombazane anekhono elihle lokuzenzakalela: izikali eziphakeme ngokumaphakathi ze-9, 6, 8 kanye ne-4. Kodwa endaweni yesithathu ukukhathazeka okwenyuka kancane. Ngokuvamile, umsebenzi wempilo, ukuba nenjongo, ukuzethemba okuphezulu, ukuba nethemba lokuhle, kanye nokuzenzakalela kuyabusa. Ukuze uqhathanise: abantu abane-self-actualization ephansi ezindaweni zokuqala esikalini sika-2,7 no-1, okungukuthi, "ukucindezeleka", "ukukhathazeka" kanye "nokuthambekela kwe-hypochondriac". Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-POI ne-CAT kunikeza ukuhlobana okubaluleke kakhulu nezikali nezici zokuhlolwa kwe-MMPI, okusekelwe lapho kwenziwa i-analogue encishisiwe ye-Mini-mult. Izikali ze-CAT "ukusekelwa", "amanani okuzenzakalela", "ukuzihlonipha" kanye "nokuzenzakalelayo" kuhlotshaniswa kahle nesici se-MMPI sokuzethemba kanye nokuzethemba okuphezulu (9). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlobana okungalungile okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-CAT ne-POI enezilinganiso ze-2, 7, 0 ("0" - introversion) ye-MMPI (9; 21) itholakala.
Zonke lezi zici zisivumela ukuba sifinyelele iziphetho ezilandelayo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-POI ne-CAT kutholwa kubafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu Ikhono lesimilo lokuzenza umuntu uqobo, futhi ngokwezinga elincane kakhulu - amandla ayo okubaluleka kwamasiko jikelele. Lezi zindlela azinqumi izinga lokuthuthukiswa komuntu, okufanele lifake ikhwalithi yokufezeka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo, ikhwalithi yesimo somlingiswa kanye nezinga lokwenziwa kwangempela kwamagugu amasiko ajwayelekile. Labo. izinga elijwayelekile lokuthuthuka linqunywa izinga lokuhlanganiswa kwe-harmonic kanye nokwenza kwangempela kwazo zonke izingxenye zamandla omuntu emvelo. Kudingekile ukuthuthukisa iqoqo lezindlela zokunquma izinga lokuthuthukiswa komuntu, okuyinto ezingeni lethiyori eliseduze nezinga lokuzenzakalela kukaMaslow, kodwa ngokungafani nalo, lihlanganisa ngempela izinga lokuvumelana kwale nqubo njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. ingxenye ebalulekile.
Isiphetho sesibili sihlobene neminyaka yenkinga. Izingane ezineminyaka engu-15-16 zisesigabeni sokuqala sokuzenza ngokoqobo futhi, ngokwemvelo, ukungezwani nokuphikisana kuvela kule nqubo. Isici sabo esibalulekile seminyaka yisifiso esinamandla sokuzimela. Ihlangabezana nokuphikiswa kwabantu abadala futhi ngokuvamile iqiniswa nakakhulu, ivikelwe, okuyinto, ikakhulukazi, ibonakala ngokunyuka kancane esikalini se-6 sokuhlolwa kwe-Mini-cartoon, ukuqina, kubafundi abaningi besikole esiphakeme. Ngokuzithoba, lokhu kungase futhi kubonakale njengobugovu maqondana nabanye, njengokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi. “Siyakwamukela kakhulu… ukuzimela, kodwa… ukweqisa kwesiqondiso sangaphakathi kuyingozi ngoba umuntu angase angabi nandaba namalungelo nemizwa yabanye abantu… I-realizer… ayiweli ekwedluleleni kokuqondisa kwangaphakathi” (21, p. 63) ). Yilokhu kanye okubonakala kwabanye abafundi, ikakhulukazi labo abanesimo somlingiswa esivumela ukuzenza ngokwami. Bafuna ukuzuza okuningi, kodwa “ngokuyinhloko bagwedla bona”, bakhohlwe noma bangabanaki abanye. Ngalokhu bakha isisekelo sokungqubuzana nabantu kanye nobunzima ekudaleni umndeni, ekugcineni ubudlelwano obunobungane.
Ubudala ngezinga elithile ichaza futhi ithethelele ukungezwani okunjalo ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu babafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme. Abazali, othisha nabafundi abanezinga eliphakeme lokuzenza bafanele banakekele ngokukhethekile ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye.
Idatha ye-Shostrom iqinisekisa ngokugculisayo ukulunga kweziphetho zethu. Ukusebenza okuqhathaniswayo kwamaqembu ahlukene ezifundo zaseMelika ezihlolwe kusetshenziswa indlela ye-POI kuveza izinga eliphezulu lokuzenza ongokoqobo ezigebengwini zabesilisa kunasezitshudeni zasekolishi! (21). Futhi nakuba wonke lawa maqembu engafinyeleli ezingeni eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela, iqiniso libalulekile nokho futhi lisivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-POI ne-CAT akunandaba nokuthambekela kobugovu nokungahambisani nomphakathi okuvimbela ukugcinwa kokuzinza kanye nesikhathi eside. ukuzenza ngokwami. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isilinganiso “semvelo yomuntu” yezigebengu siphansi kakhulu kunesabafundi. Ukuze uthole impilo egcwele emphakathini, izinga elithile lokwamukelwa kwamafomu nezindlela zokuzenza ngokoqobo liyadingeka. Lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yobuqotho, ukuvumelana kobuntu, inkomba yokuvuthwa kwayo (22, p. 36). Ukwamukelwa emphakathini nasemvelweni akuzuzwa nje kuphela ngokuzamukela, kodwa futhi nabanye, ngenkonzo yokuziphatha hhayi kuphela kwi-micro-society, kodwa nakubo bonke abantu, imvelo yasemhlabeni, i-Cosmos.
Uma abafundi abanolwazi oluningi bejwayele ukuzazisa kakhulu futhi abanye baphansi, khona-ke abanye abafundi abaphansi, ngokuphambene nalokho, bavame ukuzibheka njengabaphansi futhi baphakame kakhulu abanye; Kuzo zombili izimo, sibona ukungalingani ebudlelwaneni. Okulungile nokuvumelanayo ukulingana okunjalo: Ngiyigugu futhi Wena uyigugu, futhi Thina, isintu, siyigugu. Ngokusobala, ibhalansi enjalo yamagugu ifinyelelwa kancane kancane ngokuya ngeminyaka, lapho igebe lesici labafundi besikole esiphakeme phakathi kwamandla esifiso esiyisisekelo senkululeko, ukuzimela kanye nezinga lokuqaliswa kwalo ekuziphatheni linqotshwa (4,2, 2,4 kanye no-XNUMX) ,amaphuzu ama-XNUMX, ngokulandelana, anqunywa uhlelo lokugreda lwamaphuzu amahlanu lwe-Basic Aspirations methodology). «).
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuntu obuvumelanayo, ukuphelela kokufezeka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo, futhi okokuqala kukho konke okuhle, kubalulekile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngezinga eliphezulu lokufezeka kwezidingo eziyisisekelo zokuzenza kwalaba bafundi, izimo zengqondo ezingezinhle zemvelo yesimo ziyaphazamisa. Kodwa futhi kungacatshangwa ukuthi kunesilinganiso esithile noma esingaphezudlwana kwezinga elimaphakathi lokugcwaliseka kokufezeka, okuyilona elifanele kakhulu, elivumelanayo, mayelana nokugcina inhloso yokuzenzakalela okuphelele, okuguquguqukayo komuntu ngamunye. Lesi sakamuva sibalulekile kubafundi abasenokuningi okufanele bakwenze bebodwa (hhayi ngezindleko zabazali babo) ukuze baneliseke ngempela ngokuzimela kwabo nezinga labo lokuthuthuka. Kodwa, njengoba isithixo sabafundi bethu bebanga leshumi uFreddie Mercury sathi, "Umbukiso kumele uqhubeke." Labo. futhi ukwaneliseka ngokuzenza komuntu siqu akufanele kube okuphezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho umdlalo wokuphila uzoyeka ukuthakazelisa nokudala.
Icala elilandelayo libonisa ukubaluleka kwebhalansi phakathi kwezidingo eziyisisekelo eziguquguqukayo eziyisisekelo nesesibili — «ezansi» kanye «eziphakeme» kumatemu kaMaslow. Isifundo GM (iBanga lesi-9) sathola isifiso esinamandla sokuthuthukiswa kanye nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuqaliswa kwalo (zombili amaphuzu angu-5 ngayinye kuhlolo kusetshenziswa indlela ethi «Basic aspirations»). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isifiso esiyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuphila nokulondoloza ukuphila sivezwa kancane kuye, futhi izinga lokuqaliswa kwalo liphansi (kokubili amaphuzu angu-2 ngamunye). Kunamaphuzu aphansi kakhulu, ngephuzu elingu-1, kanye nesifiso esiyinhloko sesibili samandla obuntu, ukuzethemba nokuzethemba okuphezulu. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-Mini-cartoon ku-GM, phakathi kweziqongo ezihamba phambili zesikali kukhona i-9 ne-2, "umsebenzi obalulekile" kanye "nokucindezeleka", okubonisa isimo esikhona sokungezwani kanye nokungahambi kahle kwangaphakathi ngezikhathi zokunganaki nokudideka. UGM uchaza isimo sakhe ngale ndlela: “Kunokuningi okuphikisayo: okukhulu kunakho konke ukuqhosha okukhwantabalisayo namahloni. Ngizigxeka njalo ngokuba namahloni. Ngezinye izikhathi ngiba nomuzwa wokuthi angiphili ngendlela okufanele ngiphile ngayo, kodwa angazi ukuthi kufanele ngiphile kanjani. Angikhonondi ngabanye, nakuba ngokuvamile bengangiqondi. Imvamisa ufuna ukuwushiya lo mhlaba, kodwa kuyethusa. … Ukuphila impilo ngokugcwele kusho ukuzwana nawe kanye nalabo abaseduze kwakho.”
Looping GM on pride, isifiso sokuzivikela komuntu siqu sibonakala eqinisweni lokuthi inani eliphakeme elihamba phambili ku-Mini-cartoon liyisikali sakhe sesi-6 — «ukuqina». Ukugcwaliseka kwesidingo sokuzimela kulinganiselwe phansi (amaphuzu angu-2). Futhi uphakathi. Ukuqaliswa kokuzimela kuvinjelwa amahloni futhi, njengenjwayelo entsheni, ukuncika kubazali nokungaqondi, ukuntula ukuhlonza incazelo yempilo yomuntu siqu. GM - umfundi osebenza kahle, ugcina isigaba sezincwadi kumagazini wesikole, ufunda izincwadi eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Naphezu kokuzibona okusebenzayo, i-GM ayikho umuzwa wokugcwala kokuphila, ukuvumelana nawe, akukho ngisho nesifiso esibikiwe sokuphila. Izidingo eziyinhloko zicindezelwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuzethemba kukodwa akwanele ukuzwa injabulo nokugcwala kwempilo. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ngokuphelele, okungenani ezingeni eliphakathi, ukwanelisa izidingo eziyinhloko kanye nesifiso senkululeko. Ubuhlakani, ukuzibona kokudala ngaphandle kwalokhu akulethi ukuthula nenjabulo. Futhi injabulo, njengoba uN. Roerich ayekholelwa, “iwukuhlakanipha okukhethekile. Injabulo iyimpilo yomoya” (16). Akuyona yonke into edabukisayo ngo-GM Usemngceleni wokuzinqumela injongo yakhe yokuphila. Lena inkinga yokukhula, kodwa hhayi ukwehla. Lesi isimo sakhe sesikhashana. Lokhu kuboniswa ukuba khona kuphrofayela yomuntu ngokusho kokuhlolwa kwe-Mini-cartoon yezilinganiso zamandla aphezulu ngokwanele - 6 no-9, okudala amandla angaba namandla aphezulu we-Self. Lawa mandla nokuxhumana nabantu abahlakaniphile kuzomsiza ukuthi aphume ekucindezelekeni kwesimo.
Ukungaboni ngaso linye okufanayo phakathi "komhlaba" kanye "nowasezulwini" sikubona phakathi kwabafundi befilosofi e-Russian Open University. 19 sophomores bahlolwa ngokwendlela «Lifestyle of the Personality», CAT, njll Kwavela ukuthi umugqa wokuphila ongokomoya wabafundi (ekhuluma nezindaba zaphakade zokuphila nokufa, iqiniso lokuhle nokubi, incazelo. yempilo, ukwakheka kwe-Cosmos, njll.) ivezwa ukuthi inamandla kakhulu kunabafundi bezikole eziphakeme: isilinganiso sabo samaphuzu singu-3,8 uma siqhathaniswa no-2,92 wezingane zesikole ngokohlelo lwamaphuzu amahlanu. Umugqa ongokomzimba, ovezwa emisebenzini enokunyakazisa umzimba kakhulu, ubuthakathaka kakhulu phakathi kwezazi zefilosofi: amaphuzu angu-2,9 ngokumelene no-3,52 kubafundi bezikole zamabanga aphezulu. Umugqa wemvelo wokuphila, ovezwa emisebenzini yangaphandle, ekukhulumisaneni nemvelo, uphansi nakakhulu phakathi kwabafundi: amaphuzu angu-2,45 ngokumelene namaphuzu angu-3,4 wezingane zesikole. Ukuhlaziywa komlando wokuphila kwabantu abaningi obajwayele nabantu abaningi abadumile kwabonisa ukuthi yonke imigqa yokuphila engu-12 eyethulwe ku-Personal Lifestyle methodology iyadingeka ngokuguquguqukayo. Ngokuzithoba, bangaba namagugu ahlukene, kodwa, nokho, udinga ukunaka yonke le migqa (ngokwengqondo nengokwenyama, ize futhi yansuku zonke futhi yaphakade ngokomoya, yemvelo nempucuko, iqoqo kanye nomuntu ngamunye, yokudala kanye nesimiso, ukuxhumana nabobulili obuhlukile. nokuxhumana nabantu bobulili obufanayo). Lapho imigqa eminingi yokuphila inganakwa, ingaqhutshwa, izinga lokuvumelana kwendlela yokuphila yomuntu liyancipha. Ukuziba ukuhlola okuphansi kobukhulu bentshisekelo kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi kanye nesikhathi esichithwe kukho (iphoyinti eli-2 noma elingu-1).
Izinga eliphezulu lendlela yokuphila evumelanayo libonwa kuphela ku-26,3% wezazi zefilosofi, phakathi kwabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme - ku-35,5%. Umfundi oyedwa kuphela ofinyelele izinga lokuzenza iqiniso eliphezulu. Lo mfundi "uhambisana" nezinga eliphansi lendlela yokuphila evumelanayo, ekhombisa ubungcweti obuncane emkhakheni wokuzenzakalela. Le datha ikhombisa ukuba khona kokungazwani phakathi kwemisebenzi engokomoya nengokwenyama yezazi zefilosofi, ikhombisa izinga elinganele lokuxhumana nemvelo. Izinga lefilosofi kusuka kulokhu kungalingani alikhuli, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, liyancipha. Njengasezimweni ezedlule, sibona lapha isimo esiyingxenye sokuzenza ngokoqobo kanye nokuzithuthukisa kobuntu bubonke.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngokusho kuka-VT Maya kanye no-R. Ilardi, abafundi base-American College of Medicine, abavame ukukala amanani enkolo kakhulu ku-Values Learning Scales, banezinga eliphansi lokuzibona ngokwabo. Ukuzijwayeza ezimisweni eziqinile zokuziphatha nezingokomoya kuvimbela ukuzenza kwabo ngokwabo, noma akukazitholi izindlela zokuzibonakalisa kwayo okusebenzayo. Ngokunokwenzeka, kukhona kokubili. NgokukaDandis, "i-dogmatism" ihlotshaniswa kabi nazo zonke izikali ze-POI, kodwa "inkululeko" ibuye ihlotshaniswe kahle nazo zonke izikali zokuhlola ngaphandle kwesikali "se-synergy" (21). Izinkolo eziningi zivame ukuholela ekugxilweni kobuntu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabalandeli abasaqalayo, nasekucindezelweni kwemvelo ethanda inkululeko nokudlala yokuzenza ongokoqobo. Futhi, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, izindinganiso zamasiko ezingokomoya nezejwayelekile zodwa azanele ekuthuthukisweni okuvumelanayo kobuntu, ukuzenza ngokwangempela. Akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezinga lempumelelo kanye nezinga lokuzwana endleleni yokuphila. Isifundo EM, grade 11, umfundi omuhle kakhulu, wangena ngaphandle Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. Ubonise izinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuzwana endleleni yakhe yokuphila. Futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, abaphumelele phakathi nendawo bavame ukukhombisa izinga eliphezulu lendlela yokuphila evumelanayo.
Ukufingqa
- Ezimweni eziningi, izinga eliphezulu lokuzenza ongokoqobo okukalwe ngezindlela ze-POI kanye ne-CAT liwukuzenza ngokoqobo ngokwengxenye kuphela futhi alikwazi ukusebenza njengenkomba yokuthuthuka okuphelele komuntu ngamunye. Lesi siphetho asisebenzi kuphela kubafundi besikole esiphakeme, kodwa nakubantu abadala. Zombili lezi zindlela zikala amandla ezimpawu zobuntu, okuvuna kakhulu ukuzenza ongokoqobo, kodwa hhayi uhlelo oluphelele lokuzimisela kwakho kwangaphakathi.
- I-hypothesis iqinisekiswa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu kufanele kugxile kakhulu ekuzuzeni inqubo evumelanayo yokuzenza ongokoqobo, hhayi ekutholeni impumelelo enkulu ekufezekeni kwendawo okuyiwa kuyo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, impumelelo ephezulu ayilethi ukwaneliseka, ukuthula kwangaphakathi nenjabulo.
- Izizathu zokunganeliseki kwabafundi abenza izinto ezingokoqobo kuwukungavumelani okungathi sína kumandla abo emvelo, ayisisekelo, engxenyeni yawo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, kanye nokuzazi ngokwengxenye. Ukungezwani kwangaphandle kobuntu kudalwa ngabangaphakathi.
- Isimo nezinga lokuzwana kwamandla emvelo omuntu yisona sinqumo esiyinhloko sezici ezijwayelekile zezenhlalo namasiko kanye nokuziphatha komuntu.
- Ukuzenza okwakho okuvumelanayo kuhlanganisa: ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo sobuntu ngendlela yokuhlanganisa amandla angaphakathi, ukusungulwa kwezilinganiso ezifanele kakhulu ngaphakathi kwengxenye ngayinye yezintathu zobuntu obuyisisekelo naphakathi kwalezi zingxenye; ukuzwana ngokomzwelo ngesimo sezimo zengqondo ezinhle kakhulu kanye nempilo engokomzwelo; ukuvumelana kwayo kwenqubo ngendlela yokusebenza kahle kakhulu - izindleko ezinengqondo zezinsiza zamandla, amandla amaphakathi esifiso, ukulondoloza isici somdlalo ekuzenzeni okwangempela, ibhalansi yezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebenzi, njll.
- Ngokusekelwe kuhlu lwezincwadi zegolide zesigaba segolide, singacabangela isimo esivumelanayo lapho cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zobudlelwane bangaphakathi nangaphandle bobuntu bulinganiselwe ngokufanele, kanti enye yesithathu ayilingani. Okufanayo, ngokusobala, kuthinta isilinganiso sokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle nokubi ekuzenzeni okwangempela, kanye nezici zokusebenza. I-loci yomuntu olinganiselayo yenza inqubo yokuthuthuka ibe namandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu kufanele acabangele isidingo esikhethekile sokuvumelanisa okubaluleke kakhulu kwezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuguquguquka kwamandla ayisisekelo omuntu: izifiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo, ukuthambekela kwamasiko okuziphatha kanye nokulinganisela esimweni sohlamvu lwe-subneurotic kanye nezici ezivezwa ngokujwayelekile. .
- Umqondo waseMelika ubonakala ngokuziqondisa ekufezeni impumelelo ephezulu kakhulu endaweni eqhudelanayo yenhlalo, ukuya kumlingiswa onqobayo, ekuthatheni isinyathelo, ikhono lokwamukela izinselele zemvelo ngokwanele. "Ukuthambekela okuyinhlekelele komphakathi wethu emakethe kwenza ukwenzeka kube nzima kakhulu" (21, p. 35).
- Umqondo waseRussia ugxile ekuthuthukisweni ngokuyinhloko ezidingweni zombuso wobushiqela, ngokwesilinganiso sokubonakaliswa futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngobulungiswa nobuqotho (okugcina, ngeshwa, kulungele abaningi kuphela). Ayikho enye noma eminye imiqondo kanye nemiphakathi efaka isandla enqubweni yokuzenza ongokoqobo okuvumelanayo.
- Izinga lokuzwana ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu linganqunywa ngokwethiyori ngesilinganiso senani lebhalansi elilungile nelingeyona elungile kusisekelo semvelo kanye nakuma-I-amandla omuntu. Ukuchaza uMaslow, sakha isiqubulo esisha: "Umuntu kufanele avumelane ngangokunokwenzeka."
IZINDAWO ZOLWAZI
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