I-Urinary, auditory, nasal, cranial… I-meatus noma i-foramen i-orifice etholakala ethanjeni noma esithombeni.

I-meatus iyi-orifice (noma ngaphezulu "imbobo") ebonwa ethanjeni noma esithweni. Ibizwa futhi ngokuthi "foramen" (ubuningi "foramina"). Lezi zimbobo zinomsebenzi wokuvumela ukudlulela ezintweni ezahlukahlukene (uketshezi, izinto, izinzwa, imikhumbi, iziteshi, izimbotshana, izono, njll.).

Leli gama livame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ku-ureter (umzila wokuhambisa umchamo kusuka ezinso uye esinyeni) noma ku-urethra (imbobo yokuthambisa yesinye). Sikhuluma ngalesi sizathu se ipheshana lomchamo okubandakanya inyama yokubeletha kanye ne-urethral meatus.

Kepha kunezinye izindawo eziningi zenyama emzimbeni, emathanjeni (futhi ikakhulukazi ugebhezi), umsele wendlebe noma imbobo yamakhala.

Kunezimbobo eziyi-11 phansi kogebhezi, indima yazo imvamisa kakhulu ukuvumela izinzwa noma imikhumbi kudlule:

• izimbobo zensimbi enezimpande ze-ethmoid : i-lamina egcwele i-ethmoid iyi-bony lamina evundlile, etholakala ngenhla nje komgodi wamakhala. Izimbobo zayo ziwele ngemicu ye- izinzwa olfactory kusukela emgodini wamakhala;
• umsele we-optic: utholakala ngaphakathi kwezinqubo zangaphambilini ze-clinoid. Iqukethe i-optic nerve kanye ne-ophthalmic artery, igatsha lesibambiso lomthambo wangaphakathi we-carotid. Umsele we-optic awubonakali ekubukeni kwangaphambili kogebhezi. Isimo esithile semisebe ye-radiology siyadingeka ukusiqokomisa;
• ukuqhekeka kwe-orbital ophthalmic : ukhona phakathi kwephiko elikhulu nephiko elincane le-sphenoid. Iwela yizo zonke izinzwa ze-oculomotor: i-oculomotor nerve, i-trochlear nerve, i-abducens nerve kanye ne-ophthalmic nerve (igatsha lokuqala elibucayi le-trigeminal nerve). I-ophthalmic orbital fissure iqukethe nemithambo ye-ophthalmic;
• le foramen nxazonke : itholakala ephikweni elikhulu le-sphenoid, liwela yi-nerve trigeminal (V2);
• le foramen ovale : itholakala ngemuva kweforamu eyindilinga. Iwela ngemizwa ye-mandibular (igatsha lesithathu elibucayi le-nerve trigeminal ne-motor branch);
• umhlanga onameva : itholakala ephikweni elikhulu le-sphenoid. Iqukethe umthambo we-meningeal ophakathi;
• ingaphambili elidabukile noma i-carotid foramen : itholakala phakathi kwedwala ne-sphenoid. Kweqiwa ngumthambo wangaphakathi we-carotid onikeza ubuchopho;
• inyama ye-acoustic(noma umsele wokuzwa wangaphakathi): itholakala ebusweni be-postero-superior yedwala. Kunqanyulwa yisigaxa se-stato-acoustico-facial esakhiwe izinzwa zobuso, isizungu esiphakathi seWrisberget sezinzwa zokuzwa;
• imbobo yangemuva edabukile : itholakala phakathi kwedwala ne-sphenoid. Iwela ngumthambo wangaphakathi we-carotid;
• ne-foramen hypoglosse : ivumela imizwa ye-hypoglossal ukuthi iphume ebhokisini le-cranial;
• i-foramen magnum: iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke okhakhayini. Kuyindawo yenguquko phakathi kwe-medulla oblongata nentambo yomgogodla. Idlula emithanjeni ye-vertebral kanye nempande ye-medullary ye-spinal nerve.

Izinso (indima yazo ukuhlunga nokuhlanza igazi ukuze liguqulwe libe umchamo) zixhunywe esinyeni ngamapayipi ama-2: ama-ureters. Ngakho-ke umchamo ushiya izinso futhi ugeleze emzimbeni wesibeletho. Isinye sixhunywe kwi-urifice orifice (noma i-urethral meatus) ngomsele we-urethra.

I-urethra yesilisa yinde, isuka esinyeni iye enyameni ye-urethral ewela umthondo. I-urethra yesifazane imfushane, iqala esinyeni futhi isheshe iphele ku-vulva nge-urethral meatus.

Ezingeni lezimbobo zamakhala, inyama ngayinye ihambelana nenye yama-turbinates futhi ihlala esikhaleni esiphakathi kobuso be-latal fossa ne-turbinate. Izimbobo zomoya eziseduze nezimbobo zamakhala zixhumana nalezi zamuva ngenyama.

• inyama ephakeme yamakhala icishe i-turbinate ephakathi. Kule nyama kuvula amaseli we-ethmoidal wangemuva nezono ze-sphenoid;
• inyama yasekhaleni emaphakathi itholakala ngaphansi kwe-turbinate ephakathi. Kule nyama kuvula isinus maxillary, isus engaphambili kanye namaseli wangaphakathi we-ethmoidal;
• inyama ephansi yamakhala itholakala ngaphansi kwe-turbinate engezansi. Kule nyama kuvula umgudu we-lacrymo-nasal;
• inyama ephezulu (inyama yeSantorini neZuckerkandl) akuhambisani. Ngamunye wabo wethula i-orifice yeseli le-ethmoidal.

• Le i-meatus yangaphandle ye-acoustic, ebizwa nangokuthi umsele wendlebe noma umsele wokuhlola wangaphandle, yingxenye yendlebe yangaphandle, etholakala phakathi kwe-pinna ne-eardrum.
• Le inyama yangaphakathi ye-acoustic kuvuleka ebusweni be-postero-ephakeme yedwala ngokusebenzisa i-acorestic pore yangaphakathi. Lingu-10mm ubude no-5mm ububanzi.