I-mandible (kusuka ku-Latin mandibula, umhlathi) iyingxenye yamathambo obuso futhi yakha ithambo lomhlathi ongezansi.

Ukwakheka. I-mandible iyithambo elingajwayelekile elichaza kahle ugebhezi ukwakha umhlathi ongezansi. Ithambo elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi eliqinile ebusweni, i-mandible yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili (1) (2):

• Umzimba. Ingxenye evundlile esesimweni sehhashi, umzimba wakha isilevu. Onqenqemeni olungaphezulu lomzimba, i-mandible ikhishwe ngemigodi lapho kufakwa khona amazinyo aphansi.
• I-mandibular rami. I-mandible inamagatsha amabili ngapha nangapha komzimba. Lawa ma-rami e-mandibular akhuluma kahle ngokukhazimula kogebhezi. I-engeli phakathi kwe-ramus ngayinye nomzimba we-mandible yakha i-mandibular angle. Iziqongo ze-mandibular ramus zenziwe nge-notib ye-mandibular enqunyelwe:

  - inqubo ye-coronoid ye-mandible, etholakala ngaphambili kobuso, futhi isebenza njengokunamathiselwe emisipheni yesikhashana, eyokugcina inendima yokuphakamisa amandla ngesikhathi sokuhlafuna.

  - i-condyle ye-mandibular, ebheke emuva kobuso, futhi icacisa ngethambo lesikhashana ukwakha ukuhlangana kwe-temporomandibular, okubandakanyeka ekuhambeni kwe-mandible.

Ukusindiswa nokuhluthwa kwemithambo yegazi. I-mandible ine-foramina ehlukile okungama-orifices avumela ukudlula kwemizwa noma izitsha. Ezingeni le-rami, i-mandibular foramina ivumela ukudlula kwemizwa ngenkathi isezingeni lomzimba, i-foramina yengqondo ivumela ukudlula kwemizwa nemithambo yegazi kubheke esilevini nodebe olungezansi.

Ngokuhlangana kwe-temporomandibular, i-mandible yenza ukunyakaza okuhlukile.

• Ukwehlisa / ukukhulisa. Kwakha ukunyakaza nokuvula umlomo.
• Ukuqhuma ngamandla / ukubuyisela emuva emuva. I-propulsion ifana nokuya phansi nokuya phambili kwe-mandible. I-retropulsion ihambelana nokunyakaza okuphambene nalokho.
• Ukukhishwa. Ihambisana nokunyakaza kwe-lateral kwe-mandible.

Indima ekudleni. I-mandible idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlafunweni kokudla.

Iqhaza enkulumweni. I-mandible inendima enkulu enkulumweni ngoba ivumela umlomo ukuthi uvule.

Ukuphuka okubandekayo. Uma kwenzeka kunomthelela oqondile, i-mandible ingahle iphuke. Ukwephuka okuvame kakhulu yilokho kwe-condyle mandibular. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ubuhlungu obubukhali nokuhamba okungavamile kwe-mandible (3).

I-temporomandibular joint disys function. Lezi zimpawu zifaka phakathi ubuhlungu lapho uvula umlomo, imisindo ehlanganisiwe njengokuchofoza, ukuhamba okungajwayelekile komhlathi noma i-tinnitus (4).

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya nge-pathology, kunikezwa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha ezinjengama-painkillers, anti-inflammatories noma ama-antibiotics.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuphuka, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa kungenziwa njenge, ngokwesibonelo, ukufakwa kwezikulufo namapuleti.

Ukwelashwa kwamathambo. Ngokuya nge-pathology, ukwenziwa kwethuluzi lamathambo kungenziwa.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Okokuqala, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuze kugcinwe futhi kuhlolwe izimpawu ezibonwa yisiguli.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. I-CT scan, i-MRI, noma i-orthopantomogram ingasetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa ku-mandible.

Ngo-2013, kwatholakala isiqeshana se-mandible esifundeni sase-Afar e-Ethiopia. Ukuqomisana emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,8, kukholakala ukuthi iyisiqeshana esidala kunazo zonke zohlobo lwaso Homo kutholakale kuze kube manje (5).