I-saudade igama lesiPutukezi elisho umuzwa wokungabi nalutho odalwa ibanga elifakwe nomuntu omthandayo. Ngakho-ke umuzwa wokuntula, wendawo noma umuntu, wenkathi ethile. Igama elibolekwe esikweni lesiPutukezi, manje selisetshenziswa kabanzi ngesiFulentshi, nakuba lingenakuhunyushwa, njengoba imizwa elivezwayo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

I-Etymologicalment, nostalgia livela kwisiLatini iyeke, futhi isho ukuxubana komzwelo okuyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-melancholy, i-nostalgia nethemba. Ukuvela kokuqala kwaleli gama kuzosukela cishe ngo-1200, kuma-ballads ama-Portuguese troubadour. Njengoba igxilile esikweni lamaPutukezi, iyisisekelo sezinganekwane eziningi njengaleyo kaDom Sebastiao.

Leli gama livusa ingxube yemizwa emnandi nemunyu, lapho sikhumbula khona izikhathi esizichithe, ngokuvamile nesithandwa, esaziyo ukuthi kuzoba nzima ukuphinde simbone senzeka futhi. Kodwa ithemba liyaphikelela.

Alikho igama lesiFulentshi elilingana nokuhumusha igama elithi “saudade” lisuka kusiPutukezi, futhi ngesizathu esihle: kunzima ukuthola igama elihlanganisa kokubili inkumbulo ejabulisayo nokuhlupheka okuhlobene nokunganeliseki, ukuzisola, kuyilapho uxubene nalo ithemba elingenakwenzeka. . Kuyigama elivusa ingxube engaqondakali yemizwa ephikisanayo esikhumbuzweni sesikhathi esedlule, umsuka wayo ongenakunqunywa izazi zolimi.

Umbhali ongumPutukezi, u-Manuel de Melo, wafanelekela i-saudade ngala mazwi: “Bem que se padece y mal que se disfruta”; okusho ukuthi “okuhle okwenziwayo nokubi okujatshulelwe”, okufingqa incazelo yegama elilodwa elithi saudade.

Kodwa-ke, leli gama lingaba nama-nuances nezincazelo eziningi kangangokuthi ababhali abaningana noma izimbongi banikeze umbono wabo wokuthi i-saudade iyini. Isibonelo, uFernando Pessoa, umbhali odumile wasePutukezi, wachaza ngokuthi "izinkondlo ze-fado". Kodwa-ke, bonke bayavuma ukubona kuleli gama i-nostalgia eyedlulele, efana negama elithi "spleen", elenziwa udumo ngu-Baudelaire.

I-Fado iyisitayela somculo sesiPutukezi, ukubaluleka nokuthandwa okubalulekile ePortugal. Ngokwesintu kucula owesifazane ehambisana nesiginci esinezintambo eziyishumi nambili esidlalwa amadoda amabili. Kungalesi sitayela somculo lapho i-saudade yayivame ukuvezwa khona, emibhalweni yezimbongi nabahlabeleli. Kule mibhalo yomculo, umuntu angavusa isifiso sesikhathi esidlule, abantu abalahlekile, uthando olulahlekile, isimo somuntu kanye nokushintsha imizwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukucula le mizwa kuvumela abalaleli ukuthi baqonde incazelo engaqondakali ye-saudade. Kuyindlela yokukhuluma exhunyaniswe naleli gama, ngomlando walo wamasiko wamaPutukezi. Nakuba leli gama lisePutukezi ngokujulile futhi kungenakwenzeka ukulihumusha, ngakho-ke lihlala lifinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu, likwazi ukufunda ngenhliziyo imizwa evezwa umculi we-fado, njengo-Amalia Rodrigues, umculi owaziwayo futhi ophethe izwi lakhe. egcwele imizwa fado emhlabeni wonke, futhi kanjalo ulwazi saudade.

Izazi zezilimi eziningi, izazi zefilosofi, izazi zefilosofi nababhali baye bazama ezincwadini nasemanovelini ukuze bafanelekele i-saudade. U-Adelino Braz, kokuthi Okungahumusheki okukhulunywa ngakho: isifundo se-saudade, kufaneleka leli gama njengokuthi “ukungezwani phakathi kokuphikisayo”: ngakolunye uhlangothi umuzwa wokuntula, ngakolunye uhlangothi ithemba nesifiso sokuthola kabusha. esikusweleyo.

Ulimi lwesiPutukezi lusebenzisa inkulumo ethi "ukuba nama-saudades", into engaba othandekayo, indawo, isimo esifana nobuntwana.

“Nginesikhathi esidlule,” kugcizelela uPessoa encwadini yakhe, “ama-saudade kuphela abantu abalahlekile, engangibathanda; akusiyo i-saudade yesikhathi engangibathanda ngaso, kodwa i-saudade yalaba bantu ”.

Ngokuka-Inês Oseki-Dépré encwadini yakhe La Saudade, umsuka wamaPutukezi nostalgia izohlotshaniswa nokunqoba kokuqala e-Afrika. Kungaleli gama nostalgia ukuthi izifiki zazwakalisa imizwa yazo ngezwe laseMadeira, e-Alcazarquivir, e-Arcila, eTangier, eCape Verde nase-Azores.

Okokugcina, lo muzwa we-saudade uletha ekudlaleni ubuhlobo obungacacile ngokulinganayo, kokubili esikhathini esidlule nesamanje. Siyajabula ukuba khona esikhathini esidlule, futhi sidabukile ukuthi sidlule esikhathini samanje.

Okokugcina, i-saudade iyisifiso esiphelele, ingxube yemizwa enyakaza ezikhathini ezahlukene zengqondo yethu, lapho uthando seludlule, kodwa lusekhona.