I-occiput yakha ngemuva kwekhanda, yingxenye yayo engemuva nephansi ye-median. Kwakha ingxenye yethambo le-occipital, ithambo elingenye yamathambo ayisishiyagalombili akha ugebhezi futhi, elixhunywe phezulu komgogodla, livumela ikakhulukazi ukuhambisa ikhanda kusuka phansi kuya phezulu, futhi libambe iqhaza ukwesekwa kwekhanda ngenxa yemigqa, kanye nokuvikelwa kobuchopho. Eqinisweni, ingxenye yogebhezi oluphumayo ibheke ngemuva. Ingakwazi, njengamanye amathambo omzimba, ukuthintwa izifo zamathambo, izimila kanye nezilonda, ikakhulukazi ukunakekelwa noma ukwelashwa.

I-occiput itholakala engxenyeni engemuva yekhanda, ibheke ngemuva: iyingxenye engemuva ephumayo yogebhezi. Liyingxenye yethambo le-occipital, leli thambo lingelinye lamathambo ayisishiyagalombili akha ugebhezi.

Eqinisweni, i-occiput iyingxenye yogebhezi oluhambisana nendawo ye-inion kanye nengxenye eqondile yesikali sethambo le-occipital. I-inion iphuzu elitholakala ekuhlanganiseni kwemigqa yentamo (ebizwa ngokuthi imigqa ye-nuchal, lapho imisipha ifakwe khona) phezulu kwesokudla nakwesobunxele, phansi kwe-occipital protuberance yangaphandle, okusho ukuthi ingxenye yogebhezi 'enweba emuva.

I-occiput iyindilinga kunalokho, i-ovoid ngesimo. Ithambo le-occipital, okungelakhe i-occiput, lenza isisekelo sogebhezi ohlangothini lwentamo, futhi lifaka imbobo enkabeni yayo evumela ukuqala komgogodla ukudlula, lapho kufakwa khona umgogodla.

Lenziwe ngethambo, ithambo le-occipital lakhiwe:

• phakathi nendawo: i-foramen magnum, okuyindawo enkulu etholakala engxenyeni engezansi yethambo, lapho kufakwa khona ikholomu yomgogodla;
• nxazonke, ama-sutures, axhuma ithambo le-occipital kwamanye amathambo ogebhezi oluseduze nalo: abizwa ngokuthi ama-lambdoid sutures; baxhuma leli thambo le-occipital emathanjeni esikhashana kanye namathambo e-parietal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithambo le-occipital liphinde lixhunywe ethanjeni le-sphenoid, itshe legumbi lesisekelo se-skull ngoba likhuluma kuwo wonke amathambo ogebhezi futhi liwabambe endaweni, kanye ne-atlas, i-vertebra yokuqala yomgogodla;
• izindawo ezincane ze-convex, ezilele nhlangothi zombili ze-foramen magnum. Ebizwa ngokuthi yimikhuba ye-occipital, lezi zindawo eziqhamuka ne-vertebra yokuqala yomlomo wesibeletho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-atlas, ngaleyo ndlela yakha ukukhuluma okuvumela ikhanda ukuba ligudluzelwe phezulu naphansi, njengophawu lokuvuma; 
• i-hypoglossal nerve canal (okungukuthi, etholakala ngaphansi kolimi) itholakala ngaphansi kogebhezi, itholakala ngenhla nje kwe-condyle ye-occipital.
• imigqa ye-nuchal (entanyeni), ephakeme futhi ephansi, vumela ukufakwa kwemisipha.

Ukwesekwa kwekhanda

I-occiput isiza ukusekela ikhanda. Lokhu kusekelwa kwenziwa nge-ligament enkulu, i-fibrous ne-elastic: isuka ku-protuberance yangaphandle ye-occiput kuya ku-vertebra yomlomo wesibeletho yesikhombisa.

Ukuvikela ubuchopho

Njengoba iyingxenye yamathambo akha ugebhezi, i-occiput ibamba iqhaza ekuvikelweni kobuchopho, noma i-encephalon, engaphakathi kwalawa mathambo ogebhezi.

Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zesifo samathambo zingathinta i-occiput, lezi yizilonda, izimila, noma isifo sikaPaget:

Izilonda ze-Occiput ngesikhathi sokushaqeka

Njengamanye amathambo emzimbeni, i-occiput ingalimala, ngesikhathi sokuhlukunyezwa nokuwa, okungenzeka noma kungafinyeleli ebuchosheni. Lena imifantu uma umthelela umncane, kanye nokuphuka lapho umthelela mkhulu. Lapho ubuchopho buthinteka, kuyoba ukuhlukumezeka kobuchopho, okungaba nemiphumela emaphakathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kube nzima. Iningi lokulimala ekhanda kudalwa yizingozi zomgwaqo. Ekuvimbeleni, isigqoko sokuzivikela sibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngesithuthuthu noma ibhayisikili.

Amathambo amathambo

Phakathi kwama-pathologies angathinta amathambo, kunezimila zamathambo, okuhlanganisa i-spheno-occipital chordoma (i-tumor eyinhloko yamathambo engavamile, ukukhula kancane kancane, kodwa ehlaselayo endaweni, futhi ama-metastases ayo angavamile futhi aphuzile). Ukubandakanyeka kwethambo kusuka ku-tumor yamathambo kungaba yi-cartilage noma imvelaphi yamathambo.

Isifo sikaPaget

Isifo sikaPaget, isimo sezempilo esingajwayelekile esihlasela kakhulu abantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-50, sihlobene nokwanda kwamathambo. Lesi sifo singabonakala njengokwandiswa kogebhezi lwekhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulimala kogebhezi ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ubuhlungu bekhanda.

Ukwelashwa kokulimala ekhanda

• I-cranial trauma kufanele inakekelwe ngokushesha yisevisi ye-neurosurgery. Njengesinyathelo sokuqala, isiguli kufanele sivuswe njalo ukuze sithole i-hematoma engaphandle. Esimeni esiphuthumayo, udokotela ohlinzayo angase anqume ukwenza imbobo yesikhashana. Lokhu kuzosiza ukucindezela ubuchopho. Isiguli sizobe sesidluliselwa endaweni ekhethekile.
• Ukuhlukunyezwa kwekhanda kungase, uma kunesidingo, kube yisihloko sokuvuselelwa okushintshiwe, ngokuvamile esikhungweni sokuvuselela kanye nokuvuselelwa okukhethekile.

Ukwelashwa kwezimila

• Mayelana ne-spheno-occipital chordoma, ukwelashwa kusekelwe ekukhishweni kokuhlinzwa, okungukuthi ukukhipha ingxenye yethambo lesimila.
• Mayelana nokwelashwa ngezitshalo ezingasebenza ngokumelene nezimila: ngokuya ngesengezo sokudla, i-mistletoe iyisitshalo esivame ukutuswa ekwelapheni umdlavuza. Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene luvame ukukhombisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-mistletoe kunciphisa imiphumela emibi futhi kuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yeziguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mistletoe isiza ukunciphisa ukukhathala ngenkathi yakha ukuqina kwesiguli.

Nokho, qaphela imiphumela emibi yokusebenzisa isikhathi eside i-mistletoe kumangqamuzana egazi amhlophe, noma ama-T lymphocyte. Ngokuvamile, noma yikuphi ukwelashwa ngezitshalo kufanele kube ngaphansi kweseluleko sezokwelapha. Kulokhu, i-mistletoe inganciphisa umfutho wegazi, futhi ihlanganyele nemithi ye-hypertension kanye ne-arrhythmia yenhliziyo.

Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikaPaget

Ezikhathini eziningi, isifo sikaPaget sithambile futhi siqhubeka kancane. Ezimweni ezibuhlungu kakhulu, ukwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise ama-bisphosphonates nama-analgesics, ukulwa nobuhlungu.

Ukuxilongwa kokungajwayelekile kwamathambo kusekelwe ikakhulukazi kumasu okucabanga, okulekelelwa yi-anatomo-pathology, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ikakhulukazi ukuhlola umlingiswa wesimila, ikakhulukazi izicubu ezithathiwe (ezibizwa ngokuthi i-biopsy), noma ukuhlaziya i-biopsy yezokwelapha.

• Ukutholakala kokuqhekeka noma ukuphuka kuzoqinisekiswa nge-imaging, i-x-ray yogebhezi, kanye ne-CT scan, noma i-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) ukubona ukuthi ubuchopho buyathinteka noma cha.
• Ukuxilongwa kwesimila sethambo kungenziwa nge-X-ray kodwa futhi kusetshenziswa i-biopsy. Ama-tumors, njenge-chordoma ngokuvamile akhona nezimpawu sekwedlule isikhathi (i-spheno-occipital chordoma ivame ukutholwa ineminyaka engama-40, ngokulibaziseka okucishe kube njalo kokuxilongwa. ukubona ubukhulu besimila, esibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezokwelapha kanye nokubikezelwa kwesiguli esikhathini esizayo.
• Ukutholakala kwesifo sikaPaget kuzotholakala ngokuhlolwa kwegazi, ama-x-ray noma ngamathambo.