“Umuntu ophilayo!” – ukukhala okunjalo kungathusa noma ubani osemkhunjini. Kusho ukuthi udinga ukuyeka umsebenzi wakho futhi usindise ngokushesha iqabane elifayo. Kodwa endabeni kaJacques-Yves Cousteau, lo mthetho awuzange usebenze. Le nganekwane yabantu yachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yayo “iphezu kwamanzi”. Umyalo wokugcina kaCousteau, okubonakala sengathi akekho noyedwa owake wezwa, wawubiza hhayi nje ukucwila olwandle, kodwa ukuhlala kulo.
Ukugeleza kwefilosofi
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngo-June 11, 1910, umhloli wamazwe odumile we-World Ocean, umbhali wamafilimu amaningi mayelana nolwandle, uJacques-Yves Cousteau, wazalelwa eFrance. UJacques-Yves osemncane waqala ukutshuza olwandle oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emuva ngeminyaka yamashumi amabili ekhulwini elidlule. Ngokushesha waba umlutha wokudoba ama-spearfishing. Futhi ngo-1943, kanye nomklami ohlakaniphile wemishini engaphansi kwamanzi, u-Emil Gagnan, wakha isilawuli sokuhlinzekwa komoya esinesiteji esisodwa sohlelo lokusekela ukuphila komtshuzi (empeleni, kwakungumfowabo omncane wesimanjemanje wezigaba ezimbili). Okusho ukuthi, u-Cousteau usinike igiya le-scuba, njengoba sesikwazi manje - indlela ephephile yokutshuza uye ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJacques Cousteau, umthwebuli wezithombe nomqondisi, wema emsuka wokuthwetshulwa kwezithombe namavidiyo angaphansi kwamanzi. Waklama futhi wahlola ekujuleni kwamamitha angamashumi amabili ikhamera yokuqala yevidiyo engu-35 mm endlini engenamanzi ukuze kuqoshwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Wakha izinto zokukhanyisa ezikhethekile ezivumela ukudubula ekujuleni (futhi ngaleso sikhathi ukuzwela kwefilimu kwafinyelela kumayunithi ayi-10 kuphela e-ISO), wasungula uhlelo lokuqala lwethelevishini olungaphansi kwamanzi ... Nokunye okuningi.
Uguquko lwangempela kwakuyi-Diving Saucer mini-submarine (imodeli yokuqala, 1957) eyakhiwe ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe futhi ifana nesoso endizayo. Idivayisi ivele yaba ngummeleli ophumelele kakhulu wesigaba sayo. U-Cousteau wayethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi "uchwepheshe wezolwandle", okuyinto, yiqiniso, ingxenye kuphela ebonisa ithalenta lakhe.
Futhi, kunjalo, u-Jacques-Yves udale inqwaba yamafilimu amangalisayo esayensi adumile phakathi nokuphila kwakhe okude okukhiqizayo. Eyokuqala, eyenzelwe izethameli eziningi, ifilimu yalo mqondisi ongeyena ochwepheshe kanye nesazi sezolwandle esanda kuqala (njengoba ososayensi abahlonishwayo babembiza kanjalo) - "Umhlaba Wokuthula" (1956) wathola "i-Oscar" kanye "negatsha lePalm" I-Cannes Film Festival (ngendlela, kwakuyifilimu yokuqala engeyona eqanjiwe ukunqoba i-Palme d'Or. Ifilimu yesibili ("Indaba Yezinhlanzi Ezibomvu", 1958) nayo yathola i-Oscar, efakazela ukuthi i-Oscar yokuqala akuyona ingozi...
Ezweni lakithi, umcwaningi uzuze uthando lwabantu ngenxa yochungechunge lwethelevishini lukaCousteau's Underwater Odyssey. Kodwa-ke, umbono wokuthi ekuqapheleni okukhulu u-Cousteau wahlala kuphela njengomdali wochungechunge lwamafilimu athandwayo (kanye nomsunguli wemishini yesimanje ye-scuba) ayilona iqiniso.
UJacques-Yves wayefana nobani ngempela uyiphayona.
ukapteni weplanethi
IComrades ibize uCousteau ngomlingisi nomlingisikazi ngesizathu. Ubemuhle ngendlela emangalisayo ekutholeni abaxhasi futhi ehlala ethola abekufuna. Ngokwesibonelo, wathola umkhumbi wakhe "Calypso" kudala ngaphambi kokutholwa kwawo, wamlandela ngokoqobo (nomkhaya wakhe) iminyaka eminingana, nomaphi lapho ayehamba khona ... futhi, ekugcineni, wathola umkhumbi njengesipho esivela ku-Irish millionaire Guinness. Isicebi sikabhiya, sihlatshwe umxhwele imisebenzi kaCousteau, ngo-1950 sanikela ngenani elikhulu lemali eyayidingeka ukuze kuthengwe i-“Calypso” eyayihahelwayo eMbuthweni Wezempi Wasemanzini waseBrithani (lona owayesebenza emayini), futhi waqashisa uCousteau isikhathi esingenamkhawulo ukuze athole i-franc eyodwa engokomfanekiso. ngonyaka…
"Kapteni" - yile ndlela abizwa ngayo eFrance, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "uCaptain of the Planet." Futhi ozakwabo bambiza kalula - "Inkosi". Wayazi indlela yokuheha abantu kuye, ukuthelela ngentshisekelo yakhe nothando lwakhe ekujuleni kolwandle, ukuhlela nokuhlangana eqenjini, ukugqugquzela ukusesha emngceleni we-feat. Bese uhola leli qembu ekunqobeni.
U-Cousteau wayengelona neze iqhawe eliyedwa, ngokuzithandela wasebenzisa amathalenta abantu ababemzungezile: ithalente lobunjiniyela lika-E. Gagnan futhi kamuva no-A. Laban, isipho sombhalo sombhali-kanye wencwadi yakhe edumile ethi “The World of Silence ” F. Dumas, ulwazi lukaSolwazi Edgerton – umsunguli we-flash ye-elekthronikhi – kanye nomthelela kayisezala enkampanini i-Air Liquide, eyakhiqiza imishini engaphansi kwamanzi ... uCousteau wayethanda ukuphinda: “Esidlweni sakusihlwa, khetha njalo. i-oyster engcono kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, kuze kube sekupheleni, wonke ama-oyster azoba ngcono kakhulu. " Emsebenzini wakhe, wayehlala esebenzisa imishini esezingeni eliphezulu kuphela, futhi okwakungekho, wayesungula. Bekungumnqobi wangempela ngomqondo waseMelika waleli gama.
Umlingani wakhe othembekile u-Andre Laban, u-Cousteau amthatha njengetilosi ngokuvivinywa kwesonto lonke futhi owabe esehamba naye ngomkhumbi iminyaka engu-20, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni, wamqhathanisa noNapoleon. Iqembu likaCousteau lalithanda uKaputeni walo njengoba amasosha amaNapoleon kuphela ayengathanda isithixo sabo. Yiqiniso, uCousteau akazange akulwele ukubusa umhlaba. Walwela uxhaso lwezinhlelo zokucwaninga ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuze kufundwe i-World Ocean, ukuze andise imingcele hhayi kuphela yezwe lakubo laseFrance, kodwa ne-ecumene yonke, i-Universe ehlalwa abantu.
Abasebenzi, amatilosi uCousteau baqonda ukuthi basemkhunjini ngaphezu kwezisebenzi eziqashiwe. Kwakungabalingane bakhe, abalingani bakhe, ababehlale bekulungele ukumlandela emlilweni futhi, yiqiniso, emanzini, lapho babesebenza khona, ngezinye izikhathi izinsuku, ngokuvamile ngemali encane. Bonke abasebenzi beCalypso - umkhumbi kaCousteau othandekayo nowukuphela kwakhe - baqonda ukuthi babengama-Argonauts ekhulwini lamashumi amabili futhi babehlanganyela ohambweni olungokomlando futhi, ngandlela-thile, oluyinganekwane, ekutholakaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, empini yenkolo yesintu. ekujuleni kolwandle, ekuhlaseleni okunqobayo ekujuleni kokungaziwa ...
Prophet of the Deep
Ebusheni bakhe, uCousteau wabhekana nokushaqeka okwashintsha ukuphila kwakhe. Ngo-1936, wakhonza endizeni yezindiza, wayethanda izimoto kanye nesivinini. Imiphumela yalolu hlobo lokuzilibazisa yayidabukisa kakhulu le nsizwa: yaba nengozi enkulu yemoto emotweni yezemidlalo kayise, yathola ukuxoshwa kwama-vertebrae, izimbambo eziningi eziphukile, iphaphu elibhoboziwe. Izandla zakhe zazikhubazekile...
Kulapho, esibhedlela, esimweni esinzima kakhulu, lapho uCousteau osemusha athola khona uhlobo oluthile lokukhanyiselwa. Njengoba nje u-Gurdjieff, ngemva kwenxeba lenhlamvu, wabona ukungavumeleki kokusebenzisa “amandla akhethekile”, ngakho u-Cousteau, ngemva kokuhlangenwe nakho okungaphumelelanga komjaho, wanquma “ukuza nokuqalaza, ukuze abheke izinto ezisobala ngendlela entsha. Khuphuka ngaphezu kwesiphithiphithi futhi ubheke ulwandle okokuqala ngqa…” Le ngozi yafaka uphambana omkhulu emsebenzini womshayeli wezindiza wezempi, kodwa yanikeza umhlaba umcwaningi ophefumulelwe, ngisho nangokwengeziwe – uhlobo lomprofethi wolwandle.
Amandla okuzimisela angavamile kanye nenkanuko yokuphila kwavumela u-Cousteau ukuba alulame ekulimaleni okunzima futhi esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka akwazi ukuma ngezinyawo. Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ukuphila kwakhe kwakuxhumene, ngokuvamile, ngento eyodwa kuphela - nolwandle. Futhi ngo-1938 wahlangana noPhilippe Tayet, owayezoba unkulunkulu wakhe ekujuleni kwamahhala (ngaphandle kwegiya le-scuba). Kamuva uCousteau wakhumbula ukuthi impilo yakhe yonke yaphenduka yabheka phansi ngaleso sikhathi, futhi wanquma ukuzinikela ngokuphelele emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi.
U-Cousteau wayethanda ukuphinda kubangane bakhe: uma ufuna ukufeza okuthile empilweni, akufanele uhlakazeke, uhambe ngendlela eyodwa. Ungazami kakhulu, kungcono ukusebenzisa umzamo oqhubekayo, ongayeki. Futhi lokhu, mhlawumbe, kwakuyinkolelo yempilo yakhe. Wanikela ngaso sonke isikhathi namandla akhe ekuhloleni ukujula kolwandle - kokusanhlamvu, ukuya phansi, ukubeka konke ekhadini elilodwa. Futhi imizamo yakhe yaba ngcwele ngempela emehlweni abasekeli.
Ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, wayenentando yomprofethi kanye ne-charisma ye-revolutionary. Wayecwebezela futhi ekhazimula ngobuhle bakhe, njengenkosi edumile yaseFrance “iNkosi yeLanga” uLouis XV. Abangane babheka uKaputeni wabo hhayi nje umuntu - umdali "wenkolo ye-diving" yangempela, umesiya wocwaningo lwangaphansi kwamanzi. Lo mesiya, umuntu ongeyena owaleli zwe, umuntu ongaphezu kwemingcele, wayengavamile ukubheka emuva emhlabeni - kuphela lapho imali ingekho eyanele yomsebenzi olandelayo, futhi kuze kube yilapho kuvela lezi zimali. Wayebonakala entula indawo emhlabeni. Ukaputeni weplanethi wahola abantu bakhe - abatshuzi - ekujuleni kolwandle.
Futhi nakuba uCousteau wayengeyena umtshuzi ochwepheshile, noma isazi solwandle, noma umqondisi oqinisekisiwe, wenza ukutshuza okurekhodiwe futhi wavula ikhasi elisha ocwaningweni lwasolwandle. WayenguKaputeni onenhloko-dolobha u-C, umholi wenguquko, okwazi ukuthumela isintu ohambweni olukhulu.
Umgomo wakhe oyinhloko (uCousteau waya kuwo impilo yakhe yonke) uwukwandisa ukuqonda komuntu, futhi ekugcineni anqobe izikhala ezintsha ukuze abantu bahlale. izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. U-André Laban wathi: “Amanzi amboza amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa obuso beplanethi yethu futhi kunendawo eyanele yabo bonke abantu.” Ezweni, “kunemithetho nemithetho eminingi kakhulu, inkululeko iyaqedwa.” Kuyacaca ukuthi uLabani, ekhuluma la mazwi, akazange nje azwakalise inkinga yomuntu siqu, kodwa umqondo weqembu lonke, umqondo owayisa ithimba lonke laseCousteau phambili.
Yile ndlela uCousteau aqonda ngayo amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwe-World Ocean: ukwandisa imingcele yokuhlala kwabantu, ukwakha amadolobha ngaphansi kwamanzi. Inganekwane yesayensi? Belyaev? UProfesa Challenger? Kungenzeka. Noma mhlawumbe umsebenzi uCousteau awuthatha wawungemnandi kangako. Phela, amaphrojekthi akhe okufisa ukufunda ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi (futhi ekugcineni ukuphila okugcwele lapho) athweswe umqhele wempumelelo ethile. "Izindlu ezingaphansi kwamanzi", "Precontinent-1", "Precontinent-2", "Precontinent-3", "Homo aquaticus". Izivivinyo zenziwa ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayi-110. Izingxube ze-helium-oksijeni zaba sezingeni eliphezulu, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokusekela ukuphila kanye nokubalwa kwezindlela zokuwohloka zenziwa … Ngokuvamile, kwasungulwa isibonelo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlola kukaCousteau kwakungewona umqondo othile ongasile, ongenamsebenzi. Ukuhlola okufanayo kwenziwa nakwamanye amazwe: e-USA, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Poland, namazwe aseYurophu.
I-Amphibian Man
U-Cousteau akakaze acabange ngokujula okungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100. Akazange akhangwe amaphrojekthi alula ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa ekujuleni okungajulile nokuphakathi kwamamitha angu-10-40, lapho kungasetshenziswa khona umoya ocindezelwe noma izingxube ze-nitrogen-oksijeni, lapho ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wangaphansi kwamanzi wenziwa khona ngezikhathi ezivamile. Njengokungathi usindile eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, wayelindele inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke enamandla, elungiselela iqiniso lokuthi kwakuzodingeka ajule isikhathi eside ... Kodwa lezi ukuqagela nje. Ngaleso sikhathi, iziphathimandla zenqaba ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga, ziphawula izindleko zabo eziphakeme kakhulu.
Mhlawumbe babethuswa imibono kaCousteau "yangaphandle", "inselele". Ngakho-ke, waphupha ngokusungula i-automata ekhethekile ye-pulmonary-cardiac ezofaka umoya-mpilo ngqo egazini lomuntu. Umbono wesimanje impela. Ngokuvamile, u-Cousteau wayesohlangothini lokungenelela kokuhlinzwa emzimbeni womuntu ukuze ajwayele ukuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi. Okusho ukuthi, ngangifuna ekugcineni ngidale “isilwane sasemanzini esinamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu” futhi ngimhlalise “emhlabeni wamanzi” ...
U-Cousteau ubelokhu ekhangwa ukujula hhayi njengomuntu wemvelo noma wezemidlalo, kodwa njengephayona le-horizons yokuphila okusha. Ngo-1960, wabamba iqhaza ekulungiseleleni umlando (owokuphela owenziwe abantu!) ukutshuza kukaSolwazi Jacques Picard no-US Navy uLieutenant Donald Walsh ku-Trieste bathyscaphe endaweni ejulile eyaziwayo yolwandle (“Challenger Deep”) – Mariana Trench (ukushona 10 920 m). Uprofesa ungene ekujuleni kwerekhodi elingamamitha angu-3200, ngokwengxenye ephinda ekuphileni kwangempela uhambo lweqhawe lengoma edumile yesayensi u-Conan Doyle, uProfessor ohlanyayo oyingxenye yenoveli ethi The Maracot Abyss (1929). U-Cousteau unikeze izinhlolovo zangaphansi kwamanzi kulolu hambo.
Kodwa kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi njengoba nje uPicard noWalsh bengazange batshuze ngenxa yodumo, kanjalo “ama-Argonauts” angamaqhawe eCousteau awazange asebenzele irekhodi, ngokungafani nabanye, ake sithi, ochwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, uLabani wabiza abasubathi abanjalo ngokungagwegwesi ngokuthi “bayahlanya.” Ngendlela, uLabani, umdwebi omuhle, ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe waqala ukudweba imidwebo yakhe yasolwandle ... ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kungenzeka ukuthi iphupho elithi "Challenger" likaCousteau liyamhlupha namuhla.
I-Ecology Cousteau
Njengoba wazi, "i-baron idume hhayi ngeqiniso lokuthi yandiza noma ayizange indize, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ayiqambi amanga." U-Cousteau akazange atshuzele ukuze ajabule, ukuze abukele izinhlanzi zibhukuda phakathi kwamakhorali, futhi hhayi ngisho nokushutha ifilimu ejabulisayo. Engazi yena, waheha izilaleli eziningi (okukude kakhulu nokunqoba imingcele eyaziwayo) emkhiqizweni wemidiya manje othengiswa ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo ye-National Geographic ne-BBC. U-Cousteau wayengaziwa emcabangweni wokudala isithombe esihle nje esinyakazayo.
Odyssey Cousteau namuhla
Umkhumbi wodumo i-Jacques-Yves, owamkhonza ngokwethembeka, wacwila echwebeni laseSingapore ngo-1996, washayisana nesikebhe ngephutha. Kulo nyaka, ehlonipha iminyaka eyikhulu uCousteau azalwa, unkosikazi wakhe wesibili, uFrancine, wanquma ukunikeza umyeni wakhe ongasekho isipho esephuzile. Uthe ungakapheli unyaka umkhumbi uzobuyiselwa enkazimulweni yawo. Njengamanje, umkhumbi uthola ukuzalwa kabusha, ubuyiselwa ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi zaseConsarno (Brittany), futhi kusetshenziswa izinto ezivikela imvelo kuphela (isibonelo, isikebhe sizobe senziwe nge-hemp tow) - umkhumbi, ngokuya ngemfashini. , izoba “luhlaza”…
Kungase kubonakale kuyisizathu sokujabula nokufisa “izinyawo eziyisithupha ngaphansi kwesivalo”? Kodwa-ke, lezi zindaba zishiya umuzwa okabili: Isizindalwazi se-Cousteau Team sithi umkhumbi uzophinde udlulele ezindaweni eziluhlaza njengenxusa lezinto ezinhle futhi wengamele ukuhleleka kwemvelo ezilwandle eziyisikhombisa. Kodwa kunamahemuhemu okuthi, eqinisweni, ngemva kokubuyiselwa komkhumbi, uFrancine uzohlela imnyuziyamu exhaswe yiMelika eCaribbean esuka eCalypso. Kwaba umphumela onjalo impela uCousteau ngokwakhe awuphikisa ngo-1980, ebonisa ukuma kwakhe ngokucacile: “Ngingakhetha ukuwukhukhula esikhundleni sokuwenza umnyuziyamu. Angifuni ukuthi kudayiswe lo mkhumbi wodumo, ukuze abantu bangene futhi benze amapikiniki edeskini. Hhayi-ke, ngeke sibambe iqhaza epikinikini. Kwanele ukuthi sikhumbule iphupho likaCousteau, elidala igagasi lokukhathazeka – indoda igibele emanzini.
Ithemba, njengenjwayelo, ngesizukulwane esisha: noma kunalokho, ngendodana kaJacques-Yves, okwathi kusukela ebuntwaneni yayikhona yonke indawo noyise, yabelana ngothando lwakhe ngolwandle nangaphansi kwamanzi, yabhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi kuzo zonke izilwandle ukusuka e-Alaska ukuya eKapa. Horn, futhi lapho ethola ithalente lomdwebi wezakhiwo, waqala ukucabanga ngokujulile ngezindlu ngisho namadolobha wonke ... ngaphansi kwamanzi! Waze wathatha izinyathelo eziningana kule ndlela. Yiqiniso, kuze kube manje uJean-Michel, intshebe yakhe isivele yaba mpunga, nakuba amehlo akhe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esavutha kakhulu njengolwandle oluvutha umlilo, uye wadumala kuphrojekthi yakhe "ye-Atlantis entsha". "Kungani uzincisha ukukhanya kwelanga ngokuzithandela futhi wenze kube nzima ukuxhumana kwabantu phakathi kwabo?" wafingqa umzamo wakhe ongaphumelelanga wokuthutha abantu ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Manje uJean-Michel, oye wathatha umsebenzi kayise ngendlela yakhe, uhileleke ngenkuthalo emisebenzini yezemvelo, ezama ukusindisa ekujuleni kolwandle kanye nezakhamuzi zabo ekufeni. Futhi umsebenzi wakhe awupheli. Kulo nyaka, uCousteau uhlanganisa iminyaka eyi-100. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, iZizwe Ezihlangene zimemezele unyaka ka-2010 njengoNyaka Womhlaba Wonke Wezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, sekusondele ukushabalala emhlabeni kusuka kumaphesenti ayi-12 kuye kwangama-52 ezinhlobo ezaziwa yisayensi…