Yini okufanele siyenze ngomfudlana ongapheli wemfucumfucu yepulasitiki uma singafuni ukuthi ibambelele emagatsheni ezihlahla, ibhukude olwandle, futhi igxilise izisu zezinyoni zasolwandle nemikhomo?
Ngokombiko okhishwe yiWorld Economic Forum, ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kulindeleke ukuthi kuphindeke kabili eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe u-30% wepulasitiki ugaywa kabusha e-Europe, u-9% kuphela e-USA, futhi emazweni amaningi asathuthuka agaya kabusha ingxenye encane yawo noma awasebenzi nhlobo.
NgoJanuwari 2019, inhlanganisela yezinkampani zepetrochemical kanye nemikhiqizo yabathengi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Alliance to Fight Plastic Waste yazibophezela ekusebenziseni amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 ukubhekana nale nkinga eminyakeni emihlanu. Umgomo wabo uwukusekela ezinye izinto zokwakha kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa, ukukhuthaza izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha, futhi - ngokuphikisana kakhulu - ukukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obuguqula ipulasitiki ibe uphethiloli noma amandla.
Izitshalo ezishisa ipulasitiki nezinye imfucuza zingakhiqiza ukushisa nomusi okwanele ukuze zinike amandla amasistimu wendawo. I-European Union, evimbela ukugcwaliswa kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, isivele ishisa cishe u-42% wemfucuza yayo; I-US ishisa i-12,5%. Ngokusho koMkhandlu Wezamandla Womhlaba, inethiwekhi egunyazwe yi-US emele uhla lwemithombo yamandla nobuchwepheshe, umkhakha wephrojekthi wokumosha kuya kumandla kungenzeka uthole ukukhula okuqinile eminyakeni ezayo, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific. Sekunezindawo zokugaywa kabusha ezingaba ngu-300 e-China, kanti ezinye ezingamakhulu ambalwa zisathuthukiswa.
"Njengoba amazwe afana neChina evala iminyango yawo ngokungenisa imfucuza kwamanye amazwe, futhi njengoba izimboni ezithwele kanzima zihluleka ukubhekana nenkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, ukushiswa kuzothuthukiswa njengokunye okuhlukile," kusho umkhulumeli weGreenpeace uJohn Hochevar.
Kodwa ingabe kuwumqondo omuhle?
Umqondo wokushisa imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ukudala amandla uzwakala unengqondo: phela, ipulasitiki yenziwe ngama-hydrocarbons, njengamafutha, futhi iminyene kunamalahle. Kodwa ukwanda kokushiswa kwemfucuza kungase kuvinjwe ama-nuances athile.
Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi indawo yamabhizinisi emfucuza-kuya-energy inzima: akekho ofuna ukuhlala eduze kwesitshalo, eduze nalapho kuzoba khona indawo enkulu yokulahla udoti kanye namakhulu amaloli kadoti ngosuku. Ngokujwayelekile, lezi zimboni zitholakala eduze nemiphakathi ehola kancane. E-US, kwakhiwa isishicileli esisha esisodwa kuphela kusukela ngo-1997.
Amafekthri amakhulu akhiqiza ugesi owanele ukuze asebenzise amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhaya. Kodwa ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukugaywa kabusha kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki konga amandla engeziwe ngokunciphisa isidingo sokukhipha izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ukuze kukhiqizwe ipulasitiki entsha.
Okokugcina, izitshalo ezihambisa imfucuza kuya kumandla zingakhipha izinto ezingcolisa izinto ezinobuthi njengama-dioxin, amagesi ane-asidi, nezinsimbi ezisindayo, nakuba zingamazinga aphansi. Izimboni zanamuhla zisebenzisa izisefo ukuze zicuphe lezi zinto, kodwa njengoba i-World Energy Council isho embikweni ka-2017: “Lobu buchwepheshe buwusizo uma izishisi zisebenza kahle futhi kulawulwa ukungcola.” Abanye ochwepheshe bakhathazekile ngokuthi amazwe angenayo imithetho yendawo ezungezile noma angasebenzisi izinyathelo eziqinile angase azame ukonga imali ekulawuleni ukungcola.
Ekugcineni, imfucuza evuthayo ikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngo-2016, izishisi zase-US zakhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingu-12 e-carbon dioxide, engaphezu kwengxenye yawo evela ekushisweni kwepulasitiki.
Ingabe ikhona indlela ephephile yokushisa imfucuza?
Enye indlela yokuguqula imfucuza ibe amandla i-gasification, inqubo lapho ipulasitiki incibilika emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu lapho kungekho oksijini cishe ngokuphelele (okusho ukuthi ubuthi obufana nama-dioxin nama-furan abukhiwe). Kodwa i-gasification okwamanje ayinakuncintisana ngenxa yamanani aphansi egesi yemvelo.
Ubuchwepheshe obukhangayo kakhulu i-pyrolysis, lapho ipulasitiki igoqa futhi inyibilika emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunokufakwa kwegesi nokusebenzisa umoya-mpilo omncane. Ukushisa kwephula ama-polymer epulasitiki abe ama-hydrocarbon amancane angacutshungulwa abe uphethiloli we-diesel kanye namanye amakhemikhali e-petrochemical, kuhlanganise namapulasitiki amasha.
Njengamanje kunezitshalo ze-pyrolysis eziyisikhombisa ezincane ezisebenza e-US, ezinye zazo ezisesigabeni sokuboniswa, futhi ubuchwepheshe buyakhula emhlabeni jikelele ngezikhungo ezivulwa eYurophu, e-China, e-India, e-Indonesia nase-Philippines. I-American Council on Chemistry ilinganisela ukuthi izitshalo ezingama-600 ze-pyrolysis zingavulwa e-US, zicubungula amathani angama-30 epulasitiki ngosuku, ngesamba esingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-6,5 ngonyaka - ngaphansi nje kwengxenye eyodwa kwesihlanu yamathani ayizigidi ezingama-34,5. kadoti wepulasitiki okhiqizwa yizwe manje.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Pyrolysis bungakwazi ukuphatha amafilimu, izikhwama kanye nezinto ezinezingqimba eziningi ubuchwephesha bokucubungula obuningi obungakwazi ukuzibamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikhiqizi ukungcola okuyingozi ngaphandle kwenani elincane le-carbon dioxide.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagxeki bachaza i-pyrolysis njengobuchwepheshe obubizayo nobungavuthiwe. Okwamanje kuseshibhile ukukhiqiza udizili ngezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kunezibi zepulasitiki.
Kodwa ingabe amandla avuselelekayo?
Ingabe amafutha epulasitiki ayisisetshenziswa esivuselelekayo? E-European Union, udoti wasendlini we-biogenic kuphela othathwa njengongavuseleleka. E-US, izifunda ezingu-16 zibheka imfucuza kamasipala eqinile, kuhlanganise nepulasitiki, njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Kodwa ipulasitiki ayivuseleleki ngomqondo ofanayo nokhuni, iphepha noma ukotini. Ipulasitiki ayikhuli ekukhanyeni kwelanga: siyenza ngezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi ezikhishwe emhlabeni, futhi zonke izinyathelo zenqubo zingaholela ekungcoleni.
“Lapho ukhipha izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni, wenze amapulasitiki ngawo, bese ushisa lawo mapulasitiki ukuze uthole amandla, kuba sobala ukuthi lesi akusona isiyingi, kodwa kuwumugqa,” kusho uRob Opsomer we-Ellen MacArthur Foundation, okhuthazayo. umnotho oyindilinga. ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo. Uyanezela: “I-Pyrolysis ingabhekwa njengengxenye yomnotho oyindilinga uma imiphumela yayo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zezinto ezintsha ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa namapulasitiki aqinile.”
Abasekeli bomphakathi oyindilinga bakhathazekile ngokuthi noma iyiphi indlela yokuguqula imfucuza yepulasitiki ibe amandla ayenzi lutho ukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo emisha yepulasitiki, kuncane kakhulu ukunqanda ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. “Ukugxila kulezi zindlela kuwukuphuma ezixazululweni zangempela,” kusho uClaire Arkin, ilungu le-Global Alliance for Waste Incineration Alternatives, enikeza izixazululo zokuthi ungawusebenzisa kanjani upulasitiki omncane, uwusebenzise kabusha, futhi ugaywe kabusha kakhudlwana.