Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, umhlaba walahlekelwa umbhali odumile, uJerome David Salinger. Ushonele emzini wakhe eNew Hampshire eneminyaka engama-92. Umbhali ukweleta ukuphila kwakhe isikhathi eside ekunakekeleni impilo yakhe - cishe impilo yakhe yonke engumuntu omdala ubengadli imifino, okokuqala engamhloniphi uyise wasebhusha, kwase kuba ngokusho kwakhe. izinkolelo zakho.
Ireferensi esemthethweni
UJerome David Salinger wazalelwa eNew York emndenini wosomabhizinisi. Uthole iziqu e-Valley Forge Military Academy ePennsylvania. Wangena eNyuvesi yaseNew York ngo-1937 futhi wakhonza eButhweni Lezempi laseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1948, washicilela indaba yakhe yokuqala ephephandabeni i-New York Times - "Kuhle ukubamba inhlanzi kabhanana." Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, i-The Catcher in the Rye yashicilelwa, okwenza uSalinger waba umbhali wemfashini osheshayo.
Ibhalwe nge-slang, indaba ka-Holden Caulfield oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala ongazinzile, ovuthwa phakathi nencwadi, yashaqisa abafundi. U-Holden kufanele abhekane nezinkinga ezivamile zobusha ngenkathi ebhekana nokushona komfowabo omncane, owabulawa yi-leukemia.
Abagxeki bamangala: le ncwadi yayintsha kakhulu, igcwele umoya wokuhlubuka, intukuthelo yentsha, ukudumala kanye namahlaya abuhlungu. Kuze kube manje, cishe amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-250 enoveli ashiya amashalofu njalo ngonyaka.
U-Holden Caulfield ungomunye wabalingiswa bemibhalo abadume kakhulu ezincwadini zaseMelika zekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
USalinger wayenobudlelwane obubi kakhulu noyise, umnikazi wesitolo senyama ongumJuda owayefuna indodana yakhe idle ifa lesitolo sakhe. Indodana ayizange nje ilandele iseluleko sayo, kodwa ayizange iwuhambele nhlobo umngcwabo kayise futhi kamuva yaba umuntu odla imifino.
Ngo-1963, uSalinger wayeseshicilele inqwaba yamanoveli nezindaba ezimfushane, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wamemezela ukungafuni ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala futhi wazinza eCornish, esethathe umhlalaphansi “ezilingo zezwe.” USalinger uphila impilo yokulala, ethi ofuna ukwazi ngaye akafunde izincwadi zakhe. Muva nje, izincwadi ezimbalwa zikaSalinger zathengiswa endalini futhi zathengwa akekho omunye ngaphandle kukaPeter Norton, owayeyi-CEO yakwaSymantec; ngokukaNorton, wathenga lezi zincwadi ukuze azibuyisele eSalinger, isifiso sakhe sokuzihlukanisa futhi “nokugcina noma ubani aphume empilweni yakhe yangasese” sifanele ukuhlonishwa.
Umuntu kufanele acabange ukuthi kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule, uSalinger ufunde okuningi ngaye. Zonke lezi zindaba, Salinger lokhu, Salinger ukuthi. Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi izidumbu zabhalwa kuwo wonke amaphephandaba amakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ama-Romanized biographies, ama-encyclopedic biographies, anezici zophenyo kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Ibalulekile?
Indoda ibhale inoveli, izindaba ezintathu, izindaba ezimfushane eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi yakhetha ukungawutsheli umhlaba okunye. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ukuze uqonde ifilosofi yakhe, isimo sengqondo sokudla imifino kanye nemibono ngempi yase-Iraq, udinga ukufunda imibhalo yakhe. Kunalokho, uSalinger wayezama njalo ukuxoxwa naye. Indodakazi yakhe yabhala umlando wokuphila konke ngoyise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJerome Salinger washona, eshiya (bathi) intaba yemibhalo yesandla endlini, eminye yayo (ababhalayo) elungele ukushicilelwa.
Impilo engekho emthethweni
Ngakho-ke kungakanani esikwaziyo ngoJerome Salinger? Mhlawumbe yebo, kodwa imininingwane kuphela. Imininingwane ethakazelisayo iqukethwe encwadini kaMargaret Salinger, owanquma “ukunikeza ubaba ngokugcwele ngenxa yobuntwana bakhe obujabulisayo.” Udonga lwe-rye lwahlukana kancane, kodwa into esemqoka yahlala ifihliwe, kuhlanganise nezihlobo zomlobi.
Esengumfana, wayephupha eyisithulu futhi eyisimungulu, ehlala endlini esemaphethelweni ehlathi futhi ekhuluma nomkakhe oyisithulu futhi oyisimungulu ngamanothi. Indoda endala, omunye angase athi, yafeza iphupho layo: isikhulile, isithulu, ihlala endaweni enehlathi, kodwa ayizizwa inesidingo esikhulu samanothi, ngoba isakhuluma kancane nomkakhe. Iqhugwane seliyinqaba yakhe, futhi ngumuntu ongavamile onenhlanhla kuphela okwaziyo ukungena ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo.
Igama lalo mfana nguHolden Caulfield, futhi uhlala endabeni esakhonzwa izigidi zentsha “engaqondwa kahle” - “The Catcher in the Rye.” Indoda endala ingumbhali wale ncwadi, uJerome David, noma, ngesitayela saseMelika, esifushaniswe ngamagama okuqala, JD, Salinger. Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, useminyakeni yawo-80 futhi uhlala eCornish, eNew Hampshire. Akakaze ashicilele lutho olusha kusukela ngo-1965, unikeza izingxoxo cishe noyedwa umuntu, futhi nokho usengumbhali ojabulela ukuthandwa okukhulu nokunakwa okunganakwa, hhayi e-United States kuphela.
Ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa kwenzeka ukuthi umlobi uqala ukuphila isiphetho somlingiswa wakhe, elalela ingqondo yakhe, ephinda futhi eqhubeka nendlela yakhe, efika emphumeleni wemvelo. Ingabe lesi akusona isilinganiso esiphezulu sobuqiniso bomsebenzi wombhalo? Mhlawumbe, abaningi bangathanda ukwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi u-Holden waba yini eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo. Kodwa umbhali, ophila ngesiphetho somfana osekhulile, akavumeli muntu ukuba avale, ecasha endlini lapho kungekho mphefumulo owodwa ophilayo ohlala amakhilomitha amaningana.
Yiqiniso, isikhathi sethu sisekude kakhulu kunesingcono kakhulu. Ilukuluku lomuntu nalo lingena ngezivalo ezivalwe ngci. Ikakhulukazi lapho izihlobo nabangane be-recluse endala beba umngane wokufuna ukwazi. Esinye isambulo esikhalayo mayelana nesiphetho sika-JD Salinger, esinzima futhi esinempikiswano, kwakuyisikhumbuzo sendodakazi yakhe uMargaret (Peg) Salinger, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2000 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Chasing the Dream".
Kulabo abathanda kakhulu umsebenzi kaSalinger kanye ne-biography, akekho umxoxi wezindaba ongcono. U-Peg wakhulela noyise ehlane laseCornish, futhi, njengoba esho, ubuntwana bakhe babufana nenganekwane eyesabekayo. Ukuba khona kukaJerome Salinger kwakungeyona njalo ukuboshwa ngokuzithandela, noma kunjalo, ngokusho kwendodakazi yakhe, ukucabanga okuthile okwesabekayo kwakulele empilweni yakhe. Selokhu kwathi nhlo kukhona ububili obudabukisayo kule ndoda.
Kungani? Impendulo, okungenani ingxenye ethile, ingatholakala kakade esigabeni sokuqala sezikhumbuzo zikaMargaret Salinger, ezinikezelwe ebuntwaneni bukayise. Umlobi odumile emhlabeni wonke wakhulela enkabeni yeNew York, eManhattan. Uyise, ongumJuda, wayechuma njengomthengisi wokudla. Umama owayevikela ngokweqile kwakungu-Irish, umKatolika. Nokho, elalela izimo, wazenza umJuda, efihlela ngisho nendodana yakhe iqiniso. USalinger, owayezazi ngokujulile “njengomJuda oyingxenye”, wafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ukuthi kuyini ukulwa namaJuda. Yingakho lesi sihloko sivela ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokucacile emsebenzini wakhe.
Ubusha bakhe bawela esikhathini esinzima. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni sezempi, i-JD yanyamalala phakathi kwe-American "GI" (iziqu). Njengengxenye ye-12th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Division, wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe II, wavula indawo yesibili, ehlala ogwini lwaseNormandy. Kwakungelula ngaphambili, futhi ngo-1945 i-classic yesikhathi esizayo yezincwadi zaseMelika ilaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
Noma ngabe kunjalo, uJerome Salinger akazange abe "umlobi ohamba phambili", nakuba, ngokusho kwendodakazi yakhe, emisebenzini yakhe yokuqala "isosha liyabonakala." Isimo sakhe sengqondo ngempi kanye nezwe langemva kwempi nalo lalingacacile - maye, kunzima ukuthola enye incazelo. Njengesikhulu se-American counterintelligence, i-JD ibambe iqhaza ohlelweni lwe-German denazification. Njengoba eyindoda ebuzonda ngenhliziyo yonke ubuNazi, wake wabopha intombazane - isisebenzi esincane seqembu lamaNazi. Futhi wamshada. NgokukaMargaret Salinger, igama lesiJalimane lomkakhe wokuqala kayise kwakunguSylvia. Kanye naye, wabuyela eMelika, futhi isikhathi esithile wayehlala endlini yabazali bakhe.
Kodwa umshado waba ngowesikhashana. Umbhali wezincwadi zezikhumbuzo uchaza isizathu segebe ngendlela elula kakhulu: “Wawazonda amaJuda ngentshiseko efanayo naleyo ayezonda ngayo amaNazi.” Kamuva, kuSylvia, uSalinger weza nesiteketiso esinendelelo esithi “Saliva” (ngesiNgisi, “spit”).
Umkakhe wesibili kwakunguClaire Douglas. Bahlangana ngo-1950. Wayeneminyaka engu-31 ubudala, eneminyaka engu-16. Intombazane evela emkhayeni ohlonishwayo waseBrithani yaweliswa i-Atlantic kude nobubi bempi. UJerome Salinger noClaire Douglas bashada, nakuba ayesenezinyanga ezimbalwa ukuba aqede esikoleni esiphakeme. Indodakazi, owazalwa ngo-1955, uSalinger wayefuna ukuqamba uPhoebe - ngegama likadadewabo kaHolden Caulfield endabeni yakhe. Kodwa lapha unkosikazi wakhombisa ukuqina. “Igama lakhe kuzoba nguPeggy,” kusho yena. Kamuva lo mbhangqwana waba nendodana, uMatthew. USalinger waba ubaba omuhle. Wadlala nezingane ngokuzithandela, ezijabulisa ngezindaba zakhe, lapho “umugqa phakathi kwenganekwane nezinto ezingokoqobo wasulwa khona.”
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbhali njalo wazama ukuzithuthukisa: kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe wafunda Hinduism. Wazama nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ngendlela enempilo. Ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene wayengumuntu othanda ukudla okuluhlaza, i-macrobiota, kodwa wabe esezinza ngokudla imifino. Izihlobo zomlobi azizange zikuqonde lokhu, zihlale zisabela impilo yakhe. Nokho, isikhathi sabeka yonke into endaweni yayo: USalinger waphila isikhathi eside.
Basho ngabantu abanjalo ukuthi abakaze bahambe unomphela. I-Catcher in the Rye isadayisa amakhophi angu-250.