Okuqukethwe
U-Albert Einstein wayengumdlali we-pacifist oqinile. Efuna impendulo yombuzo wokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuqeda izimpi, waphendukela kulokho ayekubheka njengesazi esiyinhloko semvelo yomuntu - uSigmund Freud. Ukuxhumana kwaqala phakathi kwalezi zihlakaniphi ezimbili.
Ngo-1931, i-Institute for Intellectual Cooperation, ngokusikisela kweNhlangano Yezizwe (isibonelo se-UN), yamema u-Albert Einstein ukuba bashintshisane ngemibono yezombangazwe nezindlela zokufinyelela ukuthula kwendawo yonke nanoma yimuphi umcabango awukhethile. Wakhetha uSigmund Freud, awela naye kafushane izindlela ngo-1927. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isazi esikhulu se-physics sasingabaza nge-psychoanalysis, wayethanda umsebenzi kaFreud.
U-Einstein wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala eya kusazi sokusebenza kwengqondo ngo-April 29, 1931. UFreud wasamukela isimemo sengxoxo, kodwa waxwayisa ngokuthi umbono wakhe ungase ubonakale ungenathemba kakhulu. Phakathi nonyaka, ongqondongqondo bashintshana ngezinhlamvu eziningana. Okuxakayo ukuthi zanyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1933, ngemva kokuba uHitler eqale ukubusa eJalimane, ekugcineni ebaxosha bobabili uFreud no-Einstein ezweni.
Nazi ezinye izingcaphuno ezishicilelwe encwadini ethi “Kungani siyidinga impi? Incwadi evela ku-Albert Einstein eya kuSigmund Freud ngo-1932 futhi uyiphendule.
Einstein ukuze Freud
“Umuntu uzivumela kanjani ukuthi ashukunyiswe umdlandla ongaka omenza adele ukuphila kwakhe? Kungaba nempendulo eyodwa kuphela: ukomela inzondo nokubhujiswa kukumuntu ngokwakhe. Ngesikhathi sokuthula, lesi sifiso siba khona ngendlela ecashile futhi sizibonakalisa kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile. Kodwa kuvele kube lula ukudlala naye futhi kumvuthele emandleni e-psychosis ehlangene. Lokhu, ngokusobala, ingqikithi ecashile yayo yonke inkimbinkimbi yezinto ezicatshangelwayo, imfumbe engaxazululwa uchwepheshe kuphela emkhakheni wemvelo yomuntu. (…)
Uyamangala ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukuthelela abantu nge-war fever, futhi ucabanga ukuthi kumelwe ukuba kukhona okungokoqobo ngemva kwalokho.
Kungenzeka yini ukulawula ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwengqondo kwesintu ngendlela yokulenza limelane ne-psychoses yonya nokubhujiswa? Lapha angiqondile izixuku okuthiwa azifundile kuphela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi kaningi yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-intelligentsia okuvame ukubona lesi siphakamiso esihlangene esiyinhlekelele, njengoba ungqondongqondo engakwazi ukuxhumana okuqondile neqiniso elithi «rough», kodwa uhlangabezana nemimoya, ifomu lokufakelwa emakhasini okushicilela. (…)
Ngiyazi ukuthi emibhalweni yakho singathola, ngokucacile noma ngokucashile, izincazelo zakho konke ukubonakaliswa kwale nkinga ephuthumayo nejabulisayo. Nokho, uzosenzela sonke inkonzo enkulu uma wethula inkinga yokuthula komhlaba ekukhanyeni kocwaningo lwakho lwakamuva, bese-ke, mhlawumbe, ukukhanya kweqiniso kukhanyisa indlela yezenzo ezintsha nezithela izithelo.
UFreud ku-Einstein
"Uyamangala ukuthi abantu bangenwa kalula yi-war fever, futhi ucabanga ukuthi kufanele kube khona into yangempela ngemuva kwalokhu - umuzwa wenzondo nokubhujiswa okungokwemvelo kumuntu uqobo, osetshenziswa abashisekeli bokufudumala. Ngivumelana nawe ngokugcwele. Ngikholelwa ebukhoneni balo mzwelo wemvelo, futhi muva nje, ngobuhlungu, ngibuke ukubonakaliswa kwawo okuphithizelayo. (…)
Lesi simo sengqondo, ngaphandle kokweqisa, sisebenza yonke indawo, siholela ekubhujisweni futhi silwela ukunciphisa ukuphila ezingeni le-inert matter. Kukho konke ukungathi sína, lifanelwe igama lomzwelo wokufa, kuyilapho izifiso ezivusa inkanuko zimelela umzabalazo wokuphila.
Ukuya kokuhlosiwe kwangaphandle, umuzwa wokufa uzibonakalisa ngendlela yemvelo yokubhubhisa. Isidalwa esiphilayo sigcina impilo yaso ngokucekela phansi eyomunye umuntu. Kwezinye izibonakaliso, umuzwa wokufa usebenza ngaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Siye sabona ukubonakaliswa okuningi okujwayelekile kanye ne-pathological ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwemizwelo ebhubhisayo.
Saze sawela ekudukeni kangangokuthi saqala ukuchaza umsuka kanembeza wethu ngokuthi «ukuguqula» ngaphakathi kwemibono enolaka. Njengoba uqonda, uma le nqubo yangaphakathi iqala ukukhula, imbi ngempela, ngakho-ke ukudluliselwa kwemibono elimazayo ezweni langaphandle kufanele kulethe ukukhululeka.
Ngakho-ke, sifinyelela ekuthetheleleni okungokwebhayoloji kwakho konke ukuthambekela okubi, okuyingozi esilwa ngakho umzabalazo ongapheli. Kusafanele kuphethelwe ngokuthi bangaphezu kwemvelo yezinto kunomzabalazo wethu nabo.
Kulawo magumbi ajabulisayo omhlaba, lapho imvelo ithela izithelo zayo ngobuningi kumuntu, ukuphila kwezizwe kugeleza ngentokozo.
Ukuhlaziya okuqagelayo kusivumela ukuthi sisho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ayikho indlela yokucindezela izifiso ezinonya zesintu. Bathi kulawo magumbi enjabulo omhlaba, lapho imvelo ithela izithelo zayo ngobuningi kumuntu, ukuphila kwabantu kugeleza ngokujabula, bengazi ukuphoqelelwa nolaka. Ngikuthola kunzima ukukholelwa (…)
AmaBolshevik aphinde afune ukuqeda ulaka lwabantu ngokuqinisekisa ukwaneliseka kwezidingo zezinto ezibonakalayo nangokubeka ukulingana phakathi kwabantu. Ngikholwa wukuthi la mathemba azohluleka.
Phela, amaBolshevik amatasa ethuthukisa izikhali zawo, futhi inzondo yawo ngalabo abangekho kuwo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ebunyeni bawo. Ngakho-ke, njengasesitatimendeni sakho senkinga, ukucindezelwa kolaka lomuntu akukho ku-ajenda; okuwukuphela kwento esingayenza ukuzama ukudedela umusi ngendlela ehlukile, sigweme ukungqubuzana kwezempi.
Uma ukuthambekela kwempi kubangelwa umuzwa wemvelo wokubhujiswa, khona-ke ikhambi lakho yi-Eros. Konke okudala umuzwa womphakathi phakathi kwabantu kusebenza njengekhambi lokulwa nezimpi. Lo mphakathi ungaba izinhlobo ezimbili. Eyokuqala ukuxhumana okufana nokukhangwa into yothando. Ama-Psychoanalysts awangabazi ukulibiza ngokuthi uthando. Inkolo isebenzisa ulimi olufanayo: "Thanda umakhelwane wakho njengoba uzithanda wena." Lesi sahlulelo esingcwele kulula ukusisho kodwa kunzima ukusikhipha.
Ithuba lesibili lokuthola ukujwayelekile ukuhlonza. Yonke into egcizelela ukufana kwezithakazelo zabantu yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuveza umuzwa womphakathi, ubuwena, lapho, ikakhulukazi, isakhiwo sonke somphakathi wesintu sisekelwe phezu kwawo.(...)
Impi isusa impilo enethemba; ululaza isithunzi somuntu, umphoqe ukuba abulale omakhelwane bakhe engafuni
Isimo esikahle emphakathini, ngokusobala, yisimo lapho umuntu ngamunye ehambisa imizwa yakhe engokwemvelo ezinqubweni zokucabanga. Akukho okunye okungaletha inyunyana ephelele nehlala njalo phakathi kwabantu, ngisho noma idala izikhala kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana komphakathi wemizwa. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezinto sinjalo kangangokuthi akuyona into engaphezu kwe-utopia.
Ezinye izindlela ezingaqondile zokuvimbela impi, kunjalo, zingenzeka, kodwa azikwazi ukuholela emiphumeleni esheshayo. Bafana netshe lokugaya eligaya kancane kangangokuthi abantu bangancamela ukufa ngendlala kunokulinda ukuba ligaye.” (…)
Wonke umuntu unamandla okuzidlula yena. Impi isusa impilo enethemba; kuthunaza isithunzi somuntu, kumphoqe ukuthi abulale omakhelwane bakhe engafuni. Ibhubhisa ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, izithelo zomsebenzi womuntu nokunye okuningi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zesimanje zempi zishiya isikhala esincane sobuqhawe bangempela futhi zingaholela ekubhujisweni okuphelele kwe-belligerent eyodwa noma zombili, uma kubhekwa ubunkimbinkimbi obuphezulu bezindlela zesimanje zokubhubhisa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kangangokuthi akudingeki sizibuze ukuthi kungani ukuqhutshwa kwempi kungakavinjelwa ngesinqumo esivamile.