Kanjani futhi kungani abantu kwadingeka babe nokuthula

Lapho sibuka izindaba ku-TV, sicabanga ukuthi siphila ezweni eligcwele izingxabano nobudlova. Nokho, uma sizihlolisisa futhi sitadishe umlando wezinhlobo zethu, kuvela ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinkawu, siyizidalwa ezinokuthula.

Uma usiqhathanisa nezihlobo zethu eziseduze, izinkawu, singabona ukuthi emaqenjini abantu izindlela zokubambisana ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi ukuzwela nokucabangela kuvamile kakhulu. Amathuba amaningi okuthi sixazulule izingxabano ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udlame kune-Kindred.

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo sekuyisikhathi eside zinesithakazelo embuzweni othi: iyiphi indima isifiso sokuthula esinayo ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi wethu? Ingabe ikhono lokungaxabani nabanye lithinta ukuvela komphakathi wethu? Amathonya, nokuthi kanjani, kusho isazi sezinto eziphilayo uNathan Lenz.

Ngaso sonke isikhathi ososayensi babenesithakazelo emehlukweni phakathi kwabantu nezihlobo zabo eziseduze kakhulu emhlabeni wezilwane. Kodwa yiziphi izizathu ezenza umuntu onengqondo abe nokuthula ngaphezu kokhokho bakhe? Ososayensi babala okungenani izici eziyisithupha ezibe nomthelela kule nqubo. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile ziningi ezinye, ngoba izinhlobo zethu ziye zavela cishe iminyaka eyisigidi. Ubani owaziyo ukuthi yiziphi izimfihlo indaba yakhe?

Cishe zonke izifundiswa ziyavumelana ngezinto eziyisithupha ezisohlwini, kusukela kuzazi ze-anthropologists kuya kochwepheshe bezokuhlalisana kwabantu, kusukela kochwepheshe bezokwelapha kuye kosocialologists.

1. Ubuhlakani, ukuxhumana nolimi

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziye zazakhela olwazo “ulimi” ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Imisindo, ukuthinta, isimo sobuso — konke lokhu kusetshenziswa izilwane eziningi, kusukela kumahlengethwa kuya ezinjeni zasemathafeni, uLenz uyakhumbula. Kodwa kusobala ukuthi ulimi lwesintu luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Ezinye izilwane zingase zicele okuthile okuqondile ezihlotsheni zazo futhi zize zichaze okwenzekayo, kodwa lokhu kunzima kakhulu kuzo. Enye into izilimi zabantu ezinamacala azo, imishwana eyinkimbinkimbi, izikhathi ezahlukahlukene, amacala kanye nokwehliswa…

Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlakanipha, ulimi nokuphilisana ngokuthula kuhlobene eduze. Uma kuziwa kuma-primates, usayizi wobuchopho (uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba esiphelele) uhambisana nosayizi weqembu ezihlala kulo. Futhi leli qiniso, ngokusho kochwepheshe bezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, libonisa ngokuqondile ubuhlobo phakathi kwamakhono omphakathi kanye namakhono okuqonda.

Izingxabano emaqenjini amakhulu zenzeka kaningi kunamancane. Ikhono lokuzixazulula ngokuthula lidinga ubuhlakani bomphakathi obuthuthukisiwe, izinga eliphezulu lozwela kanye namakhono okuxhumana abanzi kunezindlela ezinobudlova.

2. Ukubambisana ngokuncintisana

Ukuncintisana nokubambisana kungase kubonakale kuphambene nathi, kodwa uma kuziwa emaqenjini, yonke into iyashintsha. Abantu, njengabanye abameleli bezwe lezilwane, bavame ukuhlangana ukuze bamelane nezimbangi. Kuleli qophelo, imisebenzi emelene nomphakathi (ukuncintisana) iphenduka imisebenzi ye-pro-social (ukubambisana), kuchaza uNathan Lentz.

Ukuziphatha kwe-prosocial yilokho okuzuzisa abanye abantu noma umphakathi wonke. Ukuze uziphathe ngale ndlela, udinga ukwazi ukwamukela umbono womunye umuntu, uqonde ugqozi lwabanye futhi ukwazi ukuzwelana. Kubalulekile futhi ngathi ukulinganisa izidingo zethu nezidingo zabanye futhi sinike abanye njengoba sithatha kubo.

Ukuphakamisa wonke lawa makhono kwenze iqembu ngalinye laphumelela kakhulu ukuncintisana neminye imiphakathi. Saklonyeliswa ngokukhethwa kwemvelo: umuntu waba nekhono ngokwengeziwe futhi wakwazi ukwenza ukuxhumana ngokomzwelo. Ososayensi ngokuncokola bathi ngalezi zinqubo: "Abanobungane kakhulu bayasinda."

3. Izici zamasiko ezitholiwe

Amaqembu amalungu awo akwazi ukubambisana aphumelela kakhulu. Ngemva “kokuqonda” lokhu, abantu baqala ukuqongelela izici ezithile zokuziphatha kamuva ezaba nomthelela hhayi nje kuphela ekhonweni lokusungula ukuthula, kodwa futhi nasekuphumeleleni emqhudelwaneni. Futhi leli sethi lamakhono nolwazi liyakhula futhi lidluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Nalu uhlu lwezimpawu zamasiko zomuntu ezibe nomthelela ekwehleni kwenani lezingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu omphakathi:

1. ikhono lokufunda komphakathi
2. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwemithetho yokuziphatha emphakathini,
3. ukuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi,
4. uhlelo lokujezisa ngokuziphatha okuphambuka enkambisweni eyamukelekile,
5. ukuvela kwedumela elinomthelela empumelelweni yokuzala,
6. ukwakhiwa kwezimpawu ezingezona ezebhayoloji (izimfanelo), ezikhombisa ukuba seqembu elithile,
7. ukuvela "kwezikhungo" ezingakahleleki eqenjini elihlomulayo.

4. "Ikhaya" labantu

Ukuzibusa komuntu kuwumbono osekelwe ezimfundisweni zikaDarwin. Kodwa manje, njengoba siqala ukuba nesithakazelo esijulile ohlangothini lwezakhi zofuzo zasekhaya, lapho singakuqonda ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwakho. Incazelo yalo mbono ukuthi abantu bake bathinteka yizinqubo ezifanayo ezaba nomthelela ekufuyweni kwezilwane.

Izilwane zanamuhla ezifuywayo azifani kakhulu nabangaphambi kwazo basendle. Izimbuzi, izinkukhu, izinja namakati athambile, ayabekezelela futhi awavamile ukuba nolaka. Futhi kwenzeka ngokuqondile ngoba amakhulu eminyaka umuntu uye wazala izilwane ezilalela kakhulu, futhi wakhipha lezi ezinolaka kule nqubo.

Uma siqhathanisa thina sanamuhla nokhokho bethu, kuvele ukuthi nathi sinokuthula nokubekezela kunokhokho bethu bakudala. Lokhu kwashukumisela ososayensi ukuba bacabange ukuthi inqubo efanayo “yokukhetha” yathinta nabantu: labo ababebonisa ukuthambekela ebudloveni bashiywa ngaphandle. Kodwa abanikazi besitayela sokuziphatha se-prosocial bavuzwa.

Ngokwebhayoloji, lo mbono usekelwa izinguquko esingazibona ezilwaneni ezifuywayo. Amazinyo abo, izisekelo zamehlo kanye nezinye izingxenye ze-muzzle zincane kunalezo zangaphambi kwazo zasendulo. Siphinde futhi sifane kancane nezihlobo zethu zamaNeanderthal.

5. Ukuncipha kwamazinga e-testosterone

Yiqiniso, asikwazi ukukala amazinga e-testosterone kumathambo abantu nezilwane. Kodwa kunobufakazi obuxubile bokuthi amazinga amaphakathi ale hormone abelokhu ehla kancane kancane ezinhlotsheni zethu phakathi neminyaka engu-300 edlule. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwabonakala ebusweni bethu: ikakhulukazi, kwakungenxa yokwehla kwamazinga e-testosterone ukuthi babe yindilinga. Futhi amashiya ethu awabonakali kakhulu kunalawo okhokho bethu basendulo "abagqoka". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazinga e-testosterone ehla kokubili amadoda nabesifazane.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezahlukene, amazinga aphezulu e-testosterone ahlotshaniswa nokuthambekela kolaka, udlame kanye nokubusa. Izinga eliphansi lale hormone libonisa isimo esivumelanayo, esizolile. Yebo, kukhona ama-nuances, futhi emcabangweni wabantu, i-testosterone idlala indima eyihaba, kodwa noma kunjalo kukhona ukuxhumana.

Isibonelo, uma sifunda ngezimfene ezinolaka, ezixabanayo kanye nezihlobo zazo zama-bonobo eziphethwe abesifazane ezinokuthula, sithola ukuthi ezangaphambili zinamazinga e-testosterone aphezulu kakhulu kunawakamuva.

6. Ukubekezelela abantu abangabazi

Isici sokugcina esibalulekile sabantu okufanele sibalulwe yikhono lethu lokubekezelela nokwamukela abantu esingabazi, inqobo nje uma sibathatha bengamalungu omphakathi wethu.

Ngesinye isikhathi, imiphakathi yabantu yaba mikhulu kakhulu, futhi ukugcina irekhodi lamalungu ayo kwaba namandla kakhulu. Kunalokho, le ndoda yenza into emangalisayo futhi engenakwenzeka ezihlotsheni zayo eziseduze kakhulu: yahlakulela ukukholelwa kwangaphakathi kokuthi abantu angabazi abalona usongo kuye nokuthi singahlala ngokuthula ngisho nalabo abangenabo ubuhlobo nabo.

Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi amazinga ozwela nokucabangela akhule phakathi komphakathi wesintu kule minyaka eyisigidi edlule. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuziphatha kwe-prosocial kanye nesifiso sokubambisana phakathi kwamalungu eqembu elifanayo nakho kwanda. Yebo, udlame belulokhu luyingxenye yokuphila kwethu, kodwa kancane kancane lwancipha ngoba lwaluzuzisa uhlobo lwethu.

Ukuqonda izimbangela eziholele kulokhu kuncipha - kokubili kwezenhlalo, izakhi zofuzo kanye ne-hormonal - kuzosisiza sibe izidalwa ezinokuthula, okuzoqinisekisa impumelelo yesikhathi eside yezinhlobo zethu.