Ubungqingili: ukutholwa, ukusizwa ukuzala, ukuzala omunye umuntu... Okushiwo umthetho

Ngokwezibalo ezibekwe i-Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents and Future Parents (APGL) ngo-2018, kunezingane ezingama-200 kuye kwezingu-000 ezikhuliswe okungenani umzali oyedwa ongqingili eFrance. Yize iningi lale mindeni yobulili obufanayo ihlala nayo ingane evela kunyunyana yangaphambili, abanye bahlela ukutholwa noma ukuqala umndeni besebenzisa i-assisted reproduction (ART) noma i-surrogacy (I-Surrogacy).

Ngomhla zingama-25 kuSepthemba 2018, i-IFop ishicilele imiphumela yocwaningo oluhlola isifiso sezingane ze-LGBT (lesbian-gay-bisexual-transexual) abantu, olwenzelwe i-Association of Homoparental Families (ADFP). Okwenziwe phakathi kwabantu abangama-994 abathanda ubulili obufanayo, abathanda ubulili obubili noma abathanda ubulili obuhlukile, ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi eFrance, U-52% wabantu be-LGBT bathi bafuna ukuba nezingane empilweni yabo. Ukwenza lokhu, imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo icubungula kokubili ukutholwa kanye nethuba lokuthola usizo lokuzala kabusha noma ukutholwa, imithetho yokufinyelela eyashintshwa umthethosivivinywa we-bioethics, owamukelwe yiSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke ngoJuni 29. 2021. Ubani okwazi ukufinyelela lezi zindlela uqale umndeni? Lezi zindlela zihumusha kanjani mayelana nokuba umzali kanye nesimo esisemthethweni sabazali abayizitabane? Izimpendulo zethu ezinemininingwane.

Ukutholwa kwabashadile bobulili obufanayo: kukhohlisa ekusebenzeni

Ngokwe-athikili 346 ye-French Civil Code, "akekho ongathathwa ngabantu abangaphezu koyedwa, ngaphandle kwabashadile ababili”. Kusukela kwavulwa umshado osemthethweni kwabathandana nabobulili obufanayo, umthetho owamukelwa futhi washicilelwa ku-Official Journal ngoMeyi 18, 2013, imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo ngakho-ke inelungelo lokuphendukela ekukhuliseni izingane.

Ngaphambi kwezinguquko, noma lapho umshado ungekho, kwakungenzeka ukuba bamukele njengomuntu ongashadile, kodwa hhayi njengombhangqwana owawuqashelwa kanjalo.

Ngakho-ke ingane etholwa abantu bobulili obufanayo isemthethweni obaba ababili noma omama ababili, abanomzali ocacile, kanye negunya lomzali elihlanganyelayo.

Ngeshwa, empeleni, kusenzima ukuba imibhangqwana yobulili obufanayo ithole ingane, uma kuphela ngenxa yokwenqaba kwamazwe amaningi ukubavumela ukuba bathathe.

Uma umbhangqwana ongqingili ungashadile, oyedwa kulaba ababili abalingani angafaka isicelo sokutholwa njengomuntu ongashadile. Uzobe eseba nguye yedwa owaziwa njengomzali wokutholwa futhi ngenxa yalokho umnikazi weigunya labazali. Uma eseshadile, umlingani uzokwazi ukufaka isicelo sokutholwa kwengane yomlingani wakhe womshado.

Qaphela ukuthi 'umshado wawo wonke umuntu' awukalisusi iqiniso lebhayoloji: lapho ingane isivele inenhlangano eqinisekisiwe kamama noma ubaba, asikho esinye isixhumanisi sokubeletha noma ubaba esingasungulwa ngaphandle kokutholwa.

Ngokomthetho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokutholwa:

• ukutholwa ngokugcwele, enikeza ingane i-filiation ethatha indawo yokuzalwa kwayo kwasekuqaleni, ukuzalwa kwayo kwemvelo;
• I-adoption ilula, engabasusi abazali bengane begazi.

Ubungqingili nokusiza ukukhiqiza kabusha: intuthuko emthethweni we-bioethics wangoJuni 2021

La I-PMA yawo wonke umuntu, okusho ukuthi akusagcinelwe abesifazane abathandana nobulili obuhlukile kuphela kodwa kwanwetshwa kwabesifazane abangashadile noma ebuhlotsheni nowesifazane, kwakuyisithembiso somkhankaso sika-Macron, futhi samukelwa ngoLwesibili, Juni 29, 2021 ePhalamende Likazwelonke. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezingamashumi amabili nambili zengxoxo, abesifazane abangashadile nabashadile ngakho-ke babe nokufinyelela ekukhiqizeni okusizwayo.

I-PMA izobuyiselwa yi-Social Security kwabesifazane abangashadile nabashadile besifazane ngendlela efanayo nemibhangqwana yabantu bobulili obuhlukile futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe imibandela yeminyaka efanayo. Indlela ethize yokuhlanganisa abantu besifazane abangashadile isibekiwe: imayelana ukuqashelwa ngokuhlanganyela ekuqaleni, okumelwe kwenziwe ngaphambi kommeli olungisa izivumelwano ngesikhathi esifanayo nemvume yomnikelo odingekayo kubo bonke abashadile.

Kodwa empeleni, abesifazane abathandana nabanye besifazane bazokwengezwa ohlwini lwabalindile, okulinganiselwa ngo-2021 esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka ukuze bathole umnikelo wama-gametes, ngakho-ke bazoqhubeka ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqiza okusizwayo phesheya, ikakhulukazi emazweni angomakhelwane (iSpain, Belgium, njll.). Uma elinye lamalungu amabili alo mbhangqwana selikhulelwe ngenxa yokunikelwa kwesidoda nokusiza ekuzaleni phesheya, umama osemusha angakwazi. imvume yokutholwa kwengane yakhe ngumkakhe, kungenzeka njengoba ingane inomzali oyedwa kuphela osemthethweni. Lolu hlobo lwesimo seluvele lwenzeka izikhathi eziningana eFrance futhi akubhekwa njengokukhwabanisa ngokumelene nomthetho kanye nesithiyo sokutholwa ngaphakathi kombhangqwana wobulili obufanayo.

Ngakho-ke imibhangqwana yabesifazane abathandanayo abafuna ukuqala umndeni nge-WFP benza okwabo iphrojekthi yabazali ngezigaba ezimbili, kwasiza ukukhiqiza kwasekuqaleni, ukutholwa kwengane yomngane womshado ngemva kwalokho.

Ubungqingili kanye ne-surrogacy: isimo esisenzima kakhulu

I-Surrogacy (I-Surrogacy), okusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kukamama oshade naye, kusalokhu kungavunyelwe eFrance, kuyo yonke imibhangqwana. Ngakho-ke izithandani zobulili obufanayo zisebenzisa i-surrogacy kwamanye amazwe zivinjelwe.

Endabeni yombhangqwana ongqingili, umlingani womshado kuphela ongumzali wengane (okungukuthi lowo onikele ngesidoda sakhe ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-in vitro fertilization) oqashelwa njengomzali ophilayo nosemthethweni wengane.

Qaphela ukuthi INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu yalahla iFrance ngo-2014 ngokwenqaba isicelo sokuloba izitifiketi zokuzalwa zezingane ezitholwe yiGPA phesheya. Ubheka ukuthi lokhu kwenqaba kwephula amalungelo engane, okungase kuholele ekutheni iFrance ibuyekeze isimo.

Umehluko phakathi komzali osemthethweni nomzali wezenhlalo

Ngokomthetho waseFrance, kuphela abazali begazi noma abatholwayo baqashelwa njengabazali abasemthethweni bengane. Thina kanjalo ukuhlukanisa umzali osemthethweni, okungukuthi, lowo onokuxhumana okuphilayo noma kokutholwa nengane, kanye ne ukuhlalisana komzali, noma umzali ohlosiwe, esingenaso isimo esingokomthetho ngokubheka ingane.

Kumbhangqwana wesifazane, umzali wenhlalakahle umngane womshado ongazange azale ingane ngesikhathi kwenzeka imishanguzo ye-ART futhi ongaqhubekanga nenqubo ethile yokuhlanganisa.

Embhangqwaneni wesilisa oye waba ne-surrogacy, umzali wezenhlalakahle umngane womshado ongeyena uyise wengane.

Ngisho noma ebambe iqhaza ngokugcwele kuphrojekthi yabazali, iyena umzali ohlalisana naye akavumelekile emehlweni omthetho. Akanalo ilungelo noma umsebenzi ngengane futhi akanalo igunya lomzali. Isikhala esisemthethweni esingadala inkinga uma kushona umzali osemthethweni, noma ngisho nokuhlukaniswa kwabashadikazi bobulili obufanayo. Umzali wenhlalakahle ngeke ayishiyele lutho le ngane uma kwenzeka ishona, kwazise akahlonishwa ngokomthetho njengomzali wayo.

Nsuku zonke, lo mzali wenhlalakahle naye uhlangabezana nezithiyo ezibambekayo, njengokungakwazi ukwenza izinqubo zokuphatha zengane (ukubhaliswa enkulisa, esikoleni, izinqubo zokwelapha, njll.).