Abantu akufanele beqe imingcele ethile, ukuze bangezi enhlekeleleni yemvelo, ezoba usongo olukhulu ebukhoneni besintu emhlabeni.
Abacwaningi bathi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemingcele enjalo. Isazi sezemvelo saseNyuvesi yaseMinnesota uJonathan Foley sithi omunye waleyo mingcele yileyo phuzu lapho kwenzeka okuthile okuyinhlekelele. Kwesinye isimo, lezi izinguquko kancane kancane, okuthi, nokho, zidlulele ngale kwebanga elisungulwe emlandweni wesintu.
Nansi imingcele enjalo eyisikhombisa okuxoxwa ngayo okwamanje:
I-ozone ku-stratosphere
Ungqimba lwe-ozone yomhlaba lungafinyelela eqophelweni lapho abantu bengathola ukubola ngemizuzu emizuzwini uma ososayensi nabaholi bezombangazwe bengasebenzisani ndawonye ukulawula ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali aqeda i-ozone. I-Montreal Protocol ngo-1989 yavala i-chlorofluorocarbons, ngaleyo ndlela isindisa i-Antarctica embotsheni ye-ozone ehlala njalo.
Izazi zemvelo zikholelwa ukuthi iphuzu elibalulekile lizoba ukunciphisa ngo-5% kokuqukethwe kwe-ozone ku-stratosphere (ungqimba olungaphezulu lomkhathi) kusukela ezingeni lika-1964-1980.
UMario Molina, inhloko yeCentre for Strategic Studies in Energy and Environmental Protection eMexico City, ukholelwa ukuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwe-ozone ngo-60% emhlabeni wonke kungaba inhlekelele, kodwa ukulahlekelwa endaweni ka-5% kuzolimaza impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. .
Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba
Njengamanje, abezemvelo babeka umkhawulo we-15% ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kwezolimo nezimboni, okunikeza izilwane nezitshalo ithuba lokulondoloza inani labantu bazo.
Umkhawulo onjalo ubizwa ngokuthi "umbono onengqondo", kodwa futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. USteve Bass, uzakwabo omkhulu e-International Institute for Environment and Development eLondon, uthe lesi sibalo ngeke sikholise abenzi benqubomgomo. Kubantu, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kunenzuzo kakhulu.
Imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba kakhulu ingokoqobo, kusho uBass. Kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokonga zezolimo. Amaphethini omlando asevele eholele ekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi neziphepho zothuli.
Amanzi okuphuza
Amanzi ahlanzekile ayisidingo esiyisisekelo sokuphila, kodwa abantu basebenzisa inani elikhulu lawo kwezolimo. U-Foley nozakwabo baphakamise ukuthi ukuhoxiswa kwamanzi emifuleni, emachibini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba akufanele kudlule ama-cubic kilometers angu-4000 ngonyaka - lokhu kulinganiselwa kumthamo weLake Michigan. Njengamanje, lesi sibalo singama-cubic kilometers angu-2600 unyaka ngamunye.
Ukulima okujulile endaweni ethile kungase kudle amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile, kuyilapho kwenye ingxenye yomhlaba ecebile ngamanzi, kungase kungabi khona nhlobo ezolimo. Ngakho imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi ahlanzekile kufanele ihluke ngokwezifunda ngezifunda. Kodwa wona kanye umqondo "wemingcele yeplanethi" kufanele kube indawo yokuqala.
olwandle acidization
Amazinga aphezulu e-carbon dioxide angancibilikisa amaminerali adingwa izixhobo zamakhorali nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Izazi ze-ecologists zichaza umngcele we-oxidation ngokubheka i-aragonite, i-mineral building block yezixhobo zamakhorali, okufanele okungenani ibe ngu-80% wesilinganiso sangaphambi kwezimboni.
Lesi sibalo sisekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri ebonise ukuthi ukuncipha kwe-aragonite kunciphisa ukukhula kwezixhobo zamakhorali, kusho uPeter Brewer, usokhemisi wasolwandle eMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Ezinye izilwane zasolwandle zizokwazi ukusinda emazingeni aphansi e-aragonite, kodwa ukwanda kwe-asidi olwandle cishe kuzobulala izinhlobo eziningi ezihlala eduze kwezixhobo.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Namuhla, izinhlobo zezilwane ziyafa ngenani elisukela ku-10 kuye ku-100 ngesigidi ngonyaka. Njengamanje, izazi zemvelo zithi: ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane akufanele kudlule umkhawulo wezinhlobo eziyi-10 ngesigidi ngonyaka. Izinga lamanje lokuqothulwa kweqiwe ngokusobala.
Okuwukuphela kobunzima ukulandelelwa kwezilwane, kusho uChristian Samper, umqondisi weSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History eWashington. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinambuzaneni kanye nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle.
U-Samper wenze isiphakamiso sokuhlukanisa izinga lokuqothulwa libe amazinga wosongo eqenjini ngalinye lezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngakho, umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wamagatsha ahlukahlukene esihlahla sokuphila uzocatshangelwa.
Imijikelezo ye-nitrogen ne-phosphorus
I-nitrogen iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu, okuqukethwe kwayo okunquma inani lezitshalo nezitshalo eMhlabeni. I-Phosphorus yondla kokubili izitshalo nezilwane. Ukunciphisa inani lalezi zakhi kungase kubangele usongo lokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izazi ze-ecologists zikholelwa ukuthi isintu akufanele sengeze ngaphezu kwama-25% ku-nitrogen efika emhlabathini isuka emkhathini. Kodwa le mikhawulo ibonakale ingenangqondo kakhulu. UWilliam Schlesinger, umongameli we-Millbrook Institute for Ecosystem Research, waphawula ukuthi amagciwane enhlabathini angashintsha amazinga e-nitrogen, ngakho umjikelezo wawo akufanele uthonywe abantu. I-Phosphorus iyisici esingazinzile, futhi izinqolobane zayo zingaqedwa phakathi neminyaka engama-200.
Yize abantu bezama ukunamathela kule mikhawulo, kodwa ukukhiqiza okuyingozi kuvame ukuqongelela umthelela wawo ongemuhle, esho.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ososayensi abaningi nosopolitiki babheka izingxenye ezingama-350 ngesigidi njengomkhawulo wesikhathi eside ohlosiwe wokugxilisa isikhutha esisemoyeni. Lesi sibalo sisuselwa ekucabangeni ukuthi ukweqa kuzoholela ekufudumaleni okungu-2 degrees Celsius.
Nokho, lesi sibalo kuphikiswana ngaso njengoba leli zinga elithile lingaba yingozi esikhathini esizayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-15-20% ye-CO2 ekhishwayo ihlala emkhathini unomphela. Kakade esikhathini sethu, amathani angaphezu kwe-trillion ye-CO1 akhishiwe futhi isintu sesivele siphakathi komkhawulo obalulekile, okungaphezu kwalokho ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuzophuma ekulawuleni.