Isandla (esisuka kumamenu wesiLatini, “uhlangothi lomzimba”) yilungu elenziwe ngamathambo angama-27, elibamba iqhaza ikakhulukazi ekuguqukeni nasekuhambeni kwalo.

Amathambo esandla anamathambo angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa (1):

• I-carpus, yakhiwe imigqa emibili yamathambo amane amafushane, kanye nerediyasi ne-ulna kwakha ilunga lesihlakala (2)
• Iphasika, elenziwe ngamathambo amahlanu amade, lakha amathambo esundu futhi lifakwa ekwandisweni komunwe ngamunye
• Ama-phalanges ayishumi nane enza iminwe emihlanu yesandla

Ukunyakaza kwesandla. Amathambo, axhumene namalunga, asethwe anyakaze ngenxa yemisipha eminingi nemisipha ephendula emiyalezweni ehlukene yezinzwa. Isihlakala sivumela ukunyakaza kwe-lateral, ukunweba (phezulu), ukujika (phansi).

Sihlikihla. Umsebenzi obalulekile wesandla ukubamba, ikhono lesitho sokubamba izinto (3).

ukuphuka. Amathambo esandla angaphansi komthelela futhi aphuke kalula. Ukuqhekeka okwengeziwe kufanele kuhlukaniswe nokuqhekeka okuhlangene okubandakanya ukuhlangana nokudinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezilonda.

• Ukuqhekeka kwama-phalanges. Amathambo aqhekekile eminwe abangela ukuqina okuthinta ukuhamba kweminwe (4).
• Ukwehlukaniswa kwama-metacarpals. Etholakala entendeni yesandla, la mathambo angaqhekeka uma kwenzeka kuwa ngesibhakela esivaliwe noma ngokushaya ngamandla ngesandla (4).
• Ukuphuka kweScaphoid. I-Carpal bone, i-scaphoid ingaqhekeka uma kwenzeka kuwa esihlakaleni noma engalweni (5) (6).
• Ukuphuka kwesihlakala. Imvamisa, lokhu kwephuka kudinga ukusimama kwesihlakala ngokushesha futhi okulungisiwe ukuze kugwenywe ukufuduka.

Izifo zamathambo.

• Isifo se-Kienbock. Lesi sifo yi-necrosis yelinye lamathambo e-carpal lapho ukuphazanyiswa kokudla okunomsoco okuvela egazini kuphazamiseka (7).
• I-osteoporosis Bone fragility nobungozi bokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukulahleka kwamathambo abonwa ezifundweni ezisukela eminyakeni yobudala engama-60 ngokwesilinganiso.

Izifo zeMusculoskeletal (MSDs). Isihlakala singesinye sezitho eziphezulu ezithinteka yizinkinga zemisipha, ezaziwa njengezifo zomsebenzi futhi ezivela ngesikhathi sokucindezela ngokweqile, okuphindaphindayo noma okungazelelwe emlenzeni.

• I-tendonitis yesihlakala (de Quervain). Ihambisana nokuvuvukala kwamathenda esihlakaleni (9).
• I-Carpal tunnel syndrome: Lesi sifo sisho ukuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokucindezelwa kwemizwa yangaphakathi ezingeni lomhubhe we-carpal, owenziwe ngamathambo e-carpal. Kubonakala njengokuncinza kweminwe nokulahleka kwamandla emisipha (10).

I-arthritis. Ihambisana nezimo ezibonakaliswa ubuhlungu emajoyintini, emigudwini, emisipheni noma emathanjeni. Efaniswa nokuguga kwe-cartilage evikela amathambo amajoyinti, i-osteoarthritis yindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu ye-arthritis. Amalunga wezandla nezihlakala nazo zingathinteka ukuvuvukala esimweni sesifo samathambo (11). Lezi zimo zingaholela ekukhubazekeni kweminwe.

Ukuvimbela ukwethuka nobuhlungu esandleni. Ukunciphisa ukukhubazeka kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemisipha, ukuvimbela ngokugqoka ukuvikela noma ukufunda ukuthinta okufanelekile kubalulekile.

Ukwelashwa kwamathambo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokwephuka, ukufakwa kosimende noma i-resin kuzokwenziwa ukuvimbela isihlakala.

Imithi yokwelashwa. Ngokuya ngesifo, ukwelashwa okuhlukahlukene kunqunyelwe ukulawula noma ukuqinisa izicubu zamathambo.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokwephuka, ukuhlinzwa kungenziwa ngokubekwa kwezikhonkwane noma amapuleti okugoqa. Ukwelashwa kwesifo sikaKienböck kudinga nokwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuvame ukuxhaswa nge-x-ray. Kwezinye izimo, odokotela bazosebenzisa i-MRI, i-CT scan, noma i-arthrography ukuhlola nokukhomba izilonda.

Ithuluzi lokuxhumana. Izandla zomzimba zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhuluma.