Ukuthatheka, ubuntu obuhlukene, ukuzicabangela okumnyama... Ukuhlukanisa ubuntu kuyisihloko esingashi sabalingisayo, amafilimu athusayo namadrama engqondo. Ngonyaka odlule, izikrini ezikhishwe enye ifilimu mayelana nalokhu — «Hlukanisa». Sinqume ukuthola ukuthi isithombe "sesinema" sibonisa ukuthi kwenzekani ekhanda labantu bangempela abanokuxilongwa "kobuntu obuningi".
Ngo-1886, uRobert Louis Stevenson washicilela I-Strange Case kaDkt Jekyll noMnu Hyde. Ngoku "huka" i-monster eyonakele emzimbeni womnumzane ohloniphekile, uStevenson wakwazi ukukhombisa ubuthakathaka bemibono mayelana nenkambiso eyayikhona phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Kuthiwani uma wonke umuntu wezwe, ngokukhuliswa kwakhe okuhle nokuziphatha kwakhe, ozela uHyde wakhe?
UStevenson wenqabile noma yikuphi ukuxhumana phakathi kwemicimbi emsebenzini kanye nempilo yangempela. Kodwa ngonyaka ofanayo, isihloko sanyatheliswa udokotela wengqondo uFrederic Mayer mayelana nokwenzeka «ubuntu obuningi», lapho asho khona icala elaziwa ngaleso sikhathi - icala likaLuis Vive noFelida Isk. Ukuqondana?
Umqondo wokuhlalisana nokuzabalaza kobunikazi ababili (futhi ngezinye izikhathi nangaphezulu) bomuntu oyedwa uhehe ababhali abaningi. Inakho konke okudingayo ngedrama yezinga lokuqala: imfihlakalo, ukungabaza, ukungqubuzana, ukudelelwa okungalindelekile. Uma umba ujule nakakhulu, ama-motifs afanayo angatholakala esikweni lesintu - izinganekwane, izinganekwane nezinkolelo-ze. Ukuba namademoni, ama-vampires, ama-waswolves - zonke lezi zinhlelo zihlanganiswa umqondo wezinhlangano ezimbili ezizama ukulawula umzimba ngokuhlukile.
Isithunzi siyingxenye yobuntu obunqatshwa futhi bucindezelwa ubuntu uqobo njengobungathandeki.
Ngokuvamile umzabalazo phakathi kwabo ufanekisela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinhlangothi "zokukhanya" kanye "nezimnyama" zomphefumulo weqhawe. Yilokhu kanye esikubona kulayini we-Gollum/Smeagol ovela ku-The Lord of the Rings, umlingiswa odabukisayo, owonakaliswe ngokokuziphatha nangokomzimba ngamandla endandatho, kodwa egcina izinsalela zesintu.
Lapho isigebengu sisekhanda: indaba yangempela
Abaqondisi nababhali abaningi, ngomfanekiso wenye indlela ethi «I», bafuna ukukhombisa lokho uCarl Gustav Jung akubiza ngokuthi i-Shadow - ingxenye yobuntu enqatshiwe futhi ecindezelwe ubuntu uqobo njengobungathandeki. Isithunzi singaphila emaphusheni nasekuboneni izinto ezingekho, sithathe isimo sesilo esibi, idemoni, noma isihlobo esizondwayo.
UJung wabona enye yezinhloso zokwelashwa njengokuhlanganisa iSithunzi esakhiweni sobuntu. Efilimini ethi "Me, Me Again and Irene" ukunqoba kweqhawe phezu "kokubi" kwakhe "I" kuba ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunqoba phezu kokwesaba nokungazethembi kwakhe.
Efilimini ka-Alfred Hitchcock ethi Psycho, ukuziphatha kweqhawe (noma isigebengu) u-Norman Bates kufana nje nokuziphatha kwabantu bangempela abane-dissociative identity disorder (DID). Ungathola izindatshana ku-inthanethi lapho uNorman etholakala khona ngokuhambisana nenqubo ye-International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10): ukuba khona komuntu oyedwa kubantu ababili noma ngaphezulu abahlukene, i-amnesia (umuntu oyedwa akazi ukuthi yini omunye wenza ngenkathi engumnikazi womzimba) , ukuwohloka kokuphazamiseka okungaphezu kwemingcele yemikhuba yezenhlalo namasiko, ukudalwa kwezithiyo ekuphileni okugcwele komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka okunjalo akwenzeki ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithinta ingqondo futhi njengesibonakaliso sesifo sezinzwa.
I-Hitchcock ayigxili ekuhlushweni kwangaphakathi kweqhawe, kodwa emandleni abhubhisayo obudlelwane babazali lapho befika phansi ukuze balawule nokubaphatha. I-hero ilahlekelwa impi yokuzimela kwayo kanye nelungelo lokuthanda omunye umuntu, iguqule ngokoqobo ibe unina, obhubhisa konke okungaphoqa isithombe sakhe ekhanda lendodana yakhe.
Amafilimu enza kubukeke sengathi iziguli ze-DID zingase zibe izigebengu. Kodwa akunjalo
Ukumomotheka okusebusweni buka-Norman ekuthwebuleni kokugcina kubukeka kuthusa ngempela, ngoba ngokusobala akukona okwakhe: umzimba wakhe uthathwe ngaphakathi, futhi akanalo ithuba lokubuyisela inkululeko yakhe.
Kodwa nokho, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo nezindikimba ezihlaba umxhwele, lawa mafilimu asebenzisa ubuntu obuhlukene njengethuluzi lokudala indaba. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphazamiseka kwangempela kuqala ukuhlotshaniswa nabalingiswa befilimu abayingozi nabangazinzile. Isazi sezinzwa u-Simone Reinders, umcwaningi we-dissociative disorder, ukhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthi yimuphi umbono abantu abangawuthola ngemva kokubuka lawa mafilimu.
“Bakwenza kubukeke sengathi iziguli ze-DID zingase zibe izigebengu. Kodwa akunjalo. Ngokuvamile, bazama ukufihla izinkinga zabo ezingokwengqondo.”
Inqubo yengqondo eyenza ukuhlukana iklanyelwe ukukhulula umuntu ekucindezelekeni ngokweqile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. "Sonke sinomshini wendawo yonke wokuhlukanisa njengempendulo yokucindezeleka okukhulu," kuchaza isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo emitholampilo kanye nochwepheshe bengqondo u-Yakov Kochetkov. - Uma sesaba kakhulu, ingxenye yobuntu bethu - ngokunembile, isikhathi ubuntu bethu obuthatha - siyalahleka. Ngokuvamile lesi simo senzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezempi noma inhlekelele: umuntu uya ekuhlaseleni noma andizele endizeni ewayo futhi azibone eseceleni.
“Abantu abaningi bayehlukanisa njalo, futhi abanye bakwenza njalo kangangokuthi ukuzihlukanisa kuyindlela yabo eyinhloko yokusebenza ngaphansi kokucindezeleka,” kubhala isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uNancy McWilliams.
Ochungechungeni lwe-"So Different Tara" isakhiwo sakhiwe ngendlela umuntu ohlukanisa ngayo (umdwebi uTara) axazulula izinkinga ezivame kakhulu: ebuhlotsheni bothando, emsebenzini, nezingane. Kulokhu, «ubuntu» kungaba kokubili imithombo yezinkinga nabasindisi. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe ucezu lobuntu beqhawekazi: umama wekhaya ozinikele u-Alice wenza samuntu isiyalo nokuhleleka (Super-Ego), intombazane u-Birdie - okuhlangenwe nakho kwayo kwasebuntwaneni, nomakadebona ononya uBuck - izifiso "ezingakhululekile".
Imizamo yokuqonda ukuthi umuntu onenkinga yokuhlukanisa uzizwa kanjani yenziwa kumafilimu afana ne-Three Faces of Eve kanye ne-Sybil (2007). Zombili zisekelwe ezindabeni zangempela. I-prototype ka-Eva evela efilimini yokuqala nguChris Sizemore, omunye weziguli zokuqala ezaziwayo "ezilashiwe" ezinalesi sifo. USizemore wabambisana ngenkuthalo nodokotela bengqondo kanye nabelaphi, yena ngokwakhe walungiselela izinto zencwadi emayelana naye, futhi waba nesandla ekusabalaliseni ulwazi mayelana nenkinga yokuhlukanisa abantu.
Iyiphi indawo kulolu chungechunge "Ukuhlukana" kuzothatha? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imboni yefilimu inomqondo wayo: kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvusa uzungu nokujabulisa umbukeli kunokumtshela ngendlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuphi futhi lapho ungathola khona ugqozi, uma kungenjalo empilweni yangempela?
Into esemqoka ukuqaphela ukuthi iqiniso ngokwalo liyinkimbinkimbi futhi licebile kunesithombe esisesikrinini.
Umthombo: