32,6% – imikhiqizo kawoyela namafutha. 30,0% - amalahle. 23,7% - igesi. Okuthathu okuphezulu phakathi kwemithombo yamandla ehlinzeka ngesintu kubukeka kanjena. Izinkanyezi kanye neplanethi “eluhlaza” kusekude “njengomthala okude, kude”.
Kukhona ngempela umnyakazo obheke emandleni ahlukile, kodwa uhamba kancane kangangokuthi kuthenjwa ukuthi kuzoba nenqubekelaphambili - okwamanje. Masikhulume iqiniso: eminyakeni engu-50 ezayo, izibaso ezimbiwa phansi zizokhanyisa amakhaya ethu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ahlukile kuhamba kancane, njengendoda ewumnumzane osebeni lomfula iThames. Namuhla, kuningi okulotshiwe mayelana nemithombo yamandla okungeyona eyendabuko kunalokho osekwenziwe ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa kulolu hlangothi kukhona ama-mastodon angu-3 aziwayo adonsa yonke inqola ngemuva kwawo.
Amandla enuzi awacatshangelwa lapha, ngoba umbuzo wokuthuthuka kwawo kanye nokushesha kwentuthuko kungaxoxwa isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Ngezansi kuzoba nezinkomba zamandla eziteshi, ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziya amanani, sizokwethula indawo yokuqala: isitshalo samandla esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni yi-Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant (Japan). Enamandla angu-8,2 GW.
Amandla omoya: umoya osebenzela umuntu
Umgomo oyisisekelo wamandla omoya ukuguqulwa kwamandla e-kinetic okunyakaza kwezixuku zomoya zibe amandla ashisayo, emishini noma kagesi.
Umoya uwumphumela womehluko womfutho womoya ongaphezulu. Lapha isimiso se-classical "semikhumbi yokuxhumana" sisetshenziswa, kuphela emhlabeni wonke. Cabanga amaphuzu angu-2 - eMoscow naseSt. Uma izinga lokushisa eMoscow liphakeme, khona-ke umoya uyashisa futhi ukhuphuke, ushiye ukucindezela okuphansi kanye nenani elincishisiwe lomoya ezingqimbeni eziphansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukucindezela okukhulu eSt. Petersburg futhi kunomoya owanele "ovela ngezansi". Ngakho-ke, izixuku ziqala ukugeleza zibheke eMoscow, ngoba imvelo ihlale ilwela ukulinganisela. Yile ndlela ukugeleza komoya okwakhiwa ngayo, okubizwa ngokuthi umoya.
Le nhlangano iphethe amandla amakhulu, onjiniyela abafuna ukuwathatha.
Namuhla, u-3% wokukhiqizwa kwamandla omhlaba uvela ezinjinini zomoya, futhi umthamo uyakhula. Ngo-2016, umthamo ofakiwe wamapulazi omoya wedlula umthamo wezitshalo zamandla enyukliya. Kodwa kunezici ezi-2 ezinciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesiqondiso:
1. Amandla afakiwe angamandla amakhulu okusebenza. Futhi uma izitshalo zamandla enuzi zisebenza kuleli zinga cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, amapulazi omoya awavamile ukufinyelela izinkomba ezinjalo. Ukusebenza kahle kweziteshi ezinjalo kungama-30-40%. Umoya awuzinzi ngokwedlulele, okhawulela uhlelo lokusebenza esikalini sezimboni.
2. Ukubekwa kwamapulazi omoya kunengqondo ezindaweni zokugeleza komoya njalo - ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kokufakwa. Ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kwamajeneretha kunqunyelwe kakhulu.
Amandla omoya namuhla angabhekwa kuphela njengomthombo wamandla owengeziwe uma ehlanganiswe nalawo ahlala njalo, njengezimboni zamandla enuzi neziteshi ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ovuthayo.
Ama-Windmill aqala ukuvela eDenmark - alethwa lapha ama-Crusaders. Namuhla, kuleli zwe laseScandinavia, amandla angama-42% akhiqizwa amapulazi omoya.
Iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwesiqhingi sokwenziwa esiqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 ukusuka ogwini lwaseGreat Britain isicishe yaqedwa. Kuzokwakhiwa iphrojekthi entsha e-Dogger Bank - ibanga elingu-6 km2 kuzofakwa izinjini zomoya eziningi ezizodlulisela ugesi ezweni elikhulu. Kuzoba ipulazi elinomoya elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Namuhla, lena yiGansu (eShayina) enamandla angu-5,16 GW. Lena inkimbinkimbi yezinjini zomoya, ezikhula minyaka yonke. Inkomba ehleliwe ingu-20 GW.
Futhi kancane mayelana nezindleko.
Izinkomba zezindleko ezimaphakathi ze-1 kWh yamandla ekhiqiziwe yilezi:
─ amalahle 9-30 amasenti;
─ umoya 2,5-5 cents.
Uma kungenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga ngokuncika kwamandla omoya futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukwandise ukusebenza kahle kwamapulazi omoya, khona-ke banamandla amakhulu.
Amandla elanga: injini yemvelo - injini yesintu
Umgomo wokukhiqiza usekelwe ekuqoqweni nasekusabalaliseni ukushisa okuvela emisebeni yelanga.
Manje isabelo sezitshalo zamandla elanga (SPP) emhlabeni wokukhiqiza amandla yi-0,79%.
Lawa mandla, okokuqala, ahlotshaniswa namandla ahlukile - amasimu amnandi ahlanganiswe ngamapuleti amakhulu anama-photocell adonswa ngokushesha phambi kwamehlo akho. Empeleni, inzuzo yalesi siqondiso iphansi kakhulu. Phakathi kwezinkinga, umuntu angakwazi ukukhipha ukuphulwa kombuso wokushisa ngaphezu kwesitshalo samandla elanga, lapho izixuku zomoya zishisa khona.
Kunezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amandla elanga emazweni angaphezu kwama-80. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi sikhuluma ngomthombo osizayo wamandla, ngoba izinga lokukhiqiza liphansi.
Kubalulekile ukubeka kahle amandla, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona amamephu anemininingwane emisebe yelanga.
I-solar collector isetshenziselwa kokubili ukushisa amanzi okushisa kanye nokukhiqiza ugesi. Amaseli e-photovoltaic akhiqiza amandla "ngokungqongqoza" ama-photon ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya kwelanga.
Umholi mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamandla ezitshalweni zamandla elanga yiShayina, futhi ngokwesizukulwane nge-capita ngayinye - eJalimane.
Isikhungo esikhulu samandla elanga sitholakala epulazini lelanga le-Topaz, eliseCalifornia. Amandla angu-1,1 GW.
Kunentuthuko yokubeka abaqoqi ku-orbit futhi baqoqe amandla elanga ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yiwo emkhathini, kodwa lesi siqondiso sisenezithiyo eziningi zobuchwepheshe.
Amandla amanzi: ukusebenzisa injini enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni
I-Hydropower ingumholi phakathi kweminye imithombo yamandla. Amaphesenti angu-20 okukhiqizwa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke avela ku-hydropower. Futhi phakathi kwemithombo evuselelekayo ama-88%.
Idamu elikhulu lakhiwa engxenyeni ethile yomfula, elivimba ngokuphelele umzila. Idamu lamanzi lakhiwa enhla nomfula, futhi umehluko wokuphakama emaceleni edamu ungafinyelela emakhulwini amamitha. Amanzi adlula ngokushesha edamini kulezo zindawo lapho kufakwe khona ama-turbines. Ngakho-ke amandla amanzi anyakazayo ajikelezisa amajeneretha futhi aholele ekukhiqizeni amandla. Konke kulula.
Kuma-minuses: indawo enkulu igcwele izikhukhula, i-biolife emfuleni iphazamisekile.
Isiteshi esikhulu samandla kagesi ngamanzi yi-Sanxia (“Imihosha Emithathu”) e-China. Inamandla angu-22 GW, okuyisitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi zivamile emhlabeni wonke, futhi eBrazil zinikeza u-80% wamandla. Lesi siqondiso yisona esithembisa kakhulu kwamanye amandla futhi sithuthuka njalo.
Imifula emincane ayikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla amakhulu, ngakho iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi kuzo zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zendawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi njengomthombo wamandla kusetshenziswa imiqondo eminingana emikhulu:
1. Ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi. Ubuchwepheshe bufana ngezindlela eziningi nesiteshi samandla kagesi samanzi sakudala, umehluko kuphela ukuthi idamu alivimbeli isiteshi, kodwa umlomo wechweba. Amanzi olwandle enza ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanga kwenyanga, okuholela ekujikelezeni kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izinjini zomoya edamini. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe emazweni ambalwa kuphela.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wamagagasi. Ukushintshashintsha njalo kwamanzi olwandle oluvulekile nakho kungaba umthombo wamandla. Lokhu akukhona nje kuphela ukudlula kwamagagasi ngokusebenzisa izinjini zomoya ezifakwe ngokwezibalo, kodwa futhi ukusetshenziswa “kwezinto ezintantayo”: kodwa ubuso bolwandle bubeka iketango lezinto ezintantayo ezikhethekile, ngaphakathi okunama-turbines amancane. Ama-Waves spin generator kanye nenani elithile lamandla liyakhiqizwa.
Ngokuvamile, namuhla amanye amandla awakwazi ukuba umthombo wamandla womhlaba wonke. Kodwa kungenzeka ukunikeza izinto eziningi ngamandla azimele. Ngokuya ngezici zensimu, ungahlala ukhetha inketho engcono kakhulu.
Ukuze uthole ukuzimela kwamandla omhlaba, kuzodingeka okuthile okusha ngokuyisisekelo, “njengethiyori ye-ether” yomSerb odumile.
Ngaphandle kwe-demagogy, kuyamangaza ukuthi ngeminyaka yawo-2000, isintu sikhiqiza amandla hhayi kancane kancane kunelocomotive eyathathwa abazalwane bakwaLumiere. Namuhla, indaba yemithombo yamandla ihambe kakhulu emkhakheni wezombangazwe kanye nezezimali, okunquma isakhiwo sokukhiqizwa kukagesi. Uma amafutha ekhanyisa izibani, khona-ke othile uyawadinga ...