Umbhali ngu-SL Bratchenko, UProfesa Ohlangene woMnyango Wezengqondo, i-Russian State Pedagogical University. Herzen, ikhandidethi ye-psychology. Isayensi. Isihloko sokuqala sashicilelwa ku-Psychological Newspaper N 01 (16) 1997.
… Siyizidalwa eziphilayo, ngakho-ke, ngokwezinga elithile, sonke singabakhona.
J. Bugental, R. Kleiner
Indlela ekhona-yobuntu ayikho phakathi kwezilula. Ubunzima buqala ngegama ngokwalo. Ukubhekana nalokhu, umlando omncane.
Ukuqondiswa okukhona kwezengqondo kwavela eYurophu engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX lapho kuhlangana khona izitayela ezimbili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba ukunganeliseki kochwepheshe bezengqondo nabelaphi abaningi ngemibono eyayibusa ngaleso sikhathi kanye nokuqondiswa kwenhloso ethile, ukuhlaziywa kwesayensi komuntu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuwukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwefilosofi ekhona, eyabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ku-psychology kanye nengqondo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela umkhuba omusha ku-psychology - okhona, omelwe amagama afana noKarl Jaspers, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Viktor Frankl nabanye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ithonya le-existentialism ku-psychology alikhawulelwanga ekuveleni kwesiqondiso sangempela esikhona - izikole eziningi zengqondo zathatha le mibono ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Izisusa ezikhona zinamandla ikakhulukazi ku-E. Fromm, F. Perls, K. Horney, SL weshtein, njll. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngomndeni wonke wezindlela ezikhona futhi sihlukanise phakathi kwe-existential psychology (ukwelapha) ngomqondo obanzi futhi omncane. . Esimeni sakamuva, umbono okhona womuntu usebenza njengesikhundla esinesimiso esibonakala kahle nesisetshenziswa ngokungaguquki. Ekuqaleni, lo mkhuba okhona okhona (ngomqondo omncane) wawubizwa ngokuthi i-existential-phenomenological or existential-analytical futhi kwakuyinto yaseYurophu kuphela. Kodwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, indlela ekhona yanda e-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho phakathi kwabameleli bayo abavelele kwakunabaholi abathile besithathu, inguquko yesintu kwezokusebenza kwengqondo (okuyinto, yona, eyayisekelwe kakhulu emibonweni yobukhona): uRollo MAY, uJames BUGENTAL nokunye.
Ngokusobala, ngakho-ke, abanye babo, ikakhulukazi, u-J. BUGENTHAL bakhetha ukukhuluma ngendlela ekhona-yobuntu. Kubonakala sengathi ukuhlangana okunjalo kunengqondo futhi kunencazelo ejulile. I-Existentialism kanye ne-humanism ngokuqinisekile akuyona into efanayo; kanye negama elithi existential-humanistic alithathi nje kuphela ukungezona kwabo, kodwa futhi ukufana kwabo okuyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa ngokuyinhloko ukuqaphela inkululeko yomuntu yokwakha impilo yakhe kanye nekhono lokwenza kanjalo.
Muva nje, isigaba se-existential-humanistic therapy senziwe ku-St. Petersburg Association for Training and Psychotherapy. Kungaba okunembe kakhudlwana ukusho ukuthi iqembu lezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nabelaphi lithole isikhundla esisemthethweni, empeleni lisebenza ngale ndlela kusukela ngo-1992, lapho eMoscow, ngaphakathi kohlaka lweNgqungquthela Yomhlaba Wonke Yezengqondo Zomuntu, sahlangana noDeborah RAHILLY, umfundi futhi umlandeli ka-J. Bugental. Kwase kuthi uDeborah nozakwabo uRobert NEYDER, Padma KATEL, Lanier KLANCY nabanye baqhutshwa phakathi kuka-1992-1995. e-St. Petersburg izingqungquthela zokuqeqesha ezi-3 nge-EGP. Ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwama-workshops, iqembu lixoxile ngolwazi oluzuziwe, imibono esemqoka kanye nezici zendlela yokusebenza kule ndlela. Ngakho-ke, njengengxenye eyisisekelo (kodwa hhayi kuphela) ye-existential-humanistic therapy, le ndlela yakhethwa u-J. Bugentala, omalungiselelo akhe ayinhloko alandelayo. (Kodwa okokuqala, amagama ambalwa mayelana nenkinga yethu yesikhathi eside: yini okufanele siyibize? Izazi zezengqondo eziningi ezaziwayo ekubhalweni kwesiRashiya azitholi nje incazelo engavamile kakhulu, isibonelo, u-Abraham MASLOW, omunye wezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezinkulu kakhulu Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX, laziwa ngokuthi ngu-Abraham Maslow, nakuba, uma ubheka impande, kusho ukuthi u-Abram Maslov, futhi uma ubheka isichazamazwi, u-Abraham Maslow, kodwa bathola amagama amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, isibonelo, uRonald. LAING, aka LANG. Ikakhulukazi u-James BUGENTAL oneshwa — kubizwa ngezinketho ezintathu noma ngaphezulu; Ngicabanga ukuthi kungcono ukulibiza ngendlela akwenza ngayo yena — BUGENTAL.)
Ngakho-ke, izinhlinzeko ezibaluleke kakhulu zendlela J. Bugentala, yena ngokwakhe ayibiza ngokuthi ukwelashwa okushintsha ukuphila.
- Ngemuva kwanoma ibuphi ubunzima obuthile obungokwengqondo ekuphileni komuntu kulele ngokujulile (futhi akubonakali ngokucacile) izinkinga ezikhona zenkinga yenkululeko yokuzikhethela nokuzibophezela, ukuzihlukanisa nokuxhumana nabanye abantu, ukufuna injongo yokuphila nezimpendulo zemibuzo mina? Uyini lo mhlaba? njll. Endleleni ye-existential-humanistic, umeluleki ubonisa ukuzwa okukhethekile okukhona, okumvumela ukuba abambe lezi zinkinga ezifihliwe ezikhona kanye nezikhalazo ngemuva kwe-façade yezinkinga ezishiwo kanye nezikhalazo zeklayenti. Leli iphuzu lokushintsha impilo yokwelapha: iklayenti kanye nomelaphi basebenza ndawonye ukuze basize abangaphambili baqonde indlela abaphendule ngayo imibuzo ekhona yokuphila kwabo, futhi babuyekeze ezinye zezimpendulo ngezindlela ezenza ukuphila kweklayenti kube yiqiniso futhi egcwalisayo.
- Indlela ekhona-yobuntu isekelwe ekuqashelweni komuntu kuwo wonke umuntu kanye nenhlonipho yokuqala ngobungqayizivele bakhe nokuzimela. Kusho futhi ukuqwashisa komelaphi ukuthi umuntu ekujuleni kwengqikithi yakhe akanakucatshangelwa ngokungenasihluku futhi angakwazi ukwaziwa ngokugcwele, ngoba yena ngokwakhe angenza njengomthombo wezinguquko ebuntwini bakhe, abhubhise izibikezelo zenhloso kanye nemiphumela elindelekile.
- Ukugxila komelaphi, ukusebenza ngendlela ekhona-yobuntu, ukuzithoba komuntu, ukuthi, njengoba esho u-J. Bugenthal, iqiniso elingaphakathi elizimele neliseduze esiphila kulo ngobuqotho kakhulu. Ukuzithoba kungokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu, izifiso, imicabango, ukukhathazeka kwethu ... konke okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwethu futhi kunquma lokho esikwenzayo ngaphandle, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - lokho esikwenzayo kulokho okwenzeka kithi lapho. Ukuzithoba kweklayenti kuyindawo eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwemizamo yomelaphi, futhi ukuzithoba kwakhe kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusiza iklayenti.
- Ngaphandle kokuphika ukubaluleka okukhulu kwesikhathi esedlule nesesikhathini esizayo, indlela ekhona-yobuntu inika indima eholayo okumele isebenze esikhathini samanje nalokho okuphila ngempela ekuziphenduleleni komuntu okwamanje, okubalulekile lapha namanje. Kusenqubweni yokuphila okuqondile, okuhlanganisa izehlakalo zesikhathi esidlule noma ezizayo, lapho izinkinga ezikhona zingazwakala futhi zifezeke ngokugcwele.
- Indlela ye-presentential-humanistic kunalokho ibeka isiqondiso esithile, indawo yokuqonda ngomelaphi walokho okwenzekayo ekwelapheni, kunesethi ethile yamasu nemiyalelo. Ngokuphathelene nanoma yisiphi isimo, umuntu angathatha (noma angathathi) isikhundla esikhona. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo nokunotha kwezindlela zokwelapha ezisetshenziswayo, okuhlanganisa ngisho nezenzo ezibonakala zingezona ezokwelashwa njengeseluleko, isidingo, imfundo, njll. Isimo sebhajethi: ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, cishe noma yisiphi isenzo singaholela iklayenti ukuthi iqinise. ukusebenza ngokuzithoba; Ubuciko bomelaphi bulele ngokunembile emandleni okusebenzisa ngokugcwele i-arsenal ecebile ngaphandle kokudlulela ekukhohlisweni. Kwakungenxa yokwakhiwa kwalobu buciko be-psychotherapist lapho u-Bugental echaza imingcele eyinhloko ye-13 yomsebenzi wokwelapha futhi wenza indlela yokuthuthukisa ngayinye yazo. Ngokubona kwami, ezinye izindlela azikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokujula nokucophelela okungaka ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokwandisa amathuba okuzicabangela omelaphi.
Izinhlelo zesigaba se-existential-humanistic therapy zihlanganisa ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo nokuthuthukiswa okungokoqobo kwawo wonke ingcebo yetiyori kanye ne-methodological arsenal ye-existential-humanistic approach. Simema wonke umuntu ofuna ukuthatha isikhundla esikhona ku-psychology nasempilweni ukuthi abambisane futhi abambe iqhaza emsebenzini wesigaba.