Umuntu, njengesihloko somsebenzi osebenzayo kanye nethiyori, oqaphela futhi aguqule umhlaba, akayena umuntu ozicabangela ongenandaba nalokho okwenzeka eduze kwakhe, noma i-automaton efanayo eyenza izenzo ezithile, njengomshini ohlanganiswe kahle <. .> Uhlangabezana nokuthi kwenzekani kuye futhi kwenziwa kuye; uhlotshaniswa ngendlela ethile nalokho okumzungezile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwalobu budlelwano bomuntu nemvelo kuyindilinga yemizwa noma imizwa. Umuzwa womuntu isimo sakhe sengqondo ngezwe, kulokho abhekana nakho nakwenzayo, ngendlela yokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile.
Imizwa ingabonakala kancane ezingeni le-phenomenological elichazayo ngezici ezimbalwa eziveza ikakhulukazi. Okokuqala, ngokungafani, isibonelo, imibono ekhombisa okuqukethwe yizinto, imizwa iveza isimo sesihloko kanye nobudlelwano bakhe nento. Imizwa, okwesibili, ivame ukuhluka nge-polarity, okungukuthi ibe nesibonakaliso esihle noma esibi: injabulo - ukungajabuli, ukuzijabulisa - ukudabuka, injabulo - ukudabuka, njll. Zombili izigxobo azikho ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Emizweni yomuntu eyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile bakhe ubunye obuyinkimbinkimbi obuphikisanayo: emoneni, uthando oluvuthayo luhambisana nenzondo evuthayo.
Izimfanelo ezibalulekile ze-affective-emotional sphere, ezibonisa izigxobo ezinhle nezimbi emzwelweni, zijabulisa futhi azijabulisi. Ngaphezu kwe-polarity yokujabulisa nokungajabulisi, ezimeni zemizwelo kukhona (njengoba uWundt aphawula) okuphambene nokushuba nokukhipha, injabulo nokucindezeleka. <...> Kanye nenjabulo yokuthokoza (injabulo-injabulo, ukwethaba), kukhona injabulo ekuthuleni (injabulo ethintekayo, intokozo-ububele) nenjabulo enkulu, egcwele ukuzama (injabulo yethemba elishisekayo nokulindela ngokuthuthumela); ngendlela efanayo, kukhona ukudabuka okukhulu, okugcwele ukukhathazeka, ukudabuka okujabulisayo, eduze nokuphelelwa ithemba, nokudabuka okuthulile - i-melancholy, lapho umuntu ezwa khona ukuphumula nokuzola. <...>
Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kwangempela kwemizwa ezicini zayo ezihlukile, kuyadingeka ukwedlulela ngale kwezici ezichazayo ezichazwe ngenhla.
Isiqalo esiyinhloko esinquma ubunjalo nomsebenzi wemizwelo ukuthi ezinqubweni zemizwelo kuyasungulwa uxhumano, ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkambo yezenzakalo ezenzeka ngokuhambisana noma ngokuphambene nezidingo zomuntu, inkambo yomsebenzi wakhe okuhloswe ngawo ukwanelisa. lezi zidingo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nenkambo yezinqubo ze-organic zangaphakathi ezibamba imisebenzi ebalulekile ebalulekile lapho impilo yento yonke incike kuyo, ngakolunye; ngenxa yalokho, umuntu uhambisana nesenzo noma ukusabela okufanele.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalolu chungechunge olubili lwezigigaba emizwelweni bulamula izinqubo zengqondo - ukwamukela okulula, ukubona, ukuqonda, ukulindela okuqaphelayo kwemiphumela yenkambo yezenzakalo noma izenzo.
Izinqubo zemizwa zithola uhlamvu oluhle noma olubi kuye ngokuthi isenzo umuntu asenzayo kanye nomthelela achayeka kuwo kuhlobene okuhle noma okungekuhle ezidingweni zakhe, izithakazelo, izimo zengqondo; isimo sengqondo somuntu kubo kanye nenkambo yomsebenzi, eqhubekayo ngenxa yengqikithi yezimo eziqondile ngokuhambisana noma ngokuphambene nazo, inquma isiphetho semizwelo yakhe.
Ubudlelwano bemizwa nezidingo bungazibonakalisa ngezindlela ezimbili - ngokuhambisana nobubili besidingo ngokwaso, okuthi, ukuba yisidingo somuntu sento ethile ephikisana naye, kusho kokubili ukuncika kwakhe kokuthile kanye nesifiso sakhe ngakho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwaneliseka noma ukunganeliseki kwesidingo, okuyinto ngokwayo engazange ibonakale ngesimo somzwelo, kodwa isipiliyoni, isibonelo, ngendlela yokuqala yezinzwa eziphilayo, kungabangela isimo somzwelo senjabulo. - ukudumala, injabulo - ukudabuka, njll; ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo ngokwaso njengokuthambekela okusebenzayo singatholwa njengomzwelo, ukuze umuzwa nawo usebenze njengokubonakaliswa kwesidingo. Lokhu noma lowomuzwa ungowethu wento ethile noma umuntu - uthando noma inzondo, njll. - kwakhiwa ngesisekelo sesidingo njengoba siqaphela ukuncika kokwaneliseka kwabo kule nto noma umuntu, ehlangabezana nalezo zimo ezingokomzwelo zenjabulo, ukwaneliseka, injabulo noma ukungajabuli, ukunganeliseki, ukudabuka okuletha kithi. Ukwenza njengokubonakaliswa kwesidingo - njengendlela ethile yengqondo yobukhona bayo, imizwa iveza uhlangothi olusebenzayo lwesidingo.
Njengoba kunjalo, umzwelo ngokungenakugwenywa uhlanganisa isifiso, ukukhangwa kulokho okukhangayo emzweni, njengoba nje ukukhangwa, isifiso, ngaso sonke isikhathi kungokomzwelo okungaphezulu noma okuncane. Imvelaphi yentando nemizwelo (ithinta, inkanuko) ijwayelekile - ngezidingo: njengoba siqaphela into lapho ukwaneliseka kwesidingo sethu kuncike khona, sinesifiso esiqondiswe kuyo; njengoba sibhekana nalokhu kuncika ngokwako enjabulweni noma ekungajabulini esibangelwa yinto, sakha umuzwa owodwa noma omunye ngayo. Omunye ngokusobala akahlukaniseki komunye. Ubukhona obuhlukene ngokuphelele bemisebenzi noma amakhono azimele, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokuvezwa kokuhola okukodwa kuphela kwezinye izincwadi zokufunda zokusebenza kwengqondo futhi akukho kwenye indawo.
Ngokuvumelana nalokhu okubili kwemizwelo, okubonisa isimo sengqondo esikabili somuntu esisebenzayo emhlabeni, esiqukethwe isidingo, okubili, noma, ngokuqondile, amazwe amabili, njengoba sizobona, indima yemizwa emsebenzini womuntu iyashintsha. out to be: imizwa yakheka ngesikhathi somsebenzi womuntu okuhloswe ngawo ukumanelisa. izidingo; ngalokho okuvela emsebenzini womuntu ngamunye, imizwa noma izidingo ezitholwa ngesimo semizwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziyizisusa zomsebenzi.
Nokho, ubudlelwano phakathi kwemizwelo nezidingo abuyona neze into engaqondakali. Kakade esilwaneni esinezidingo zezinto eziphilayo kuphela, into eyodwa efanayo ingaba nezincazelo ezihlukile futhi eziphambene-ezinhle nezimbi ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezidingo zezinto eziphilayo: ukwaneliseka komunye kungase kubangele ukulimala komunye. Ngakho-ke, inkambo efanayo yomsebenzi wokuphila ingabangela kokubili ukusabela okuhle nokubi kwemizwa. Okungacace nakakhulu lesi simo sengqondo kubantu.
Izidingo zomuntu azisancishiswa zibe izidingo nje zezinto eziphilayo; unabo bonke abaphathi bezidingo ezahlukene, izithakazelo, izimo zengqondo. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezidingo, izithakazelo, izimo zengqondo zomuntu ngamunye, isenzo esifanayo noma isenzakalo esihlobene nezidingo ezahlukene singathola okuhlukile ngisho nokuphambene - kokubili okuhle nokubi - incazelo yomzwelo. Isenzakalo esisodwa futhi esifanayo singanikezwa ngokuphambene - okuhle nokubi - uphawu lomzwelo. Ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ukungahambisani, ukuhlukahluka kwemizwa yomuntu, ukungaboni ngaso linye kwabo. Ngakho-ke futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuyashintsha emkhakheni wemizwa, lapho, mayelana nokuguquguquka ekuqondeni kobuntu, umuzwa wokuthi lokhu noma leso simo sibangela, ngokuzumayo sidlulela kokuphambene. Ngakho-ke, imizwa yomuntu ayinqunywa ubuhlobo nezidingo ezizimele, kodwa ihlelwa isimo sengqondo ngomuntu ngamunye. Inqunywa isilinganiso senkambo yezenzo umuntu ahileleka kuzo nezidingo zakhe, imizwa yomuntu ibonisa ukwakheka kobuntu bakhe, iveze ukuthambekela kwabo, izimo zabo zengqondo; yini eshiya umuntu engenandaba nokuthi yini ethinta imizwa yakhe, yini emjabulisayo futhi edabukisayo, ngokuvamile embula ngokucacile - futhi ngezinye izikhathi ithengisa - ubuyena bakhe bangempela. <...>
Imizwa nemisebenzi
Uma konke okwenzekayo, ngokuphathelene nalokhu noma lokho budlelwane nomuntu, ngakho-ke kubangela lokhu noma leso simo sengqondo kuye, kungavusa imizwa ethile kuye, khona-ke ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwemizwa yomuntu kanye nomsebenzi wakhe ikakhulukazi. vala. Umzwelo onesidingo sangaphakathi uvela esilinganisweni - esihle noma esibi - semiphumela yesenzo esidingweni, okuyisisusa saso, umfutho wokuqala.
Lobu budlelwano buhlangene: ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkambo kanye nomphumela womsebenzi womuntu ngokuvamile kuvusa imizwa ethile kumuntu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imizwa yomuntu, izimo zakhe ezingokomzwelo zithinta umsebenzi wakhe. Imizwa ayigcini nje ngokunquma umsebenzi, kodwa yona ngokwayo ihlelwa yikho. Ubunjalo bemizwelo, izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo kanye nesakhiwo sezinqubo zomzwelo kuncike kuyo.
<...> Umphumela wesenzo ungase uhambisane noma ungahambisani nesidingo esibaluleke kakhulu somuntu okulesi simo okwamanje. Ngokuya ngalokhu, inkambo yomsebenzi womuntu izoveza esihlokweni umzwelo omuhle noma omubi, umuzwa ohambisana nenjabulo noma ukungajabuli. Ukubukeka kwalezi zimfanelo ezimbili ze-polar zanoma iyiphi inqubo yemizwa ngakho-ke kuzoncika ebudlelwaneni obuguqukayo phakathi kwenkambo yesenzo kanye nemizwa yayo yokuqala ekhula phakathi nomsebenzi kanye naphakathi komsebenzi. Izindawo ezingathathi hlangothi ezisebenzayo nazo zingenzeka, lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi ethile engenakho ukubaluleka okuzimele; zishiya umuntu engathathi hlangothi ngokomzwelo. Njengoba umuntu, njengomuntu oqaphelayo, uzibekela imigomo ethile ngokuhambisana nezidingo zakhe, ukuma kwakhe, kungashiwo ukuthi izinga elihle noma elibi lomzwelo linqunywa ubuhlobo phakathi komgomo kanye nomphumela we isenzo.
Ngokuya ngobudlelwano obuthuthukayo phakathi nomsebenzi, ezinye izakhiwo zezinqubo zomzwelo zinqunywa. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, kuvame ukuba namaphoyinti abalulekile lapho kunqunywa khona umphumela omuhle noma ongemuhle wesifundo, inzuzo noma umphumela womsebenzi wakhe. Umuntu, njengesidalwa esiqaphelayo, kancane kancane ubona kusengaphambili ukusondela kwala maphuzu abalulekile. Lapho usondela kubo, umuzwa womuntu - omuhle noma omubi - ukhulisa ukungezwani. Ngemva kokudluliswa kwephuzu elibalulekile, umuzwa womuntu - omuhle noma omubi - uyakhululwa.
Okokugcina, noma yimuphi umcimbi, noma yimuphi umphumela womsebenzi womuntu siqu maqondana nezisusa noma imigomo yakhe ehlukahlukene ungathola i-«ambivalent» — kokubili okuhle nokubi — incazelo. Lapho kuthatha imvelo ephikisanayo kakhulu, engqubuzanayo kanye nenkambo yezehlakalo ezibangelwa yikho, yilapho kuba nesiphithiphithi kakhulu isimo somzwelo sesifundo. Umphumela ofanayo njengokungqubuzana okungaxazululeki ungaveza inguquko ebukhali ukusuka kokuhle - ikakhulukazi okushubile - esimweni somzwelo ukuya kwesibi futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho inqubo iqhubeka ngokuvumelana, ngaphandle kokungqubuzana, lapho umuzwa uba nokuzola, ubukhali kanye nesasasa elincane kuwo. <...>
Izinhlobonhlobo <...> zemizwa zincike ezinhlobonhlobo zobudlelwano bokuphila kwangempela bomuntu obuvezwa kubo, kanye nezinhlobo zemisebenzi <...> ezenziwa ngayo. <...>
Ngokulandelayo, imizwa ithinta kakhulu inkambo yomsebenzi. Njengendlela yokubonakaliswa kwezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, imizwa isebenza njengezisusa zangaphakathi zomsebenzi. Le mizwa yangaphakathi, evezwa ngemizwa, inqunywa ubuhlobo bangempela bomuntu nezwe elimzungezile.
Ukuze kucaciswe indima yemizwa emsebenzini, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemizwa, noma imizwa, kanye nemizwa, noma ukusebenza kahle kanjalo.
Awukho nowodwa umzwelo wangempela ongancishiswa ube yiwodwa, emsulwa, okungukuthi engabonakali, ethinta inhliziyo noma ethinta inhliziyo. Noma imuphi umzwelo wangempela ngokuvamile uwubunye bokuthinta inhliziyo nobuhlakani, isipiliyoni kanye nokuqonda, njengoba kuhlanganisa, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye, izikhathi zokuziphendulela, imikhankaso, izifiso, njengoba ngokuvamile wonke umuntu evezwa kukho ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Ithathwa ngobuqotho obuphathekayo, imizwa isebenza njengezisusa, izisusa zomsebenzi. Banquma inkambo yomsebenzi womuntu, bona ngokwabo behlelwa yikho. Ku-psychology, umuntu uvame ukukhuluma ngokubumbana kwemizwa, ukuthinteka, nobuhlakani, ekholelwa ukuthi ngalokhu banqoba umbono ongabonakali ohlukanisa i-psychology ibe yizici ezihlukene, noma imisebenzi. Khonamanjalo, ngokwakhiwa okunjalo, umcwaningi ugcizelela kuphela ukuncika kwakhe emibonweni afuna ukuyinqoba. Eqinisweni, umuntu akumele akhulume nje ngokubumbana kwemizwa nobuhlakani empilweni yomuntu, kodwa ngobunye bomzwelo, noma obuthinta inhliziyo, nobuhlakani ngaphakathi kwemizwa ngokwayo, kanye nangaphakathi kobuhlakani uqobo.
Uma manje sihlukanisa imizwelo, noma ukusebenza kahle njengalokhu, emizwelweni, khona-ke kuyokwazi ukusho ukuthi ayinqumi nhlobo, kodwa ilawula kuphela umsebenzi womuntu onqunywe ngezinye izikhathi; kwenza umuntu azizwe ezwela kakhulu noma engaphansi kwemibono ethile, kudala, njengokungathi, uhlelo lwamasango, okuthi, ezimweni zomzwelo, abekwe komunye noma omunye ukuphakama; ukulungisa, ukuvumelanisa kokubili i-receptor, ingqondo ngokujwayelekile, kanye nemoto, ngokuvamile ephumelelayo, imisebenzi yokuzikhethela, inquma ithoni, ijubane lomsebenzi, ukuhambisana kwayo ezingeni elilodwa noma elinye. Ngamanye amazwi, imizwa kanjalo, i. imizwa njengomzuzwana noma uhlangothi lwemizwa, inquma ngokuyinhloko uhlangothi oluguquguqukayo noma isici somsebenzi.
Kungaba okungalungile (njengoba kwenza, isibonelo, K. Levin) ukudlulisa lesi sikhundla emizwelweni, emizweni ngokujwayelekile. Indima yemizwa nemizwelo ayinakuncishiswa ku-dynamics, ngoba yona ngokwayo ayinakuncishiswa kumzuzu owodwa womzwelo othathwe wodwa. Umzuzu oguquguqukayo kanye nomzuzu wokukhomba kuxhumene eduze. Ukwanda kokuthambekela nokushuba kwesenzo kuvamise ukukhetha kancane noma kancane: esimweni esithile somzwelo, samukelwe umuzwa othile, umuntu uba lula ukungenwa isifiso esisodwa futhi kancane kwabanye. Ngakho, izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ezinqubweni zemizwa ngokuvamile ziqondisa. <...>
Ukubaluleka okuguquguqukayo kwenqubo yemizwa ngokuvamile kungaba kabili: inqubo yemizwa ingakhuphula ithoni namandla okusebenza kwengqondo, noma inganciphisa noma iyibambezele. Abanye, ikakhulukazi uCannon, owafunda ngokukhethekile ukuvuswa imizwelo phakathi nentukuthelo nokwesaba, bagcizelela ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wabo wokuhlanganisa (umsebenzi ophuthumayo ngokusho kweCannon), kwabanye (E. Claparede, Kantor, njll.), Ngokuphambene nalokho, imizwa ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ukungahleleki. ukuziphatha; zivela ekungahleleni futhi zidale ukuphazamiseka.
Iphuzu ngalinye kulawa amabili aphikisanayo lisekelwe emaqinisweni angempela, kodwa womabili aqhubekela phambili enguqulweni engamanga ye-metaphysical «noma - noma» ngakho-ke, kusukela esigabeni esisodwa samaqiniso, baphoqeleka ukuthi bangaboni ngaso linye. . Eqinisweni, akungabazeki ukuthi lapha, futhi, iqiniso liyaphikisana: izinqubo zomzwelo zingandisa kokubili ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi futhi zingawuhleli. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kungancika ekushubeni kwenqubo: umphumela omuhle lowo inqubo yemizwa ewunikezayo ngokuqina okuthile ungaphenduka ube okuphambene nakho futhi unikeze umphumela ongemuhle, ongahlelekile nokwanda ngokweqile kokuvuka kwemizwa. Ngezinye izikhathi omunye wemiphumela emibili ephambene ubangelwa ngokuqondile kwenye: ngokwandisa umsebenzi ohlangothini olulodwa, umzwelo ngaleyo ndlela uyawuphazamisa noma ungawuhleli kwenye; umuzwa wokuthukuthela okhuphuka ngokucijile kumuntu, okwazi ukuhlanganisa amandla akhe ukulwa nesitha futhi ube nomphumela onenzuzo kulokhu, ungahlehlisa umsebenzi wengqondo ohlose ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izinkinga zethiyori.