NB Nordman
Uma uzithwese umthwalo ngokudla, sukuma etafuleni uphumule. Sirach 31, 24.
“Kukaningi ngibuzwa ngomlomo nangokubhala ukuthi sidla kanjani utshani notshani? Siyawahlafuna yini ekhaya, esitobhini noma edlelweni, futhi kangakanani ngempela? Abaningi bakuthatha njengehlaya lokhu kudla, bakwenze inhlekisa, abanye baze bakubone kucasula, abantu bangakuphiwa kanjani ukudla okudliwe yizilwane kuphela kuze kube manje!” Ngala mazwi, ngo-1912, ePrometheus Folk Theatre eKuokkala (idolobhana lamaholide eliseGulf of Finland, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-40 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSt. .
U-NB Nordman, ngokombono ongavumelananga wabagxeki abahlukahlukene, wayengomunye wabesifazane ababukeka kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngemva kokuba unkosikazi ka-IE Repin ngo-1900, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1914, wayeyinto eyintandokazi yokunakwa, okokuqala, kumaphephandaba aphuzi - ngenxa yokuthanda imifino kanye neminye imibono yakhe engavamile.
Kamuva, ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaSoviet, igama lakhe lavalwa. U-KI Chukovsky, owazana no-NB Nordman eduze kusukela ngo-1907 futhi wabhala i-obituary enkumbulweni yakhe, wanikela amakhasi ambalwa kuye ezindabeni zakhe eziphathelene nabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi Kusukela ku-Memoirs eyanyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1959, ngemva kokuqala kwe-"ncibilika". Ngo-1948, umhlaziyi wezobuciko u-IS Zilberstein waveza umbono wokuthi leyo nkathi empilweni ka-IE Repin, eyahlonzwa ngu-NB Nordman, isalinde umcwaningi wayo (cf. ngenhla nge. yy). Ngo-1997 i-athikili ka-Darra Goldstein ethi Is Hay Ngamahhashi Kuphela? Amaphuzu avelele e-Russian Vegetarianism at the Turn of the Century, ikakhulukazi anikezelwe kunkosikazi kaRepin: nokho, isithombe semibhalo sika-Nordman, esandulelwa umdwebo ongaphelele futhi onganembile womlando wokudla imifino waseRussia, awunabo neze ubulungiswa. Ngakho-ke, u-D. Goldstein ugxile kakhulu ezicini “ezibhemayo” zaleyo miklamo yezinguquko uNordman ake ayihlongoza; ubuciko bakhe be-Culinary futhi buthola ukufakwa okuningiliziwe, okungenzeka kungenxa yendikimba yeqoqo lapho lesi sihloko sishicilelwe khona. Ukusabela kwabagxeki akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuza; esinye sezibuyekezo sathi: Isihloko sikaGoldstein sibonisa ukuthi “kuyingozi kangakanani ukuhlonza inhlangano yonke nomuntu ngamunye <...> Abacwaningi besikhathi esizayo be-Russian Vegetarianism bangenza kahle uma behlaziya izimo eyavela kuzo kanye nobunzima okwadingeka babhekane nabo. , bese besebenzelana nabaphostoli bakhe.”
U-NB Nordman unikeza ukuhlolwa okunenhloso ka-NB Nordman encwadini yakhe yezeluleko neziqondiso zaseRussia zokuziphatha kusukela ngesikhathi sikaCatherine II: “Nokho ukubakhona kwakhe okufushane kodwa okunamandla kwamnikeza ithuba lokujwayelana nemibono nezinkulumo mpikiswano ezaziwa kakhulu. ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela ebufameni kuya enhlalakahleni yezilwane, kusukela “enkingeni yezinceku” kuya ekuphishekeleni inhlanzeko nokuzithuthukisa.
U-NB Nordman (igama elingelona iqiniso lombhali – uSeverova) wazalwa ngo-1863 e-Helsingfors (Helsinki) emndenini we-admiral yaseRussia edabuka eSweden kanye nenkosikazi yaseRussia; U-Natalya Borisovna wayehlale eziqhenya ngemvelaphi yakhe yaseFinland futhi ethanda ukuzibiza ngokuthi "owesifazane waseFinnish wamahhala". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wabhapathizwa ngokuvumelana nomkhosi wamaLuthela, u-Alexander II ngokwakhe waba unkulunkulukazi wakhe; wathethelela omunye wemibono ayithandayo kamuva, okungukuthi “ukukhululwa kwezinceku” ngokwenza umsebenzi ekhishini ube lula kanye nohlelo “lokuzisiza” etafuleni (elindele “ukuzisiza” kwanamuhla), walungisisa, okungenani, ngenkumbulo ye "Tsar-Liberator", okwathi ngomthetho ngoFebhuwari 19, 1861 waqeda i-serfdom. U-NB Nordman uthole imfundo enhle kakhulu ekhaya, imithombo ikhuluma ngezilimi ezine noma eziyisithupha u1909buXNUMXbazikhuluma; wafundela umculo, ukumodela, ukudweba nokuthatha izithombe. Ngisho nasentombazaneni, uNatasha, ngokusobala, wahlupheka kakhulu ebangeni elikhona phakathi kwezingane nabazali ezikhundleni eziphezulu, ngoba ukunakekelwa nokukhulisa izingane kwanikezwa ama-nannies, izintombi kanye nabesifazane abalindile. Indatshana yakhe emfushane ye-autobiographical ethi Maman (XNUMX), engenye yezindaba ezinhle kakhulu zezingane ezincwadini zesiRashiya, iveza ngokucace ngendlela emangalisayo umthelela izimo zomphakathi eziphuca ingane uthando lukamama ezingaba nawo emphefumulweni wengane. Lo mbhalo ubonakala uyisihluthulelo semvelo eqinile yokubhikisha komphakathi kanye nokwenqatshwa kwemikhuba eminingi yokuziphatha eyanquma indlela yakhe yokuphila.
Efuna ukuzimela kanye nomsebenzi owusizo womphakathi, ngo-1884, eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, waya e-United States unyaka, lapho asebenza khona epulazini. Ngemva kokubuya eMelika, u-NB Nordman wadlala esiteji se-amateur eMoscow. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayehlala nomngane wakhe oseduze u-Princess MK Tenisheva "emkhathini wokudweba nomculo", wayethanda "umdanso we-ballet, i-Italy, izithombe, ubuciko obumangalisayo, i-psychophysiology kanye nomnotho wezombusazwe." E-Moscow Theatre "iPharadesi" uNordman wahlangana nomthengisi osemusha u-Alekseev - yilapho athatha khona igama elingelona iqiniso elithi Stanislavsky, futhi ngo-1898 waba umsunguli we-Moscow Art Theatre. Umqondisi u-Alexander Filippovich Fedotov (1841-1895) wamthembisa "ikusasa elihle njengomlingisi wamahlaya", elingafundwa encwadini yakhe ethi "Intimate Pages" (1910). Ngemuva kokuba inyunyana ye-IE Repin no-EN Zvantseva ihlukumezeke ngokuphelele, uNordman wangena emshadweni womphakathi naye. Ngo-1900, bavakashela i-World Exhibition eParis ndawonye, babe sebethatha uhambo oluya e-Italy. U-IE Repin upende izithombe ezimbalwa zomkakhe, phakathi kwazo - isithombe ogwini lweLake Zell “NB Nordman egqoke ikepisi laseTyrolean ”(yy ill.), – isithombe sikaRepin esiyintandokazi somkakhe. Ngo-1905 baphinde baya e-Italy; endleleni, eKrakow, uRepin upenda esinye isithombe somkakhe; uhambo lwabo olulandelayo lokuya e-Italy, kulokhu lokuya embukisweni wezizwe ngezizwe eTurin kamuva eRoma, lwathatha uhambo ngo-1911.
U-NB Nordman washona ngoJuni 1914 e-Orselino, eduze kwaseLocarno, ngenxa yesifo sofuba somphimbo 13; Ngo-May 26, 1989, kwafakwa ipuleti lesikhumbuzo emathuneni endawo elinombhalo othi “umbhali nomlingani wokuphila wengcweti enkulu yaseRussia u-Ilya Repin” (ogulayo 14 yy). Lona wakamuva wanikezela ngencwadi yomngcwabo edabukisayo kuye, eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Vegetarian Herald. Phakathi naleyo minyaka eyishumi nanhlanu lapho engufakazi oseduze wemisebenzi yakhe, akazange ayeke ukumangala "ngedili lempilo" yakhe, ithemba lakhe, ingcebo yemibono nesibindi. I-"Penates", ikhaya labo e-Kuokkala, yasebenza cishe iminyaka eyishumi njengenyuvesi yomphakathi, ehloselwe umphakathi ohluke kakhulu; lapha kwanikezwa izinkulumo ezikhuluma ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezihloko: “Cha, ngeke umkhohlwe; ngokuqhubekayo, abantu abaningi bazojwayelana nezincwadi zakhe ezingalibaleki.
Encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo, u-KI Chukovsky uvikela u-NB Nordman ekuhlaselweni kwabezindaba baseRussia: "Intshumayelo yakhe ngezinye izikhathi yayingenangqondo kakhulu, ibonakala sengathi i-whim, i-whim - le ntshisekelo, ubudedengu, ukulungela zonke izinhlobo zomhlatshelo yathintwa futhi yajabula. wakhe. Futhi uma ubhekisisa, wabona ezintweni zakhe eziningi ezibucayi, ezinengqondo. I-Vegetarianism yaseRussia, ngokusho kukaChukovsky, ilahlekelwe umphostoli wayo omkhulu kuwo. “Ubenekhono elikhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkulumo-ze. Yeka indlela ayewathanda ngayo ama-suffragette! Ukushumayela kwakhe ngokubambisana kwasho ukuqala kwesitolo sabathengi esisebenzisanayo eKuokkale; wasungula umtapo wolwazi; wayezixakekisa kakhulu ngesikole; wahlela inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi; usize izindawo zokukhosela imifino - zonke zinothando olufanayo lokudla konke. Yonke imibono yakhe yayiyintando yeningi.” U-Chukovsky wamkhuthaza ngeze ukuthi akhohlwe ngezinguquko futhi abhale amanoveli, amahlaya, izindaba. “Lapho ngihlangana nendaba yakhe ethi The Runaway in Niva, ngamangazwa ikhono lakhe engangingalilindele: umdwebo oshukumisayo, onemibala eyiqiniso, egqamile. Encwadini yakhe ethi Intimate Pages kunezindima eziningi ezikhangayo mayelana nomqophi uTrubetskoy, mayelana nabaculi abahlukahlukene baseMoscow. Ngikhumbula ngendlela ababhali (okwakukhona nabakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwabo) ukuthakasela ngayo ukulalela umdlalo wakhe wamahlaya, Izingane Ezincane Eziphakathi Kwama-Penates. Wayeneso elibukhali, enekhono lokuxoxisana, futhi amakhasi amaningi ezincwadi zakhe ayimisebenzi yobuciko yangempela. Ngangikwazi ukubhala ngokuphepha ivolumu ngemva kwevolumu, njengabanye ababhali besifazane. Kodwa wakhangwa uhlobo oluthile lwebhizinisi, kolunye uhlobo lomsebenzi, lapho, ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukunyezwa, akazange ahlangane nalutho ethuneni.
Ukulandelela isiphetho sokudla kwemifino yaseRussia kumongo ojwayelekile wesiko laseRussia, kuyadingeka ukuhlala ngokuningiliziwe kumfanekiso we-NB Nordman.
Njengoba engumguquli emoyeni, wabeka uguquko (emikhakheni eyahlukene) esisekelweni sezifiso zakhe zokuphila, futhi ukudla okunomsoco - ngomqondo obanzi - kwakuyingqikithi yakhe. Indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni endleleni yokuphila yemifino ku-Nordman ngokusobala yadlalwa ukujwayelana noRepin, okwathi, ngo-1891, ngaphansi kwethonya likaLeo Tolstoy, waqala ukuba yimifino ngezinye izikhathi. Kodwa uma izici zokuhlanzeka kanye nempilo enhle ku-Repin bezingaphambili, khona-ke izisusa zokuziphatha nezenhlalo zaseNordman ngokushesha zaba ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-1913, encwajaneni ethi The Testaments of Paradise, wabhala: “Ngokuba amahloni, kumelwe ngivume ukuthi umqondo wokudla imifino angizange ngiwufinyelele ngokuziphatha, kodwa ngokuhlupheka ngokomzimba. Lapho ngineminyaka engamashumi amane [okungukuthi ngabo-1900 – PB] ngase ngikhubazekile. U-Nordman akazange nje afunde imisebenzi yodokotela u-H. Lamann no-L. Pasco, owaziwa ngo-Repin, kodwa futhi wakhuthaza i-Kneipp hydrotherapy, futhi wakhuthaza ukwenziwa lula nokuphila eduze nemvelo. Ngenxa yothando lwakhe olungenamibandela lwezilwane, wenqaba i-lacto-ovo imifino: nayo, "isho ukuphila ngokubulala nokuphanga." Wenqaba futhi amaqanda, ibhotela, ubisi ngisho noju futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, ngamagama anamuhla - njengoTolstoy - i-vegan (kodwa hhayi i-foodist eluhlaza). Yiqiniso, eTestamenteni lakhe lasePharadesi unikeza izindlela zokupheka eziningana zokudla okuluhlaza, kodwa ube esebeka ukuthi usanda kulungisa izitsha ezinjalo, akukabikho ukuhlukahluka okuningi kwimenyu yakhe okwamanje. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uNordman wazama ukunamathela ekudleni okuluhlaza - ngo-1913 wabhalela u-I. Perper: "Ngidla okuluhlaza futhi ngizizwa kahle <...> NgoLwesithathu, lapho sineBabin, kwaba nezwi lokugcina lokudla imifino: yonke into kubantu abangu-30 yayiluhlaza, kungekho neyodwa into ebilisiwe. U-Nordman wethule ucwaningo lwakhe emphakathini jikelele. Ngo-March 25, 1913, wazisa u-I. Perper nomkakhe basePenat:
“Sanibona, abahle bami, uJoseph no-Esther.
Siyabonga ngezincwadi zakho ezinhle, eziqotho nezinomusa. Kuyishwa ukuthi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwesikhathi, kufanele ngibhale ngaphansi kwalokho engingathanda. Ngingakunikeza izindaba ezinhle. Izolo, e-Psycho-Neurological Institute, u-Ilya Efimovich ufunde "Entsha", futhi mina: "Ukudla okuluhlaza, njengempilo, umnotho kanye nenjabulo." Abafundi bachitha isonto lonke belungisa izitsha ngokweseluleko sami. Kwakunabalaleli abangaba yinkulungwane, phakathi nekhefu banikeza itiye ngotshani, itiye lezimbabazane namasemishi enziwe ngeminqumo ehlanzekile, izimpande namakhowe obisi lwesafron, ngemva kwenkulumo wonke umuntu wathuthela egumbini lokudlela, lapho abafundi banikezwa khona izifundo ezine. isidlo sakusihlwa sama-kopecks ayisithupha: i-oatmeal ecwilisiwe, i-peas ecwilisiwe, i-vinaigrette evela ezimpandeni eziluhlaza kanye nezinhlamvu zikakolweni zomhlabathi ezingangena esikhundleni sesinkwa.
Naphezu kokungathembi okuhlale kuphathwa ekuqaleni kwentshumayelo yami, kugcine ngokuthi izithende zezethameli zikwazile ukuthungela izilaleli ngomlilo, zidle ubhontshisi obufakwe emanzini, uphizi kanye nenani elingenamkhawulo lamasemishi. . Baphuza utshani [okungukuthi itiye le-herbal. – PB] futhi wangena uhlobo oluthile kagesi, kwemizwa ekhethekile, okuyinto, yebo, kwaba lula ukuba khona Ilya Efimovich namazwi akhe, esikhanyiswa uthando abantu abasha. Umongameli wesikhungo u-VM Bekhterov [sic] kanye nabafundisi baphuza itiye ngotshani obolile kanye nezimbabazane futhi badla zonke izitsha ngesifiso sokudla. Saze saqoshwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngemva kwenkulumo, u-VM Bekhterov wasibonisa okuhle kakhulu futhi okucebe kakhulu ngokwesakhiwo sayo sesayensi, i-Psycho-Neurological Institute kanye ne-Anti-Alcohol Institute. Ngalolo suku sabona uthando oluningi kanye nemizwa eminingi emihle.
Nginithumelela incwajana yami esanda kunyatheliswa ethi [Paradise Covenants]. Bhala ukuthi uveze ukuthini kuwe. Ngiluthandile udaba lwakho lokugcina, ngihlala ngibekezelela izinto eziningi ezinhle neziwusizo. Thina, sibonga uNkulunkulu, sinamandla futhi sinempilo, manje sengidlule kuzo zonke izigaba zokudla imifino futhi ngishumayela ukudla okuluhlaza kuphela.
U-VM Bekhterev (1857-1927), kanye ne-physiologist IP Pavlov, umsunguli wemfundiso "ye-conditioned reflexes". Waziwa kakhulu eNtshonalanga njengomcwaningi wesifo esinjengokuqina komgogodla, namuhla esibizwa nge-Bechterew's disease (Morbus Bechterev). U-Bekhterev wayenobungane nesazi sezinto eziphilayo kanye nesazi sokusebenza komzimba u-Prof. U-IR Tarkhanov (1846-1908), omunye wabashicileli be-Vegetarian Bulletin yokuqala, naye wayesondelene no-IE Repin, okwathi ngo-1913 wapenda isithombe sakhe (egula. 15 yy.); kwethi “Penates” uBekhterev wafunda umbiko ngombono wakhe wokuluthwa ingqondo; ngo-March 1915 ePetrograd, kanye noRepin, benza izethulo ngesihloko esithi "Tolstoy njengengcweti nomcabango."
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi noma "utshani" - isihloko sokuhlekwa usulu kwabantu baseRussia besikhathi eside kanye nomshini wokushicilela wangaleso sikhathi - kwakungeyona neze into yokuguqula. UNordmann, njengabanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baseRussia, wamukela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ikakhulukazi inhlangano yezinguquko yaseJalimane, kuhlanganise neyakwaG. Lamann. Amakhambi amaningi nokusanhlamvu ayetuswa nguNordman ukuthi enze itiye kanye neziqephu (ama-decoctions) ayaziwa ngezakhiwo zawo zokwelapha ezikhathini zasendulo, ayedlala indima ezinganekwaneni, futhi ayetshalwa ezingadini zezindela zenkathi ephakathi. U-Abbess Hildegard waseBingen (1098-1178) uzichaze emibhalweni yakhe yesayensi yemvelo ethi Physica and Causae et curae. Lezi “zandla zonkulunkulu,” njengoba ngezinye izikhathi amakhambi ayebizwa kanjalo, zitholakala yonke indawo emithini yezokwelapha yanamuhla. Kodwa ngisho nocwaningo lwesimanje lwesayensi yezemithi luhlanganisa ezinhlelweni zalo isifundo sezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo ezitholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo.
Ukudideka komshini waseRussia mayelana nokuqanjwa kabusha kwe-NB Nordman kukhumbula ukumangala okungenangqondo komshini waseNtshonalanga, lapho, mayelana nokusabalala kwemikhuba yokudla imifino kanye nempumelelo yokuqala ye-tofu e-United States, izintatheli zithole ukuthi ubhontshisi wesoya, omunye wabo. izitshalo zasendulo ezitshalwa kakhulu, e-China bekulokhu kungumkhiqizo wokudla izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuvunywe ukuthi ingxenye yezindaba zaseRussia nayo yashicilela ukubuyekezwa okuhle kwezinkulumo zika-NB Nordman. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ngo-August 1, 1912, u-Birzhevye Vedomosti washicilela umbiko womlobi u-II Yasinsky (wayengumuntu odla imifino!) Mayelana nenkulumo yakhe ngesihloko esithi "Mayelana nesifuba somlingo [okungukuthi, mayelana nompheki wesifuba. – PB] kanye nalokho abampofu, abakhuluphele nabacebile okudingeka bakwazi ”; lesi sifundo sanikezwa ngempumelelo enkulu ngoJulayi 30 e-Prometheus Theatre. Kamuva, uNordmann uzokwethula "isifuba sompheki" ukuze kube lula futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zokupheka, kanye neminye imibukiso, eMoscow Vegetarian Exhibition ngo-1913 futhi uzojwayelanisa umphakathi izici ezihlukile zokusebenzisa izitsha ezigcina ukushisa - lezi nezinye izinguquko. amaphrojekthi awathatha evela eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
U-NB Nordman wayengumkhankaseli wakuqala wamalungelo abantu besifazane, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayephika ama-suffragette ngezikhathi ezithile; Incazelo kaChukovsky ngalo mqondo (bheka ngenhla) inengqondo impela. Ngakho-ke, wabeka ilungelo lowesifazane lokulwela ukuzazi hhayi kuphela ngokuba ngumama. By the way, yena wasinda kulo: indodakazi yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo uNatasha wafa ngo-1897 eneminyaka amasonto amabili. Empilweni yowesifazane, uNordman wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele kube nendawo yezinye izithakazelo. Esinye sezifiso zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba "ukukhululwa kwezinceku". Umnikazi we "Penates" waze waphupha ngokusungula ngokomthetho usuku lokusebenza lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili ezisebenzi zasendlini ezisebenza amahora angu-18, futhi wayefisa ukuthi isimo sengqondo "samakhosi" ezincekwini singashintsha, sibe nobuntu. Engxoxweni phakathi "kwentokazi yamanje" kanye "nowesifazane wekusasa", ivezwa isidingo sokuthi abesifazane baseRussia intelligentsia akufanele balwele nje ukulingana kwabesifazane besigaba sabo senhlalo, kodwa nakwabanye. ngokwesibonelo, abantu besifazane abangaphezu kwesigidi eRussia. UNordman wayeqiniseka ngokuthi “ukudla imifino, okwenza kube lula futhi kube lula izinkathazo zokuphila, kuhlobene eduze nendaba yokukhululwa kwezinceku.”
Umshado kaNordman noRepin, owayeneminyaka engu-19 ubudala kunomkakhe, yebo, kwakungeyona "ifu". Ukuphila kwabo ndawonye ngo-1907-1910 kwakuvumelana ngokukhethekile. Khona-ke babonakala bengenakuhlukaniswa, kamuva kwaba nezingxabano.
Bobabili babengabantu abagqamile futhi abanolaka, nakho konke ukuphambuka kwabo, bephelelisana ngezindlela eziningi. U-Repin wabonga kakhulu ngolwazi lomkakhe nethalente lakhe lokubhala; yena, wayemthanda umculi odumile: kusukela ngo-1901 waqoqa zonke izincwadi ngaye, wahlanganisa ama-albhamu abalulekile ngeziqeshana zephephandaba. Ezindaweni eziningi, baye bathola umsebenzi ohlangene othela izithelo.
U-Repin wabonisa eminye yemibhalo yomkakhe. Ngakho, ngo-1900, wabhala ama-watercolor ayisishiyagalolunye endabeni yakhe ethi Fugitive, eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Niva; ngo-1901, uhlelo oluhlukile lwale ndaba lwanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Eta, kwathi ngohlelo lwesithathu (1912) uNordman weza nesinye isihloko - To ideals. Ngendaba ethi Cross of Motherhood. Idayari eyimfihlo, eyanyatheliswa njengencwadi ehlukile ngo-1904, i-Repin yakha imidwebo emithathu. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi wakhe uwumklamo wekhava yencwadi kaNordman ethi Intimate Pages (1910) (ill. 16 yy).
Bobabili, uRepin noNordman, babekhuthele kakhulu futhi begcwele ukoma komsebenzi. Bobabili babesondelene nezifiso zomphakathi: umsebenzi womphakathi womkakhe, mhlawumbe, wayethanda u-Repin, ngoba ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe amashumi eminyaka kwaphuma imidwebo edumile ye-orientation yezenhlalakahle emoyeni we-Wanderers.
Lapho u-Repin eba yilungu labasebenzi be-Vegetarian Review ngo-1911, u-NB Nordman naye waqala ukusebenzisana nephephabhuku. Wenza yonke imizamo yokusiza i-VO lapho umshicileli wayo u-IO Perper ecela usizo ngo-1911 mayelana nesimo esinzima sezezimali salo magazini. Wabiza futhi wabhala izincwadi ukuze athole ababhalisile, waphendukela kuPaolo Trubetskoy kanye nomlingisi uLidia Borisovna Yavorskaya-Baryatynskaya ukuze asindise lo magazini "omuhle kakhulu". Leo Tolstoy, - ngakho wabhala ngo-October 28, 1911, - ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, "njengokungathi ubusisa" umshicileli kamagazini I. Perper.
Ku-“Penates” NB Nordman wethule ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhathi okuqinile kwezivakashi eziningi ebezifuna ukuvakashela i-Repin. Lokhu kwaletha ukuhleleka empilweni yakhe yokudala: “Siphila impilo ekhuthele futhi isatshalaliswa ngokuqinile ngehora. Samukela ngokukhethekile ngoLwesithathu kusukela ngo-3 ntambama kuya ku-9 ebusuku Ngaphezu kwangoLwesithathu, sisenayo imihlangano yabaqashi bethu ngamaSonto.” Izivakashi zingahlala njalo ngesidlo sasemini - ngokuqinisekile imifino - etafuleni eliyindilinga elidumile, nelinye itafula elijikelezayo elinezibambo phakathi, elivumela ukuzisiza; D. Burliuk wasishiyela incazelo emangalisayo yobumnandi obunjalo.
Ubuntu buka-NB Nordman kanye nokubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokudla imifino ohlelweni lwakhe lwempilo kubonakala ngokucace kakhulu eqoqweni lakhe lezindatshana I-Intimate Pages, okuyingxube engavamile yezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kanye nendaba ethi "Maman", yayihlanganisa nezincazelo eziphilayo ezincwadini zokuvakashelwa kabili kuTolstoy - eyokuqala, isikhathi eside, kusukela ngo-September 21 kuya ku-29, 1907 (izincwadi eziyisithupha eziya kubangane, amakhasi 77-96), kanti okwesibili, mfushane, ngo-December 1908 (amakhasi 130-140); lezi zindaba ziqukethe izingxoxo eziningi nezakhamuzi zaseYasnaya Polyana. Okuhluke kakhulu kuzo yimibono (izinhlamvu eziyishumi) ezatholwa uNordman ngenkathi ephelezela uRepin emibukisweni yeWanderers eMoscow (kusukela ngo-December 11 kuya ku-16, 1908 nango-December 1909). Umkhathi owawukhona embukisweni, izici zabadwebi VI Surikov, IS Ostroukhov kanye noPV Kuznetsov, umqophi u-NA Andreev, imidwebo yendlela yabo yokuphila; ihlazo ngomdwebo ka-VE Makovsky othi “Ngemuva Kwenhlekelele”, othathwe ngamaphoyisa; indaba yokuhlolwa kwezingubo ze-Inspector General ehlelwe ngu-Stanislavsky e-Moscow Art Theatre - konke lokhu kwabonakala ezindabeni zakhe.
Kanye nalokhu, Amakhasi Asondelene aqukethe incazelo ebucayi yokuvakashela umdwebi uVasnetsov, uNordman amthola kakhulu "iphiko langakwesokudla" nelithi "Orthodox"; izindaba ezengeziwe mayelana nokuvakasha zilandela: ngo-1909 - nguLO Pasternak, "umJuda weqiniso", "odweba futhi abhale <...> ngokungapheli amantombazane akhe athandekayo amabili"; i-philanthropist Shchukin - namuhla iqoqo lakhe elicebile elicebile lemidwebo yesimanjemanje yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu lihlobisa iHermitage yaseSt. kanye nemihlangano nabanye, abameleli abangaziwa kangako ngaleso sikhathi sobuciko baseRussia. Ekugcineni, le ncwadi ihlanganisa umdwebo ophathelene noPaolo Trubetskoy, osekuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla, kanye nencazelo “Yemihlangano Yabantu YangeSonto Lokubambisana Emaphenathini.”
Le midwebo yemibhalo ibhalwe ngepeni elilula; izingcezu ezifakwe ngekhono zezingxoxo; ulwazi oluningi oludlulisa umoya wangaleso sikhathi; lokho akubona kuchazwa ngokungaguquguquki ekukhanyeni kwezifiso zomphakathi ze-NB Nordman, ngokugxeka okunzima nokuhloswe kahle kwesikhundla esibi sabesifazane kanye nesigaba esiphansi somphakathi, ngesidingo sokwenza lula, ukwenqatshwa kwemihlangano ehlukahlukene yomphakathi kanye nezinkolelo-ze. , ngokutuswa kokuphila kwasemaphandleni eduze nemvelo, kanye nokudla kwemifino.
Izincwadi zika-NB Nordman, ezethula umfundi ngezinguquko zempilo aziphakamisayo, zanyatheliswa ngohlelo olunesizotha (cf.: The Testaments of Paradise - amakhophi ayi-1000 kuphela) futhi namuhla ziyivelakancane. I-Cookbook for the Starving (1911) kuphela eyanyatheliswa ngamakhophi ayi-10; yathengiswa njengamaqebelengwane ashisayo futhi yathengiswa ngokuphelele eminyakeni emibili. Ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwemibhalo ye-NB Nordman, ngizocaphuna izingcaphuno ezimbalwa eziqukethe ngokusobala izidingo ezingadingeki nhlobo ukuzilandela, kodwa ezingase zibangele umcabango.
“Ngangivame ukucabanga eMoscow ukuthi ekuphileni kwethu kunezinhlobo eziningi zamafomu aphelelwe yisikhathi okufanele sizilahle ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Nasi isibonelo, inkolo “yesivakashi”:
Umuntu onesizotha ohlala ngokuthula, odla kancane, ongaphuzi nhlobo, uyobuthana kwabajwayelene naye. Futhi ngakho, ngokushesha nje lapho engena endlini yabo, kumelwe ngokushesha ayeke ukuba yilokho ayikho. Bamamukela ngothando, ngokuvamile ngokumthopha, futhi bejahe kangaka ukumnika ukudla ngokushesha, njengokungathi ukhathele indlala. Inqwaba yokudla okudliwayo kufanele ibekwe etafuleni ukuze isivakashi singadli nje kuphela, kodwa futhi sibone izintaba zokudla phambi kwakhe. Kuzodingeka agwinye izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene ukuze alimaze impilo nengqondo ehluzekile kangangokuthi uqiniseka kusengaphambili ngesiyaluyalu sakusasa. Okokuqala, ama-appetizers. Okubaluleke kakhulu isivakashi, isinongo kanye nokudla okulula okunobuthi. Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene, okungenani 10. Bese isobho elinophayi nezinye izitsha ezine; iwayini liphoqeleka ukuba liphuze. Abaningi bayabhikisha, bathi udokotela wakwenqabela, kubangela ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuquleka. Akukho okusizayo. Uyisivakashi, uhlobo oluthile lwesimo ngaphandle kwesikhathi, nesikhala, nokunengqondo. Ekuqaleni, kunzima kuye, bese isisu sakhe sanda, futhi uqala ukumunca konke anikezwe kona, futhi unelungelo lokuthola izingxenye, njenge-cannibal. Ngemuva kwamawayini ahlukahlukene - i-dessert, ikhofi, utshwala, izithelo, ngezinye izikhathi i-cigar ebiza kakhulu izobekwa, intuthu kanye nomusi. Futhi uyabhema, futhi ikhanda lakhe ligcwele ubuthi, lizulazula ohlotsheni oluthile lwe-languor engenampilo. Bavuke ekudleni kwasemini. Emcimbini wesivakashi, wadla indlu yonke. Bangene endlini yokuphumula, impela isivakashi kumele somile. Shesha, shesha, seltzer. Lapho nje ephuza, kunikelwa amaswidi noma ushokoledi, futhi lapho bahola itiye ukuze baphuze nokudla okulula okubandayo. Isivakashi, uyabona, silahlekelwe umqondo ngokuphelele futhi sijabule, lapho ngehora lokuqala ekuseni sifika ekhaya futhi siwela embhedeni waso siqulekile.
Ngokulandelayo, lapho izimenywa zibuthene kulo muntu onesizotha, othule, uyahlanya. Nayizolo kwakuthengwa, umuzi wonke umi ngezinyawo, kwathethiswa izinceku zashaywa, yonke into ibheke phezulu, kuthoswa, kushunqiswa, sengathi kulindwe amaNdiya abulawa indlala. Ukwengeza, wonke amanga okuphila avela kulawa malungiselelo - izivakashi ezibalulekile zinelungelo lokulungiselela okukodwa, isitsha esisodwa, ama-vases nelineni, izivakashi ezijwayelekile - konke kubuye kube yisilinganiso, futhi abampofu bayababi kakhulu, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, bancane. Nakuba lezi kuyizo kuphela okungenzeka ukuthi ulambile ngempela. Futhi abantwana, nababusi, nezinceku, nomgcini wesango bafundiswa kusukela ebuntwaneni, bebheka isimo samalungiselelo, ukuhlonipha abanye, kuhle, ukukhothama ngesizotha, ukudelela abanye. Indlu yonke ijwayela ukuhlala emangeni aphakade - enye into kwabanye, enye ngokwabo. Futhi uNkulunkulu makabenqabele ukuba abanye bazi ukuthi baphila kanjani ngempela nsuku zonke. Kunabantu abathengisa izinto zabo ukuze bondle kangcono izivakashi, bathenge uphayinaphu newayini, abanye banqamule esabelweni sezimali, kokunye okudingeka kakhulu ngenjongo efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu ungenwe ubhubhane lokulingisa. "Ingabe kuzoba kubi kimi kunakwabanye?"
Avelaphi la masiko angajwayelekile? - Ngibuza u-IE [Repin] - Lokhu, mhlawumbe, kweza kithi kuvela eMpumalanga !!!
EMpumalanga!? Kungakanani okwaziyo ngeMpumalanga! Lapho, ukuphila komndeni kuvaliwe futhi izivakashi azivunyelwe ngisho nokuvala - isivakashi esisendlini yokwamukela izivakashi sihlala kusofa futhi siphuze inkomishi encane yekhofi. Yilokho kuphela!
- Futhi eFinland, izivakashi zimenywa hhayi endaweni yazo, kodwa esitolo sokudla noma endaweni yokudlela, kodwa eJalimane ziya komakhelwane bazo nobhiya bazo. Pho, ngitshele, livelaphi leli siko?
- Kusuka kuphi! Lesi yisici esiphelele saseRussia. Funda uZabelin, unakho konke okubhaliwe. Ezinsukwini zakudala, kwakukhona izitsha ezingu-60 esidlweni sakusihlwa namakhosi nama-boyars. Futhi na ngaphezulu. Zingaki, cishe angikwazi ukusho, kubonakala sengathi zifinyelele ekhulwini.
Ngokuvamile, izikhathi eziningi eMoscow imicabango edliwayo yayifika engqondweni yami. Futhi nginquma ukusebenzisa wonke amandla ami ukuze ngizilungise kusukela kumafomu amadala, aphelelwe yisikhathi. Amalungelo alinganayo nokuzisiza akuzona izinhloso ezimbi, phela! Kudingekile ukulahla i-ballast endala eyenza impilo ibe nzima futhi iphazamise ubudlelwano obuhle obulula!
Yiqiniso, lapha sikhuluma ngamasiko wesigaba esiphezulu somphakathi waseRussia wangaphambi kokuguquguquka. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungakhumbuli "ukwamukela izihambi zaseRussia", inganekwane yendlebe ka-IA Krylov Demyanov, izikhalazo zikadokotela uPavel Niemeyer mayelana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhuluphala" ezidlweni zangasese (Abfutterung in Privatkreisen, bheka ngezansi p. 374 yy) noma acacise isimo esabekwa uWolfgang Goethe, owathola isimemo esivela kuMoritz von Bethmann eFrankfurt ngo-October 19, 1814: “Ngivumele ngikutshele, ngokungagwegwesi kwesivakashi, ukuthi angikaze ngikujwayele ukuba nakho. isidlo sakusihlwa.” Futhi mhlawumbe othile uzokhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu.
Ukwamukela izihambi obsessive kwaba into yokuhlaselwa okubukhali nguNordman futhi ngo-1908:
“Futhi nasi sisehhotela lethu, ehholo elikhulu, sihlezi ekhoneni ukuze sidle ukudla kwasekuseni kwemifino. U-Boorykin unathi. Wahlangana ekheshini futhi manje usithela ngezimbali zokuguquguquka kwakhe <…>.
“Sizodla isidlo sasekuseni nesasemini ndawonye kulezi zinsuku,” kusikisela uBoborykin. Kodwa ingabe kungenzeka ukudla isidlo sasekuseni nesasemini nathi? Okokuqala, isikhathi sethu sifanelekile, futhi okwesibili, sizama ukudla kancane ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuletha ukudla okungenani. Kuzo zonke izindlu, i-gout ne-sclerosis inikezwa ngamapuleti amahle namavase. Futhi ababungazi bazama ngawo wonke amandla abo ukuwafaka ezivakashini. Ngolunye usuku saya kodla ukudla kwasekuseni okunesizotha. Esifundweni sesikhombisa, ngengqondo nganquma ukungazamukeli ezinye izimemo. Zingaki izindleko, zingakanani izinkathazo, futhi konke kuvumela ukukhuluphala kanye nezifo. Futhi nganquma ukuthi ngingaphinde ngiphathe noma ubani, ngoba kakade phezu kuka-ayisikhilimu ngezwa intukuthelo engafihlekile ngakumsikazi. Phakathi namahora amabili ehlezi etafuleni, akazange avumele neyodwa ingxoxo ukuba iqale. Waphazamisa amakhulu emicabango, edidekile futhi ecasukile hhayi thina kuphela. Manje kukhona ovule umlomo wakhe - wanqanyulwa ezimpandeni zezwi likankosikazi - "Kungani ungawudli umhluzi?" – “Cha, uma uthanda, ngizokubekela amanye amaturkey! ..” – Isivakashi, siqalaza ngokuxhamazela, sangenela impi yesandla nesandla, kodwa safela kuyo ngokungenakuguquleka. Ipuleti lakhe lalilayishwe phezu konqenqema.
Cha, cha - angifuni ukuthatha indima edabukisayo neyindebe ye-hostess ngesitayela esidala.
Umbhikisho omelene nezivumelwano zempilo ewubukhazikhazi nobuvila ungatholakala futhi encazelweni yokuvakasha kukaRepin noNordman kumdwebi nomqoqi u-IS Ostroukhov (1858-1929). Izivakashi eziningi zeza endlini ka-Ostroukhov ngobusuku bomculo obunikezelwe ku-Schubert. Ngemuva kwezintathu:
“FUTHI. E. [Repin] uphaphathekile futhi ukhathele. Isikhathi sokuhamba. Sisemgwaqeni. <…>
- Uyazi ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuhlala kumakhosi. <…> Cha, njengoba ufisa, angikwazi ukwenza lokhu isikhathi eside.
– Angikwazi futhi. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi uhlale phansi futhi uhambe futhi?
– Asihambe ngezinyawo! Kuyamangalisa!
– Ngiyahamba, ngiyahamba!
Futhi umoya ushubile futhi ubanda kangangokuthi awungeni emaphashini.
Ngakusasa, isimo esifanayo. Kulokhu bavakashele umdwebi odumile uVasnetsov: "Futhi nansi inkosikazi. U-IE wangitshela ukuthi wayevela ku-intelligentsia, kusukela kumfundi wokuqala wodokotela besifazane, ukuthi wayehlakaniphe kakhulu, enomdlandla futhi wayehlale engumngane omkhulu kaViktor Mikhailovich. Ngakho-ke akahambi, kodwa kanjalo – mhlawumbe uyantanta, noma uyagingqika. Ukukhuluphala, bangane bami! Yini futhi! Bheka. Futhi akanandaba - futhi kanjani! Nasi isithombe sakhe odongeni ngo-1878. Ozacile, ongokwengqondo, onamehlo amnyama ashisayo.
Izivumo ze-NB Nordman ekuzibophezeleni kwakhe ekudleni imifino zibonakala ngokungagwegwesi okufanayo. Ake siqhathanise incwadi yesine endabeni yohambo lwango-1909: “Ngemizwa nemicabango enjalo singene eSlavyansky Bazaar izolo ukuze sidle ukudla kwasekuseni. O, le mpilo yasedolobheni! Udinga ukujwayela umoya wayo we-nicotine, uzifake ubuthi ekudleni kwesidumbu, uthuntubeze imizwa yakho yokuziphatha, ukhohlwe imvelo, Nkulunkulu, ukuze ukwazi ukukukhuthazelela. Ngaphefumulela phezulu, ngakhumbula umoya opholile wehlathi lakithi. Futhi isibhakabhaka, nelanga, nezinkanyezi kunikeza ukukhanya ezinhliziyweni zethu. “Muntu, ngihlanzele ukhukhamba ngokushesha. Uyezwa!? Izwi elijwayelekile. Umhlangano futhi. Nakhona, sobathathu etafuleni. Ubani? Ngeke ngisho. Mhlawumbe ungaqagela. <...> Etafuleni lethu kunewayini elibomvu elifudumele, i-wisky [sic!], izitsha ezihlukahlukene, i-carrion enhle kuma-curls. <…> Ngikhathele futhi ngifuna ukuya ekhaya. Nasemgwaqweni kukhona okuyize, okuyize. Kusasa usuku olwandulela uKhisimusi. Izinqola zamathole aqandisiwe nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo zinwebeka yonke indawo. E-Okhotny Ryad, izigodi zezinyoni ezifile zilenga emilenzeni. Ngosuku Olulandela Kusasa Ukuzalwa KoMsindisi Omnene. Zingaki izimpilo ezilahlekile eGameni laKhe.” Ukucabangisisa okufanayo ngaphambi kukaNordman kungatholakala kakade endabeni kaShelley ethi On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814-1815).
Okufisa ukwazi ngalo mqondo ukuphawula ngesinye isimemo sabakwa-Ostroukhov, kulokhu sesidlo sakusihlwa (uhlamvu lwesikhombisa): “Saba nesidlo sakusihlwa semifino. Ngokumangalisayo, bobabili abanikazi, nompheki, nezinceku babengaphansi kwe-hypnosis yento eyisicefe, elambile, ebandayo futhi engabalulekile. Kwakufanele ngabe ulibonile lelo sobho lamakhowe elincanyana elinuka amanzi abilayo, lawo makhekhe erayisi anamafutha abilisiwe agoqwe kuwo ngokudabukisayo, kanye nepani elijulile okwakhishwa kulo isobho eliwugqinsi lesago ngokhezo. Ubuso obudangele obunombono ophoqelelwe kubo.”
Emibonweni yesikhathi esizayo, ezicini eziningi ezicace kakhulu kunalokho ezidonswa izinkondlo eziyinhlekelele ze-Symbolists yaseRussia, u-NB Nordman ubikezela ngokucacile nangokubukhali okumangalisayo inhlekelele ezoqubuka eRussia eminyakeni eyishumi. Ngemva kokuvakashela okokuqala e-Ostroukhov, uyabhala: “Ngamazwi akhe, umuntu wayengazizwa ekhulekelwa phambi kwezigidi zeShchukin. Mina, nginolwazi oluqinile ngamapheshana ami angama-kopeck angu-5, ngokuphambene nalokho, ngaba nobunzima ekubhekaneni nesimiso sethu somphakathi esingavamile. Ukucindezelwa kwenhloko-dolobha, usuku lokusebenza lwamahora angu-12, ukungavikeleki kokukhubazeka nokuguga kwabasebenzi abamnyama, abampunga, okwenza indwangu impilo yabo yonke, ngenxa yesinkwa, le ndlu enhle kakhulu yaseShchukin, eyakhiwe ngezandla. yezigqila ezinqanyuliwe ze-serfdom, futhi manje zidla amajusi afanayo abantu abacindezelwe—yonke le micabango yayibuhlungu kimi njengezinyo elibuhlungu, futhi lendoda enkulu, ekhulumayo yangithukuthelisa.”
Ehhotela laseMoscow lapho amaRepin ahlala khona ngo-December 1909, ngosuku lokuqala lukaKhisimusi, uNordman welula izandla zakhe kubo bonke abahamba ngezinyawo, abathwali bempahla, abafana futhi wabahalalisela ngeHolide Elikhulu. “Usuku lukaKhisimusi, nabanumzane bazithathela lona. Yikuphi ukudla kwasekuseni, itiye, ukudla kwasemini, ukugibela, ukuvakasha, idina. Futhi lingakanani iwayini - amahlathi agcwele amabhodlela ematafuleni. Kuthiwani ngabo? <...> Singongqondongqondo, Madoda, sisodwa - yonke indawo esizungezile igcwele izigidi zezimpilo zabanye abantu. <...> Akwethusi yini ukuthi sebezogqabula amaketango basikhukhule ngobumnyama babo, ukungazi nogologo.
Imicabango enjalo ayishiyi i-NB Nordman ngisho nase-Yasnaya Polyana. “Yonke into elapha ilula, kodwa hhayi i-eccentric, njengomnikazi womhlaba. <...> Kuzwakala sengathi izindlu ezimbili ezingenalutho zimi zingenakuzivikela phakathi nehlathi <...> Ekuthuleni kobusuku obumnyama, ukukhanya komlilo kuyaphupha, ukwesabeka kokuhlaselwa nokunqotshwa, futhi ngubani owaziyo ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezesabekayo nokwesaba. Futhi umuntu unomuzwa wokuthi ngokushesha noma kamuva lawo mandla amakhulu azothatha izintambo, ashanele lonke isiko elidala futhi ahlele yonke into ngendlela yayo, ngendlela entsha. Futhi ngemva konyaka, futhi e-Yasnaya Polyana: "I-LN ishiya, futhi ngihamba ngezinyawo ne-IE ngisadinga ukuphefumula umoya waseRussia "(ngaphambi kokubuyela" ku-Finnish "Kuokkala). Idolobhana liyabonakala kude:
“Kodwa eFinland ukuphila kusehluke ngokuphelele kunaseRussia,” ngisho. “Yonke iRussia isezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho kusekhona okunethezeka, izindawo zokugcina izithombo, amapentshisi nama roses aqhakazile, umtapo wolwazi, ikhemisi lasekhaya, ipaki, indawo yokugeza, futhi yonke indawo manje kukhona lobu bumnyama obudala. , ubumpofu nokuntuleka kwamalungelo. Sinomakhelwane abampofu eKuokkala, kodwa ngendlela yabo bacebe kakhulu kunathi. Yeka izinkomo, amahhashi! Ingakanani indawo, okungenani enenani lama-ruble angu-3. qonda. Mangaki ama-dachas ngamunye. Futhi i-dacha ngonyaka inikeza ama-ruble angu-400 500. Ebusika, baphinde babe nemali enhle - ukugxilisa izinguzunga zeqhwa, ukuhlinzeka ngama-ruffs nama-burbots eSt. Umakhelwane ngamunye unezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeholo lonyaka, futhi ubuhlobo bethu naye buyalingana ngokuphelele. Ikuphi enye iRussia ngaphambi kwalokhu?!
Futhi kubonakala kimi ukuthi iRussia okwamanje iphakathi kohlobo oluthile lwe-interregnum: endala iyafa, futhi entsha ayikakazalwa. Futhi ngiyamzwela futhi ngifuna ukumshiya ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
I. Isiphakamiso sika-Perper sokuzinikela ngokuphelele ekusabalaliseni imibono yemifino u-NB Nordman wenqatshiwe. Umsebenzi wezincwadi nemibuzo “yokukhululwa kwezinceku” kwakubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu kuye futhi kwamthatha ngokuphelele; walwela izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana; izinceku, isibonelo, kwakudingeka zihlale etafuleni nabanikazi - lokhu, ngokusho kwakhe, noVG Chertkov. Izitolo zezincwadi zangabaza ukudayisa ipheshana lakhe ngesimo sezisebenzi zasendlini; kodwa wathola indlela yokuphuma ngokusebenzisa izimvilophu ezinyatheliswe ngokukhethekile ezinombhalo othi: “Izinceku kufanele zikhululwe. Ipheshana lika-NB Nordman”, futhi phansi: “Ungabulali. VI umyalo” (ill. 8).
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokushona kukaNordman, incwadi yakhe ethi “Appeal to a Russian Intelligent Woman” yanyatheliswa kuyi-VO, lapho ephinda ekhuthaza ukukhululwa kwezinceku zesifazane eziyizigidi ezintathu ezazitholakala eRussia ngaleso sikhathi, wahlongoza uhlaka lwakhe oluthi “Charter of the Society for the Ukuvikelwa Kwamabutho Aphoqelelwe”. Lo mqulu wabeka lezi zidingo ezilandelayo: amahora okusebenza avamile, izinhlelo zemfundo, inhlangano yabasizi abavakashelayo, ngokulandela isibonelo saseMelika, izindlu ezihlukene ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ngokuzimela. Kwakufanele kuhlelwe kulezi zindlu izikole zokufundisa umsebenzi wesikole wesikole, izinkulumo, ezokuzijabulisa, ezemidlalo nemitapo yolwazi, kanye “nezimali zosizo lapho ugula, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi nokuguga.” U-Nordman wayefuna ukusekela lo “mphakathi” omusha esimisweni sokusatshalaliswa kwezifundazwe kanye nesakhiwo sokubambisana. Ekupheleni kwesikhalazo kwanyatheliswa isivumelwano esifanayo esasisetshenziswe “kuma-Penate” iminyaka eminingana. Inkontileka ihlinzekele ithuba lokusetha kabusha, ngokuvumelana, amahora osuku lokusebenza, kanye nemali eyengeziwe yesivakashi ngasinye esivakashela indlu (ama-kopecks angu-10!) Futhi amahora engeziwe omsebenzi. Ngokuphathelene nokudla kwathiwa: “Emzini wethu uthola isidlo sasekuseni esidliwa yimifino netiye ekuseni kanye nesidlo sasemini semifino ngehora lesithathu. Ungadla isidlo sasekuseni nesasemini, uma uthanda, nathi noma ngokwehlukana.
Imibono yezenhlalo nayo yabonakala emikhubeni yakhe yolimi. Enomyeni wakhe, wayeku-"wena", ngaphandle kokukhetha wathi "comrade" emadodeni, futhi "odade" kubo bonke abesifazane. "Kukhona okuhlanganisayo ngalawa magama, kucekela phansi zonke izingxenye zokwenziwa." Endabeni ethi Our ladies-in-waiting, eyanyatheliswa entwasahlobo ka-1912, uNordman wavikela “izincekukazi zodumo” - abaphathi abasebenzela izicukuthwane zaseRussia, ngokuvamile abafunde kakhulu kunabaqashi babo; wachaza ukuxhashazwa kwabo futhi wabafunela usuku lokusebenza amahora ayisishiyagalombili, futhi nokuthi kufanele babizwe ngamagama abo okuqala nangokwegama labo. “Esimeni samanje, ukuba khona kwalesi sidalwa esiyisigqila endlini kunomphumela owonakalisayo emphefumulweni wengane.”
Ekhuluma "ngabaqashi", uNordman wasebenzisa igama elithi "abasebenzi" - inkulumo ephikisana nobudlelwane beqiniso, kodwa akekho futhi uzobe engekho ezichazamazwini zesiRashiya isikhathi eside esizayo. Wayefuna ukuthi abathengisi abathengisa ama-strawberry nezinye izithelo ehlobo bangambizi “ntokazi” nokuthi laba besifazane bavikeleke ekuxhashazweni ngamakhosikazi abo (kulaks). Wayecasulwe ukuthi bakhuluma ngezindlu ezicebile mayelana nomnyango "wangaphambili" futhi "omnyama" - sifunda ngalo "mbhikisho" encwadini yedayari ka-KI Chukovsky yangoJulayi 18/19, 1924. Lapho echaza ukuvakasha kwakhe. noRepin kumlobi II Yasinsky (“iqhawe lemifino langaleso sikhathi”), uphawula ngentshiseko ukuthi badla isidlo sakusihlwa “ngaphandle kwezigqila,” okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwezinceku.
U-Nordman wayethanda ukuphetha izincwadi zakhe ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela yehlelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokuphoxeka, “ngokubingelela imifino.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubelokhu eshintshela kwisipelingi esenziwe lula, wabhala izihloko zakhe, kanye nezinhlamvu zakhe, ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu ezithi “yat” kanye “er”. Unamathela esipelingini esisha eTestamenteni LePharadesi.
Endabeni ethi On the Day Day, uNordman usitshela ukuthi indodana yabangane bakhe ithola kanjani zonke izinhlobo zezikhali namanye amathoyizi ezempi njengesipho: "UVasya akazange asiqaphele. Namuhla ubengujenene empini, futhi isifiso sakhe kwakuwukuphela kokusibulala <…> Simbuke ngamehlo anokuthula abantu abadla imifino” 70. Abazali bayaziqhenya ngendodana yabo, bathi bebezoyithenga ngisho nokuyithenga. isibhamu esincane somshini: … “. Kulokhu, uNordman uyaphendula: "Kungakho bebezokwenza, ukuthi ungagwinyi amatheniphu neklabishi ...". Ingxabano emfushane ebhaliwe iboshiwe. Ngemva konyaka, iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala izoqala.
U-NB Nordman waqaphela ukuthi imifino, uma ifuna ukuqashelwa kabanzi, kuyodingeka ifune ukusekelwa kwesayensi yezokwelapha. Yingakho athatha izinyathelo zokuqala kule ndlela. Igqugquzelwe, ngokusobala, umuzwa wobumbano womphakathi odla imifino ku-First All-Russian Congress of Vegetarians, eyayibanjelwe eMoscow kusukela ngo-April 16 kuya ku-April 20, 1913 (cf. VII. 5 yy), ehlatshwe umxhwele inkulumo yakhe eyimpumelelo ngo. Mashi 24 e-Psychoneurological Institute uprofesa. U-VM Bekhtereva, encwadini yangoMeyi 7, 1913, uNordman ukhuluma nodokotela wezinzwa owaziwayo kanye nombhali-ndawonye we-reflexology ngesiphakamiso sokusungula umnyango we-vegetarianism - umsebenzi owawunesibindi futhi uqhubeka ngaleso sikhathi:
“UVladimir Mikhailovich othandekayo, <...> Njengoba nje, ngeze, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa, umusi wasakazwa phezu komhlaba futhi ugesi ucwebezela, ngakho namuhla ukudla kwemifino kugijima emhlabeni emoyeni, njengamandla okuphulukisa emvelo. Futhi liyagijima futhi liyanyakaza. Okokuqala, kakade ngoba nsuku zonke unembeza uvusa abantu futhi, mayelana nalokhu, umbono wokubulala uyashintsha. Izifo ezibangelwa ukudla inyama nazo ziyanda, futhi amanani emikhiqizo yezilwane ayakhuphuka.
Thatha imifino ngezimpondo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, uyibeke ekuphenduleni, uyihlole ngokucophelela ngesibonakhulu, futhi ekugcineni umemezele ngokuzwakalayo epulpiti njengezindaba ezinhle zempilo, injabulo kanye nomnotho !!!
Wonke umuntu uzwa isidingo socwaningo olujulile lwesayensi lwalesi sihloko. Sonke, esikhothama phambi kwamandla akho achichimayo, ingqondo ekhanyayo nenhliziyo enomusa, sikubheka ngethemba nethemba. Nguwe kuphela e-Russia ongaba umqalisi nomsunguli womnyango wemifino.
Ngokushesha nje lapho icala lidlula ezindongeni zeSikhungo sakho somlingo, ukungabaza, ukuklolodelwa nokuzwela kuzoshabalala ngokushesha. Izalukazi, othisha nabashumayeli bazobuyela ezindlini zabo ngesizotha.
Phakathi neminyaka embalwa, i-Institute izohlakazwa phakathi kwezixuku zodokotela abasebasha, isekelwe ngokuqinile olwazini nasesipiliyonini. Futhi thina sonke nezizukulwane ezizayo sizokubusisa!!!
Ukuhlonipha ngokujulile Natalia Nordman-Severova.
U-VM Bekhterev uphendule le ncwadi ngoMeyi 12 encwadini eya ku-IE Repin:
"U-Ilya Efimovich othandekayo, Ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye imikhonzo, ngijabule ngencwadi etholwe kuwe kanye no-Natalya Borisovna. Isiphakamiso sikaNatalia Borisovna nesakho, ngiqala ukucabanga. Angazi okwamanje ukuthi kuzokwehla ngani, kodwa noma ngabe yikuphi, ukuthuthukiswa komcabango kuzomiswa.
Khona-ke, u-Ilya Efimovich othandekayo, ungithinta ngokunaka kwakho. <...> Kodwa ngicela imvume yokuba nawe ngemva kwesikhashana, mhlawumbe isonto elilodwa, amabili noma amathathu kamuva, ngoba manje thina, noma okungenani mina, siminyanisa izivivinyo. Ngokushesha nje lapho ngikhululekile, ngizophuthuma kuwe ngamaphiko enjabulo. Ukubingelela kwami kuNataliya Borisovna.
Owakho ngokwethembeka, V. Bekhterev.”
U-Natalya Borisovna waphendula le ncwadi evela ku-Bekhterev ngoMeyi 17, 1913 - ngokwesimo sakhe, ngandlela-thile ephakeme, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa:
U-Vladimir Mikhailovich othandekayo, Incwadi yakho eya ku-Ilya Efimovich, egcwele umoya wokuqalisa kanye namandla, ingibeke esimweni sika-Akim no-Anna: Ngibona ingane yami ethandekayo, umbono wami ezandleni zabazali ezimnene, ngibona ukukhula kwakhe kwekusasa, amandla, futhi manje ngingafa ngokuthula noma ngiphile ngokuthula. Zonke [sipelingi NBN!] izinkulumo zami ziboshwe ngezintambo futhi zithunyelwa ekamelweni eliphezulu. Umsebenzi wezandla uzothathelwa indawo umhlabathi wesayensi, amalabhorethri azoqala ukusebenza, umnyango uzokhuluma <...> kubonakala kimi ukuthi ngisho nangombono ongokoqobo, isidingo sodokotela abasebasha ukuthi bafunde lokho osekukhule kwaba yizinhlelo zonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga asevele akhukhumala: imisinga emikhulu enabashumayeli bawo, izindawo zabo zokungcebeleka kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zabalandeli. Ngivumele, mina ongenalwazi, ngelule iqabunga ngesizotha ngamaphupho ami emifino <…>.
Nali leli “qabunga” - umdwebo obhalwe ngomshini obonisa inani lezinkinga ezingase zibe isihloko "somnyango wokudla imifino":
Umnyango weVegetarianism
1). Umlando wokudla imifino.
2). I-Vegetarianism njengemfundiso yokuziphatha.
Ithonya lokudla imifino emzimbeni womuntu: inhliziyo, indlala, isibindi, ukugaya, izinso, imisipha, imizwa, amathambo. Nokwakheka kwegazi. / Ucwaningo ngokuhlolwa kanye nocwaningo lwaselabhorethri.
Ithonya lokudla imifino ku-psyche: inkumbulo, ukunaka, ikhono lokusebenza, umlingiswa, isimo sengqondo, uthando, inzondo, intukuthelo, intando, ukukhuthazela.
Emthelela wokudla okuphekiwe emzimbeni.
Mayelana nomthelela WOKUDLA OKUHLAZA EMHLABENI.
I-Vegetarianism njengendlela yokuphila.
I-Vegetarianism njengendlela yokuvimbela izifo.
I-Vegetarianism njengendlela yokwelapha izifo.
Ithonya lokudla imifino ezifweni: umdlavuza, ukuphuza utshwala, ukugula kwengqondo, ukukhuluphala, i-neurasthenia, isithuthwane, njll.
Ukwelashwa ngamandla okuphulukisa emvelo, okuwukusekelwa okuyinhloko kwe-vegetarianism: ukukhanya, umoya, ilanga, i-massage, i-gymnastics, amanzi abandayo nashisayo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zayo.
Ukwelashwa kukaSchroth.
Ukwelashwa kokuzila ukudla.
Ukwelashwa kokuhlafuna (Horace Fletcher).
Ukudla okuluhlaza (Bircher-Benner).
Ukwelashwa kwesifo sofuba ngokwezindlela ezintsha zemifino (i-Carton).
Ukuhlola Ithiyori kaPascoe.
Ukubukwa kwe-Hindhede nesistimu yakhe yokudla.
Laman.
Idolo.
I-GLUNIKE [Glunicke)]
I-HAIG nezinye izikhanyisi zaseYurophu nezaseMelika.
Ukuhlola izisetshenziswa ze-sanatorium eNtshonalanga.
Ucwaningo lomphumela wamakhambi emzimbeni womuntu.
Ukulungiswa kwemithi ekhethekile ye-herbal.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwabelaphi bendabuko bemithi ye-herbal.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwamakhambi esintu: ukwelashwa komdlavuza ngokukhula komdlavuza we-birch bark, i-rheumatism enamaqabunga e-birch, efihlekile nge-horsetail, njll, njll.
Isifundo sezincwadi zakwamanye amazwe mayelana ne-Vegetarianism.
Ekulungiseleleni okunengqondo kokudla okugcina usawoti wamaminerali.
Uhambo lwebhizinisi lodokotela abasebasha phesheya ukuyofunda izitayela zesimanje zokudla imifino.
Idivayisi yeqembu elindizayo lenkulumo-ze equlwini lemibono yabantu abadla imifino.
Ithonya lokudla kwenyama: ubuthi be-cadaveric.
Mayelana nokudluliselwa [sic] kwezifo ezihlukahlukene kumuntu ngokudla kwezilwane.
Ethonyeni lobisi oluvela enkomeni ecasukile kumuntu.
Izinzwa kanye nokugaya okungalungile njengomphumela oqondile wobisi olunjalo.
Ihlaziywa futhi inqume inani lokudla okunempilo kokudla okuhlukahlukene kwemifino.
Mayelana nezinhlamvu, ezilula nezingahlutshiwe.
Mayelana nokufa kancane komoya njengomphumela oqondile wobuthi obunobuthi be-cadaveric.
Mayelana nokuvuswa kwempilo kamoya ngokuzila ukudla.
Ukube le phrojekthi ibiqalisiwe, ngabe eSt.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-Bekhterev waqala kude kangakanani "ukuthuthukiswa kwalo mcabango" - ngemva konyaka, uNordman wayesefa futhi iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayisemngceleni. Kodwa amazwe aseNtshonalanga nawo, kwadingeka alinde kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulunyaka ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo olunzulu mayelana nokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni okuthi, uma kubhekwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokudla kwemifino, kwabeka izici zezokwelapha phambili—indlela eyathathwa uKlaus Leitzmann no-Andreas Hahn incwadi yabo evela ochungechungeni lwenyuvesi "Unitaschebücher".