“Ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-August 1914 kwabangela abantu abaningi abadla imifino enkingeni kanembeza. Abantu ababekwenyanya ukuchitha igazi lezilwane babengakuthatha kanjani ukuphila komuntu? Uma bengabhalisa, ngabe amasosha angakunaka ukudla abakukhethayo?” . Lena yindlela yanamuhla ethi The Veget a rian S ociety UK (Vegetarian Society of Great Britain) esichaza ngayo isimo sabadla imifino abangamaNgisi ngobusuku bangaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala emakhasini engosi ye-inthanethi. Inkinga efanayo yayibhekene nenhlangano yemifino yaseRussia, ngaleso sikhathi eyayingakaze ibe neminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala.
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele esikweni laseRussia, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukushesha ukuhlangana phakathi kweRussia neNtshonalanga Yurophu, okwaqala cishe ngo-1890, kwaphela kungazelelwe. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwaba imiphumela emkhakheni omncane wemizamo ehloselwe ukushintshela endleleni yokuphila yemifino.
Ngo-1913 kwaletha ukubonakaliswa kokuqala okujwayelekile kwe-Russian Vegetarianism - i-All-Russian Vegetarian Congress, eyabanjwa kusukela ngo-Ephreli 16 kuya ku-20 eMoscow. Ngokusungula i-Reference Vegetarian Bureau, ingqungquthela yathatha isinyathelo sokuqala ekusungulweni kwe-All-Russian Vegetarian Society. Isinqumo seshumi nanye esamukelwe ukhongolose sanquma ukuthi “iNkongolo Yesibili” kufanele ibe eKyiv ngePhasika 1914. Leli gama laba lifushane kakhulu, ngakho kwaphakanyiswa isiphakamiso sokuba kubanjwe ukhongolose ngePhasika 1915. Ngenxa yalokhu. , ingqungquthela yesibili, uhlelo olunemininingwane. Ngo-Okthoba 1914, ngemva kokuqala kwempi, i-Vegetarian Herald yayisazwakalisa ithemba lokuthi i-Russian vegetarianism yayingaphambi kwengqungquthela yesibili, kodwa akuzange kuphinde kukhulunywe mayelana nokuqaliswa kwalezi zinhlelo.
Kubantu abadla imifino baseRussia, kanye nabasebenzisana nabo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ukuqubuka kwempi kwaletha isikhathi sokungabaza - nokuhlaselwa okuvela emphakathini. UMayakovsky wabahleka usulu nge-Cilian Shrapnel, futhi wayengeyena yedwa. Okujwayelekile kakhulu futhi okungahambisani nomoya wezikhathi kwakuwumsindo wezikhalazo njengalezo u-II Gorbunov-Posadov avula ngazo umagazini wokuqala we-VO ngo-1915: isintu, mayelana nezivumelwano zothando kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, nanoma yikuphi. , inhlonipho ngazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zikaNkulunkulu ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa.
Nokho, ngokushesha kwalandela imizamo eningiliziwe yokuthethelela umbono wabo siqu. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, kumagazini wesibili we-VO ngo-1915, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Vegetarianism in Our Days”, kwashicilelwa isihloko esasayinwa “EK “:” Thina, abadla imifino, manje ngokuvamile kufanele silalele izihlamba okunzima okwamanje. isikhathi, lapho igazi labantu lichitheka njalo, siyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela ukudla kwemifino <...> I-Vegetarianism ezinsukwini zethu, sitshelwa, iyinhlekisa embi, inhlekisa; Kungenzeka yini ukuzijwayeza ukuhawukela izilwane manje? Kodwa abantu abakhuluma kanjalo abaqondi ukuthi imifino ayiphazamisi nje uthando nesihawu kubantu, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwandisa lo muzwa nakakhulu. Kukho konke lokho, umbhali walesi sihloko uthi, ngisho noma umuntu engavumelani nokuthi imifino eqaphelayo iveza umuzwa omuhle nesimo sengqondo esisha ngakho konke okuzungezile, "ngisho noma kunjalo ukudla inyama akukwazi ukuthethelelwa. Cishe ngeke kunciphise ukuhlupheka <…> kodwa kuzodala kuphela, okungcono kakhulu, lezo zisulu ukuthi <…> izimbangi zethu zizodla etafuleni lesidlo…”.
Kumagazini ofanayo, isihloko sika-Yu. I-Volin evela ePetrograd Courier yangoFebhuwari 6, 1915 yanyatheliswa kabusha - ingxoxo no-Ilyinsky othile. Owakamuva uyahlanjalazwa: “Ungacabanga futhi ukhulume kanjani manje, ezinsukwini zethu, ngokudla imifino? Sekwenziwe kabi kabi!... Ukudla kwemifino – kumuntu, nenyama yomuntu – ezimbayinini! “Angidli muntu,” noma ubani, okungukuthi, unogwaja, noma intendele, noma inkukhu, noma iphunga elimnandi … nanoma ubani ngaphandle kwendoda! ..». Nokho, u-Ilyinsky unikeza izimpikiswano ezigculisayo ekuphenduleni. Ehlukanisa indlela edabula isiko lesintu enkathini “yobuzimuzimu”, “izilwane” nokudla kwemifino, uhlobanisa “ukwesabeka kwegazi” kwalezo zinsuku nemikhuba yokudla, netafula lenyama elibulalayo, elinegazi, futhi uyaqinisekisa ukuthi kungaphezu kwalokho. kunzima ukuba yimifino manje , futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba, isibonelo, i-socialist, kusukela ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalakahle kuyizigaba ezincane kuphela emlandweni wesintu. Futhi ukuguquka kusuka kwenye indlela yokudla kuya kwenye, kusuka enyameni kuya ekudleni kwemifino, kuwukushintshela empilweni entsha. Imibono enesibindi kakhulu "yezishoshovu zomphakathi", ngamazwi ka-Ilyinsky, "i-palliatives edabukisayo" uma iqhathaniswa nenguquko enkulu yokuphila kwansuku zonke ayibonayo futhi ayishumayelayo, okungukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nenguquko yokudla okunomsoco.
Ngo-April 25, 1915, isihloko salo mbhali ofanayo esasinesihloko esithi “Pages of Life (“inyama” indida)” savela ephephandabeni laseKharkov i-Yuzhny Krai, esasisekelwe ekuphawuleni akwenza kwelinye lamacanteens ePetrograd imifino ayevame ukutholakala. ivakashelwe ngalezo zinsuku: “… Uma ngibheka abantu abadla imifino banamuhla, abathukwayo ngenxa yobugovu kanye “nobukhazikhazi” (phela, lokhu “ukuzithuthukisa komuntu siqu”! uquqaba!) – kimina kubonakala sengathi nabo baqondiswa isibikezelo, ulwazi olunembile ngokubaluleka abakwenzayo. Akumangalisi? Igazi lomuntu ligobhoza njengomfula, inyama yomuntu idilika ngamapondo, bakhala ngegazi lezinkunzi nelemvu! .. Futhi akuyona neze inqaba! Njengoba belindele ikusasa, bayazi ukuthi le “stump entrecote” iyoba nendima engaphansi emlandweni wesintu njengendiza noma i-radium!
Kwakukhona izingxabano mayelana Leo Tolstoy. Ngo-October-November 1914, i-VO icaphuna isihloko esivela ku-Odessky Listok sango-November 7, “esipha,” njengoba kusho umhleli, “isithombe esifanele sezenzakalo zangaleso sikhathi ngokuphathelene noLeo Tolstoy owashona”:
“Manje uTolstoy usekude kakhulu nathi kunakuqala, akangeneki futhi muhle kakhulu; uye wagxila kakhulu, uye waba yinganekwane esikhathini esinzima sobudlova, igazi nezinyembezi. <...> Isikhathi sesifikile sokumelana nobubi ngentshiseko, ihora selifikile lokuba inkemba ixazulule izinkinga, ukuze amandla abe ngumahluleli ophakeme. Sesifikile isikhathi lapho, endulo, abaprofethi babaleka ezigodini, bebanjwe ngokwesaba, baya ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, ukuze bafune ekuthuleni kwezintaba ukuze banelise usizi lwabo olungenakugwenywa <...> Ngokukhala kwe ubudlova, ngokuvutha komlilo, umfanekiso womthwali weqiniso wancibilika waba iphupho. Umhlaba ubonakala ushiywe wodwa. “Angikwazi ukuthula” ngeke kuphinde kuzwakale futhi umyalo othi “Ungabulali” - ngeke sizwe. Ukufa kugubha umkhosi wako, ukunqoba okuphambene kobubi kuyaqhubeka. Izwi lomprofethi alizwakali.
Kubonakala kungavamile ukuthi u-Ilya Lvovich, indodana kaTolstoy, engxoxweni eyanikezwa nguye enkundleni yemidlalo, wayecabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukugomela ukuthi uyise ngeke asho lutho ngempi yamanje, njengoba nje kuthiwa akazange asho lutho mayelana. Impi yaseRussia-Japanese ngesikhathi sakhe. I-VO yasiphikisa lesi simangalo ngokukhomba izihloko ezimbalwa zikaTolstoy ngo-1904 no-1905 ezazigxeka impi, kanye nezincwadi zakhe. Ukucwaninga, ngemva kokuphuma esihlokweni se-EO Dymshits zonke izindawo lapho kwakumayelana nesimo sengqondo sika-LN Tolstoy mayelana nempi, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqinisekisa ngokungaqondile ukunemba komagazini. Ngokuvamile, phakathi nempi, omagazini bemifino babhekana nokungena okuningi okuvela ekuhlolweni: umagazini wesine we-VO ka-1915 wathathwa ehhovisi lokuhlela ngokwalo, izihloko ezintathu zomagazini wesihlanu zavinjelwa, kuhlanganise ne-athikili ka-SP Poltavsky enesihloko esithi "Vegetarian and social” .
E-Russia, ukunyakaza kwemifino kwakuqondiswa kakhulu ukucatshangelwa kokuziphatha, njengoba kufakazelwa imibhalo eminingi ecashunwe ngenhla. Lokhu kuqondisa kwenhlangano yaseRussia akubanga okuncane ngenxa yethonya elikhulu igunya likaTolstoy elalinalo ku-Russian vegetarianism. Ukuzisola kwakuvame ukuzwakala ukuthi phakathi kwabadla imifino baseRussia, izisusa zenhlanzeko zabuyela emuva, zabeka kuqala isiqubulo esithi "Ungabulali" kanye nezizathu zokuziphatha nezenhlalakahle, okunikeza imifino umthunzi wenkolo nezombusazwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukusakazeka kwayo. Kwanele kulokhu kuxhumana ukukhumbula amazwi ka-AI Voeikov (VII. 1), Jenny Schultz (VII. 2: Moscow) noma VP Voitsekhovsky (VI. 7). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubusa kwengxenye yokuziphatha, intshiseko yemicabango yokudala umphakathi onokuthula kwasindisa imifino yaseRussia ezimweni zengqondo ze-chauvinist ezaziyisici, ikakhulukazi, yabadla imifino baseJalimane (ngokuqondile, abameleli babo abasemthethweni) ngokujwayelekile. umongo wokukhuphuka kwamasosha aseJalimane nokuthanda izwe. Abadla imifino baseRussia baba nengxenye ekunciphiseni ubumpofu, kodwa abazange bayibone impi njengethuba lokukhuthaza ukudla imifino.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eJalimane, ukugqashuka kwempi kwanikeza umhleli wephephabhuku i-Vegetarische Warte, uDkt. Selss waseBaden-Baden, ithuba lokumemezela esihlokweni esithi “Impi Yezizwe” (“Volkerkrieg”) ka-August 15, 1914, ethi “Impi Yezizwe” (“Volkerkrieg”) ka-August XNUMX, XNUMX. ukuthi ababoni nabaphuphayo kuphela abangakholwa “ekuthuleni okuphakade”, bezama ukuguqulela abanye kulolu kholo. Sinjalo, wabhala (futhi ngezinga elingakanani lokhu okwakumiselwe ukuba kugcwaliseke ngalo!), “Ngobusuku bangaphambi kwezenzakalo eziyoshiya uphawu olujulile emlandweni wezwe. Qhubeka! Kwangathi "intando yokunqoba", okusho, ngokusho kwamazwi avuthayo kaKaiser wethu, ehlala ema-squires ethu, ehlala kwabanye abantu, intando yokunqoba konke lokhu kubola nakho konke okunciphisa ukuphila, okuhlala ngaphakathi kwethu. imingcele! Abantu abazuza lokhu kunqoba, abantu abanjalo bayophaphama ngempela baphile imifino, futhi lokhu kuyokwenziwa ngenxa yethu yemifino, engenawo omunye umgomo ngaphandle kokuqinisa abantu [! – PB], imbangela yabantu. “Ngenjabulo enkulu,” kubhala uZelss, “ngafunda imilayezo evela enyakatho, eningizimu nasempumalanga evela kubantu abadla imifino abashisekayo, ngenza inkonzo yezempi ngenjabulo nangokuziqhenya. “Ulwazi lungamandla,” ngakho olunye ulwazi lwethu lokudla imifino, abantu bakithi abangenalo, kufanele lwenziwe lutholakale emphakathini” [Omalukeke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDkt. Selss weluleka ukuba kukhawulwe ukufuywa okusaphazayo futhi kugwenywe ukudla ngokweqile. “Yaneliseka ngokudla kathathu ngosuku, kanye nokudla okungcono kabili ngosuku, lapho uzozizwa <…> ukulamba kwangempela. Yidla kancane; hlafuna kahle [cf. Iseluleko sika-G. Fletcher! -PB]. Yehlisa ukuphuza kwakho utshwala ngendlela ehlelekile futhi kancane kancane <…> Ezikhathini ezinzima, sidinga amakhanda acacile <…> Phansi ngogwayi oqeda amandla! Sidinga amandla ethu ukuze senze okungcono kakhulu.”
Kushicilelo lukaJanuwari lweVegetarische Warte lwango-1915, esihlokweni esithi “Vegetarianism and War”, umKristu othile uBehring wasikisela ukuthi kusetshenziswe impi ukuheha umphakathi waseJalimane ezwini labadla imifino: “Kufanele siwine amandla athile ezombusazwe ngokudla imifino.” Ukuze afinyelele lo mgomo, uhlongoza "Izibalo Zezempi Ze-Vegetarianism": "1. Bangaki abantu abadla imifino noma abazisholo abangani balendlela yokuphila (bangaki kubo abangamalungu asebenzayo) ababamba iqhaza ezimpini; bangaki kubo abangamavolontiya abahlelekile kanye namanye amavolontiya? Bangaki kubo abangamaphoyisa? 2. Bangaki abantu abadla imifino kanye nabadla imifino abathole imiklomelo yezempi? Kumele zinyamalale, uBering uyaqinisekisa, ukugoma okuyisibopho: “Kithina, esidelela noma yikuphi ukudelelwa kwegazi lethu laphezulu lamaJalimane ngezinqwaba zezidumbu zezilwane nodaka olungcolile, njengoba bedelela isifo noma izono, umbono wokugoma okuphoqelekile ubonakala ungabekezeleleki ... “. Noma kunjalo, ngaphezu kwamazwi anjalo, ngoJulayi 1915 umagazini i-Vegetarische Warte washicilela umbiko ka-SP Poltavsky "Ingabe umbono womhlaba wemifino ukhona?", Efundwe nguye e-Moscow Congress ka-1913, futhi ngoNovemba 1915 - isihloko sikaT von. I-Galetsky "I-Vegetarian Movement eRussia", ekhiqizwa lapha ku-facsimile (i-ill. No. 33).
Ngenxa yomthetho wezempi, amajenali aseRussia emifino aqala ukuvela ngokungavamile: isibonelo, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngo-1915 i-VV izoshicilela izindaba eziyisithupha kuphela esikhundleni samashumi amabili (ngenxa yalokho, eziyishumi nesithupha zazingasanyatheliswa); futhi ngo-1916 lomagazini wayeka ngokuphelele ukunyatheliswa.
I-VO ayizange ibe khona ngemva kokukhululwa komagazini kaMay 1915, naphezu kwesithembiso sabahleli sokushicilela umagazini olandelayo ngo-August. Emuva ngo-December 1914, u-I. Perper wazisa abafundi mayelana nokuthutha okuzayo kwezisebenzi zokuhlela zephephabhuku eMoscow, njengoba iMoscow iyisikhungo sokunyakaza kwemifino kanye nezisebenzi ezibaluleke kakhulu zephephabhuku zihlala lapho. Ngokuvuna ukuhlaliswa kabusha, mhlawumbe, iqiniso lokuthi i-VV yaqala ukushicilelwa e-Kyiv ...
NgoJulayi 29, 1915, ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka yokuqala kwempi, kwaba nomhlangano omkhulu wabalandeli bakaTolstoy endaweni yokudlela yaseMoscow eGazetny Lane (ngezikhathi zamaSoviet - Ogaryov Street), nezinkulumo nezinkondlo. ukufundwa. Kulo mhlangano, u-PI Biryukov wabika ngesimo saseSwitzerland ngaleso sikhathi - kusukela ngo-1912 (futhi kuze kube ngu-1920) wayehlala e-Onex, idolobhana eliseduze ne-Geneva. Ngokusho kwakhe, izwe lalichichima ababaleki: abaphikisi bangempela bempi, abahlamuki nezinhloli. Ngaphezu kwakhe, II Gorbunov-Posadov, VG Chertkov futhi IM Tregubov futhi wakhuluma.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 18 kuya ku-Ephreli 22, 1916, u-PI Biryukov wengamele i-"Vegetarian Social Congress" e-Monte Verita (Ascona), ingqungquthela yokuqala yemifino ebanjwe eSwitzerland. Ikomidi lengqungquthela lalihlanganisa, ikakhulukazi, u-Ida Hoffmann noG. Edenkofen, abahlanganyeli bavela eRussia, eFrance, eSwitzerland, eJalimane, eHolland, eNgilandi naseHungary. “Ngaphezu kokwesabeka kwempi yamanje” (“en presence des horreurs de la guerre actuelle”), ukhongolose wanquma ukusungula umphakathi ozothuthukisa “ukudla imifino kwezenhlalo nekwemvelo” (eminye imithombo isebenzisa igama elithi “izwe lonke. ”), isihlalo obekumele sibe se-Ascona. I-Vegetarianism "Yomphakathi" kwakudingeka ilandele izimiso zokuziphatha futhi yakhe impilo yomphakathi ngesisekelo sokubambisana okubalulekile (ukukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa). U-PI Biryukov uvule ukhongolose ngenkulumo ngesiFulentshi; akagcinanga ngokugqamisa ukuthuthukiswa kokudla imifino eRussia kusukela ngo-1885 (“Le mouvement vegetarien en Russie”), kodwa futhi wakhuluma ngendlela egculisayo evuna ukuphathwa kabi kwezinceku (“domestiques”). Phakathi kwababambe iqhaza engqungqutheleni kwakukhona, phakathi kwabanye, umsunguli owaziwayo "womnotho wamahhala" ("Freiwirtschaftslehre") uSilvio Gesell, kanye nabameleli be-Genevan Esperantists. ICongress yanquma ukufaka isicelo sokwamukelwa kwenhlangano entsha ku-International Vegetarian Union, eyahlangana eHague. P. Biryukov wakhethwa njengosihlalo womphakathi omusha, uG. Edenkofen kanye no-I. Hoffmann babengamalungu ebhodi. Kunzima ukucabangela imiphumela engokoqobo yale ngqungquthela, uP. Biryukov waphawula: “Mhlawumbe mincane kakhulu.” Kulokhu, cishe wayeqinisile.
Kuyo yonke impi, inani lezivakashi ezivakashela ama-canteens emifino eRussia lenyuka futhi lehla. E-Moscow, inani lama-canteens emifino, ngaphandle kokubala ama-canteens angasese, selikhule laba ezine; ngo-1914, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, kwaphakelwa izitsha ezingu-643, ngaphandle kokubalwa lezo ezazinikezwa mahhala; impi ithathe izivakashi ezingu-000 engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka…. Imiphakathi yabantu abadla imifino ibe nengxenye emicimbini yokupha, yahlomisa imibhede yezibhedlela zamasosha futhi yahlinzeka ngamahholo enkantini yokuthunga ilineni. Ikantini eshibhile yabantu abangadli imifino e-Kyiv, ukusiza indawo egcinwe ebuthweni lezempi, yondla imindeni engama-40 nsuku zonke. Phakathi kokunye, i-BB ibike ngendawo yokunakekela amahhashi. Imibhalo evela emithonjeni yangaphandle ayizange ibolekwe kumaJalimane, kodwa ikakhulukazi emshinini wokunyathelisa wemifino wamaNgisi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ku-VV (000) inkulumo yanyatheliswa ngusihlalo we-Manchester Vegetarian Society mayelana nemigomo ye-vegetarianism, lapho isikhulumi saxwayisa ngokumelene ne-dogmatization futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokumelene nesifiso sokuchazela abanye ukuthi kufanele phila nokuthi yini okufanele uyidle; okwalandela kwakunesihloko sesiNgisi esikhuluma ngamahhashi enkundleni yempi. Ngokuvamile, inani lamalungu emiphakathi yemifino liye lancipha: e-Odessa, isibonelo, kusukela ku-110 kuya ku-1915; ngaphezu kwalokho, kufundwe imibiko embalwa nembalwa.
Lapho ngoJanuwari 1917, ngemva kwekhefu lonyaka, i-Vegetarian Herald yaqala ukuvela futhi, manje enyatheliswa yiSifunda Sezempi saseKyiv ngaphansi komhleli ka-Olga Prokhasko, ekubingeleleni "Kubafundi" kwakungafundwa:
“Izehlakalo ezinzima iRussia edlula kuzo, ezithinte impilo yonke, azikwazi kodwa ukuthikameza ibhizinisi lethu elincane. <...> Kodwa manje izinsuku ziyahamba, umuntu angase athi iminyaka iyahamba - abantu bajwayele zonke izinto ezesabekayo, futhi ukukhanya kwe-ideal of imifino kancane kancane kuqala ukuheha abantu abakhathele futhi. Muva nje, ukuntuleka kwenyama kuphoqe wonke umuntu ukuthi ajikise amehlo akhe kulokho kuphila okungadingi igazi. Amakhentini adla imifino manje agcwele kuwo wonke amadolobha, izincwadi zokupheka zemifino sezithengisiwe zonke.
Ikhasi lokuqala likamagazini olandelayo linombuzo: “Kuyini ukudla imifino? Imanje nekusasa lakhe”; lithi igama elithi "imifino" manje litholakala yonke indawo, ukuthi edolobheni elikhulu, isibonelo, e-Kyiv, ama-canteens emifino akhona yonke indawo, kodwa ukuthi, naphezu kwalezi zitsha, imiphakathi yemifino, imifino ngandlela-thile ingavamile kubantu, kude, akucaci.
INguquko Yango-February nayo yamukelwa ngokutuswa abantu abadla imifino: “Amasango aqhakazile enkululeko ekhazimulayo avulekele phambi kwethu, osekuyisikhathi eside abantu baseRussia abakhathele beya khona!” Konke okwakudingeka kukhuthazelele "ngokwakho yiwo wonke umuntu eRussia yethu ye-gendarmerie, lapho kusukela ebuntwaneni umfaniswano ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawungavumeli ukuphefumula" akufanele kube isizathu sokuziphindiselela: akukho ndawo, kubhala i-Vegetarian Bulletin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba nezicelo zokusungulwa kwemiphakathi yabazalwane abadla imifino; ukuqedwa kwesigwebo sentambo kwagujwa - imiphakathi yemifino yaseRussia, kubhala uNaftal Bekerman, manje ilindele isinyathelo esilandelayo - "ukuphela kwakho konke ukubulala kanye nokuqedwa kwesigwebo sentambo ezilwaneni." I-Vegetarian Herald ivumelane ngokugcwele neqiniso lokuthi ama-proletarians abonise ukuthula kanye nosuku lokusebenza lwamahora angu-8, futhi iSifunda Sezempi sase-Kiev sakha uhlelo lokunciphisa usuku lokusebenza lwabesifazane abasebasha namantombazane abasebenzi ikakhulukazi enkantini yomphakathi kusukela ku-9-13. amahora kuya kwayi-8. Ngokulandelayo, iSifunda Sezempi sase-Poltava safuna (bheka ngenhla ikhasi yy) ukwenziwa lula okuthile ekudleni kanye nokwenqatshwa kokugabadela ngokweqile ekudleni, okusungulwe ngokulandela isibonelo samanye ama-canteens.
Umshicileli weVegetarian Vestnik, u-Olga Prokhasko, ucele abantu abadla imifino nemifino ukuthi babambe iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kweRussia - "Abadla imifino bavula insimu ebanzi yokusebenza ukuze basebenzele ukuqeda ngokuphelele izimpi esikhathini esizayo." Umagazini wesishiyagalolunye ka-1917 owalandela, uqala ngamazwi okucasuka: “Isigwebo sentambo sesiphinde safakwa eRussia!” (ukugula. 34 yy). Kodwa-ke, kulolu daba kukhona nombiko mayelana nesisekelo ngo-June 27 eMoscow "soMphakathi Wenkululeko Yeqiniso (esikhumbuzweni sikaLeo Tolstoy)"; lo mphakathi omusha, owasheshe waba namalungu angu-750 kuya kwayi-1000, wawusesakhiweni seSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ku-12 Gazetny Lane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-VV evuselelwe yaxoxa ngezihloko ezivamile ezifanele emhlabeni wonke namuhla, njengokuthi: ukuphinga kokudla ( ukhilimu) noma ubuthi obuhlobene nokudweba kwamakamelo okubangelwa upende wamafutha oqukethe i-turpentine nomthofu.
"I-counter-revolutionary conspiracy" kaGeneral Kornilov yalahlwa abahleli beVegetarian Herald. Kumagazini wakamuva (December 1917) isihloko sohlelo luka-Olga Prohasko esithi “Isikhathi Samanje Nokudla Kwemifino” sanyatheliswa. Umlobi walesi sihloko, umlandeli wobudlela-ndawonye bobuKristu, washo lokhu mayelana neNguquko Yango-October: “Yonke imiphakathi eqaphelayo edla imifino nemifino kufanele yonke iqaphele ukuthi siyini isikhathi samanje ngokombono wabantu abadla imifino.” Akubona bonke abadla imifino abangamaKristu, ukudla imifino kungaphandle kwenkolo; kodwa indlela yomKristu ojule ngempela ayikwazi ukukubalekela ukudla imifino. Ngokwemfundiso yobuKristu, ukuphila kuyisipho esivela kuNkulunkulu, futhi akekho okhululekile ukusinqoba ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu. Kungakho isimo sengqondo somKristu kanye nomuntu odla imifino esikhathini samanje sifana. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona, bathi, inhlansi yethemba: inkantolo yezempi e-Kyiv, njengoba ithethelele isikhulu kanye nezikhundla eziphansi abangazange baye empini, ngaleyo ndlela baqaphela ilungelo lomuntu lokukhululeka ukwenqaba isibopho sokubulala abantu. “Kuyadabukisa ukuthi imiphakathi edla imifino ayizinaki ngokwanele izehlakalo zangempela.” Ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe endabeni, enesihloko esithi “Amagama Ambalwa,” u-Olga Prokhasko wazwakalisa intukuthelo ngokuthi amabutho (hhayi amaBolshevik, ayehlezi ngaleso sikhathi esigodlweni!) EDumskaya Square ayethulisa izakhamuzi, ezazizothula babejwayele ukuhlangana ngamaqembu ukuze baxoxe ngezenzakalo, futhi lokhu ngemva kosuku olwandulela amaSoviet of Workers and Soldities' amaPhini aqaphela amandla amaSoviet futhi amemezela ukuthi asekela iPetrograd Soviets. “Kodwa akekho owayazi ukuthi bazokusebenzisa kanjani lokho, sabe sesihlangana saba nomhlangano, saba nezindaba ezibalulekile empilweni yomphakathi wethu okufanele zixazululwe. Inkulumompikiswano eshubile futhi kungazelelwe, kungalindelekile, njengokungathi ngamafasitela ethu ... ukudubula! .. <...> Lowo kwakuwumsindo wokuqala wenguquko, ngobusuku buka-Okthoba 28 e-Kyiv.
Lona, umagazini weshumi nanye, wawungowokugcina. Abahleli bamemezele ukuthi iSifunda Sezempi saseKiev silahlekelwe kakhulu ngokushicilelwa kwe-VV. “Kungaphansi kwesimo kuphela,” kubhala abahleli balo magazini, “ukube abantu bethu abanomqondo ofanayo kulo lonke elaseRussia bebengaba nozwela olukhulu ngokukhuthazwa kwemibono yethu, bekungenzeka ukunyathelisa noma yiziphi izinkinga ngezikhathi ezithile.”
Nokho, i-Moscow Vegetarian Society esikhathini kusukela ngo-Okthoba Revolution kuze kube sekupheleni 20s. yaqhubeka ikhona, kanye nayo nemiphakathi ethile yendawo yabantu abadla imifino. Inqolobane ye-GMIR eSt. Petersburg inemibhalo yomlando weSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow kusukela ngo-1909 kuya ku-1930. Phakathi kwayo, ikakhulukazi, kunombiko womhlangano waminyaka yonke wamalungu wangomhla ka-7 May 1918. Kulo mhlangano, uVladimir Vladimirovich. U-Chertkov (indodana ka-VG Chertkova) uhlongoze uMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ukuze wenze uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha kwama-canteens omphakathi. Kakade kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1917, phakathi kwezisebenzi zasenkantini noMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, “kwaqala ukungezwani ngisho nokuphikisana, okwakungakaze kube khona ngaphambili.” Lokhu kudalwe, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi abasebenzi basenkantini babumbene “eNhlanganweni Yokusizakala Abalindi”, okusolwa ukuthi yabakhuthaza ukuba babe nenzondo ngokuphathwa kweNhlangano. Isimo somnotho samacanteens saphazanyiswa nakakhulu ukuthi i-Allied Association of Consumer Societies yaseMoscow yenqaba ukunikeza amacanteens adla imifino ngemikhiqizo edingekayo, futhi iKomidi Lokudla Ledolobha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lanikeza ukwenqaba okufanayo, licaphuna iqiniso lokuthi ezimbili ama-canteens MVO-va ” awabhekwa njengokudumile. Emhlanganweni, ukuzisola kwaphinde kwezwakaliswa ngokuthi abadla imifino bebenganaki “uhlangothi lwemibono yalolu daba.” Inani lamalungu eSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ngo-1918 lalingabantu abangu-238, okwakukhona abangu-107 abakhuthele (kuhlanganise II Perper, umkakhe u-EI Kaplan, KS Shokhor-Trotsky, IM Tregubov) , izimbangi ezingu-124 namalungu ahloniphekile angu-6.
Phakathi kweminye imibhalo, i-GMIR inomdwebo wombiko ka-PI Biryukov (1920) ngomlando wokudla imifino yaseRussia kusukela ngo-1896, onesihloko esithi "Indlela Ehanjiwe" futhi ehlanganisa amaphuzu angu-26. Biryukov, owayesanda kubuya eSwitzerland, wabe esephethe isikhundla senhloko yomnyango wemibhalo yesandla eMoscow Museum of Leo Tolstoy (wathuthela eCanada maphakathi nawo-1920). Umbiko uphetha ngokunxusa: “Kini, mabutho asemasha, ngenza isicelo esikhethekile esiqotho nesisuka enhliziyweni. Thina bantu abadala siyafa. Okuhle noma okubi, ngokuvumelana namandla ethu abuthakathaka, sathwala ilangabi eliphilayo futhi asizange silicime. Thatha kithi ukuze uqhubeke futhi uvuthele ilangabi elinamandla Leqiniso, Uthando Nenkululeko “...
Ukucindezelwa kwamaTolstoyan namahlelo ahlukahlukene amaBolshevik, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudla kwemifino “okuhlelekile” kwaqala phakathi neMpi Yombango. Ngo-1921, amahlelo ayeshushiswa i-tsarism, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuvukela umbuso ka-1905, ahlangana "eNgqungqutheleni Yokuqala YaseRussia Yezinhlangano Zezolimo Nezokukhiqiza." § 1 yesinqumo sengqungquthela yayifundeka kanje: “Thina, iqembu lamalungu e-All-Russian Congress of Sectarian Agricultural Communities, Communes and Artels, abantu abadla imifino ngecala, sibheka ukubulawa kwabantu hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa nezilwane njengesono esingamukeleki. phambi kukaNkulunkulu futhi ningakusebenzisi ukudla kwenyama yokuhlatshwa, ngakho-ke egameni lawo wonke amahlelo e-Vegetarian, sicela i-People's Commissariat of Agriculture ukuthi ingafuni ukubuthela inyama kubantu abadla imifino, ngokuphambene nonembeza nezinkolelo zabo. Isinqumo, esisayinwe abahlanganyeli abangu-11, kuhlanganise no-KS Shokhor-Trotsky no-VG Chertkov, samukelwa ngazwi linye yingqungquthela.
UVladimir Bonch-Bruyevich (1873-1955), uchwepheshe weqembu lamaBolshevik ngamahlelo, waveza umbono wakhe ngale ngqungquthela kanye nezinqumo ezamukelwa yiyo embikweni othi "I-Crooked Mirror of Sectarianism", eyanyatheliswa ngokushesha emaphephandabeni. . Ikakhulukazi, waphawula ngalokhu kuvumelana, ebonisa ukuthi akuwona wonke amahlelo amelwe engqungqutheleni azibona njengabadla imifino: amaMolokan namaBaptisti, isibonelo, adla inyama. Inkulumo yakhe yayibonisa indlela jikelele yesu lamaBolshevik. Isici salelisu kwakuwumzamo wokuhlukanisa amahlelo, ikakhulukazi amaTolstoyan, abe amaqembu aqhubekayo futhi asabelayo: ngamazwi kaBonch-Bruyevich, "inkemba ebukhali nengenasihe ye-revolution yaveza ukuhlukana" phakathi kwamaTolstoyan. U-Bonch-Bruevich uthi u-KS Shokhor-Trotsky kanye no-VG Chertkov kwabaphendulayo, kuyilapho ethi u-IM Tregubov no-PI Biryukov bamaTolstoyan, eduze nabantu - noma, njengoba uSofia Andreevna ababiza, "ebumnyameni", okubangela intukuthelo kulokhu. okuthiwa “owesifazane okhukhumele, onamandla, oziqhenyayo ngamalungelo akhe” …. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBonch-Bruevich uzigxeke kakhulu izitatimende zeCongress of Sectarian Agricultural Associations ngokumelene nesigwebo sentambo, inkonzo yezempi yomhlaba wonke kanye nohlelo oluhlangene lwezikole zaseSoviet. Ngokushesha isihloko sakhe sabangela izingxoxo ezikhathazayo enkantini yemifino yaseMoscow eGazetny Lane.
Imihlangano yamasonto onke yamaTolstoyan esakhiweni Sesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow yayiqashwe ngeso lokhozi. USergei Mikhailovich Popov (1887-1932), owake wabhalelana noTolstoy, ngo-March 16, 1923, wazisa isazi sefilosofi uPetr Petrovich Nikolaev (1873-1928), owayehlala eNice kusukela ngo-1905: “Abameleli beziphathimandla benza njengabaphikisi. futhi ngezinye izikhathi bazwakalise ngokuqinile ukubhikisha kwabo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, engxoxweni yami yokugcina, lapho kwakukhona amakoloni ezingane ezimbili, kanye nabantu abadala, ngemva kokuphela kwengxoxo, abameleli ababili beziphathimandla beza kimi, phambi kwawo wonke umuntu, futhi babuza: “Ingabe Unayo imvume yokuqhuba izingxoxo?" “Cha,” ngiphendula, “ngokwezinkolelo zami, bonke abantu bangabazalwane, ngakho-ke ngiliphika lonke igunya futhi angiceli imvume yokuqhuba izingxoxo.” “Nginike amaphepha akho,” bethi <…> “Uboshiwe,” besho, bese bekhipha amavolovolo futhi bewaqhweba bawabhekise kimina ngala mazwi: “Siyakuyala ukuba usilandele.”
Ngo-April 20, 1924, esakhiweni se-Moscow Vegetarian Society, uMkhandlu Wezesayensi weTolstoy Museum kanye noMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow wabamba umkhosi ovaliwe weminyaka engama-60 ka-II Gorbunov-Posadov kanye neminyaka engama-40 yokubhala kwakhe. umsebenzi njengenhloko yendlu yokushicilela yase-Posrednik.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-April 28, 1924, kwathunyelwa isicelo ezikhulwini zaseSoviet sokuba kugunyazwe uMqulu Osalungiswa Wenhlangano YaseMoscow Yemifino. I-LN Tolstoy - yasungulwa ngo-1909! - ngenkomba yokuthi bonke abafake izicelo abayishumi abahlangene. Kokubili ngaphansi kwe-tsarism nangaphansi kwamaSoviet - futhi ngokusobala ngaphansi kukaPutin futhi (cf. ngezansi kwekhasi yy) - ama-charters azo zonke izinhlangano zomphakathi kwadingeka athole imvume esemthethweni evela kuziphathimandla. Phakathi kwemibhalo yokugcina umlando weSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow kukhona uhlaka lwencwadi eyabhalwa ngo-August 13 wonyaka ofanayo, eyabhalelwa uLev Borisovich Kamenev (1883-1936), owayeyilungu ngaleso sikhathi (kwaze kwaba ngu-1926). I-Politburo kanye nenhloko yekomidi eliphezulu loMkhandlu Wedolobha LaseMoscow, kanye nesekela likaSihlalo woMkhandlu Wabantu Abasebenzisa iCommissars. Umlobi wale ncwadi ukhononda ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo weSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow awukagunyazwa: “Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokokwaziswa enginakho, umbuzo wokugunyazwa kwawo ubonakala uxazululwa ngendlela engafanele. Kubonakala kunohlobo oluthile lokungaqondi okwenzeka lapha. Imiphakathi edla imifino ikhona emadolobheni amaningi - kungani ingekho inhlangano efanayo eMoscow? Umsebenzi womphakathi uvuleleke ngokuphelele, wenziwa embuthanweni olinganiselwe wamalungu awo, futhi uma uke waqashelwa njengongafuneki, ungase, ngaphezu komqulu ogunyaziwe, ucindezelwe ngezinye izindlela. Yiqiniso, i-O-vo ayizange ihlanganyele emisebenzini yezombangazwe. Kusukela kulolu hlangothi, yazitusa ngokugcwele phakathi neminyaka eyi-15 ikhona. Ngiyethemba kakhulu, othandekayo uLev Borisovich, ukuthi uzothola kungenzeka ukuqeda ukungezwani osekuvele futhi unginikeze usizo kule ndaba. Ngingabonga uma ungaveza umbono wakho ngale ncwadi yami. Nokho, imizamo enjalo yokuxhumana neziphathimandla eziphakeme ayizange ilethe umphumela owawufiseleka.
Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezivimbelayo zeziphathimandla zaseSoviet, abantu abadla imifino bakwa-Tolstoyan baqala ukushicilela ngasese omagazini abanesizotha ababhalwe ngomshini noma nge-rotaprint maphakathi nawo-20s. Ngakho, ngo-1925 (uma kubhekwa ukuqokwa kwangaphakathi: “muva nje, mayelana nokufa kukaLenin”) “njengombhalo wesandla” onemvamisa yamasonto amabili, kwanyatheliswa incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Common Case. Imagazini ye- Literary-social and vegetarian ehlelwe ngu-Y. Neapolitansky. Lo magazini wawuzoba “izwi eliphilayo labantu abadla imifino.” Abahleli balo magazini bakugxeka kakhulu ukuchema kohlangothi olulodwa lokubunjwa koMkhandlu weMoscow Vegetarian Society, befuna ukuba kusungulwe “uMkhandlu womfelandawonye” lapho wonke amaqembu eNhlangano anethonya elikhulu ayeyomelwa khona; iseluleko esinjalo kuphela, ngokusho komhleli, esingaba igunya KUBO BONKE abadla imifino. Maqondana noMkhandlu osuvele ukhona, kwavezwa ukwesaba ukuthi ngokungena kwabantu abasha ekwakhekeni kwawo, “ukuqondisa” kwenqubomgomo yawo kungase kushintshe; ngaphezu kwalokho, kwagcizelelwa ukuthi lo Mkhandlu uholwa "ngomakadebona abahlonishwayo baseTolstoy", abasanda "kuhambisana nekhulu leminyaka" futhi bathatha wonke amathuba ukukhombisa esidlangalaleni ukuzwela kwabo ohlelweni olusha lombuso (ngokusho komlobi, "Tolstoy-statesmen"); abantu abasha abanomqondo ophikisayo emikhakheni ebusayo yabadla imifino abamelwe ngokusobala. U-Y. Neapolitansky uhlambalaza ubuholi bomphakathi ngokuntula umsebenzi nesibindi: “Ngokuphambene ncamashí nejubane elivamile lempilo yaseMoscow, abantu abadla imifino bazithole benokuthula kusukela ngo-1922, behlela “isihlalo esithambile”. <...> Kukhona izithombe ezinyakazayo enkantini yeVegetarian Island kunaseNhlanganweni uqobo lwayo” (ikhasi 54 yy). Ngokusobala, ngisho nasezikhathini zamaSoviet, ukugula okudala kokunyakaza kwemifino akuzange kunqotshwe: ukuhlukana, ukuhlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningi kanye nokungakwazi ukuvumelana.
Ngo-March 25, 1926, kwaba nomhlangano wamalungu abasunguli beSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow eMoscow, lapho abahlanganyeli bakaTolstoy asebenesikhathi eside baba nengxenye: VG Chertkov, PI Biryukov, no-II Gorbunov-Posadov. U-VG Chertkov ufunde isitatimende mayelana nokusungulwa komphakathi ovuselelwe, obizwa ngokuthi "i-Moscow Vegetarian Society", ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-draft charter. Nokho, emhlanganweni olandelayo ngo-May 6, kwadingeka kwenziwe isinqumo: “Ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuthola impendulo evela eminyangweni ethintekayo, lo mthetho-sisekelo kufanele uhlehliswe ukuze ucatshangelwe.” Yize isimo sikhona kodwa imibiko ibisaqhubeka kufundwa. Ngakho-ke, encwadini yezenzakalo zezingxoxo zeSifunda Sezempi saseMoscow kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 1915 kuya ku-February 19, 1929, kunemibiko yemibiko (eyahanjelwa abantu abangu-12 kuya ku-286) ngezihloko ezifana nethi "The Spiritual Life of LN Tolstoy". ” (N N. Gusev), “The Doukhobors in Canada” (PI Biryukov), “Tolstoy and Ertel” (NN Apostolov), “The Vegetarian Movement in Russia” (IO Perper), “The Tolstoy Movement in Bulgaria” (II Gorbunov-Posadov), "Gothic" (Prof. AI Anisimov), "Tolstoy and Music" (AB Goldenweiser) nabanye. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-1925 kuphela, imibiko engama-35.
Kusukela emaminithini emihlangano yoMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow kusukela ngo-1927 kuya ku-1929, kusobala ukuthi umphakathi wazama ukulwa nenqubomgomo yeziphathimandla, eyayilokhu ivimbela imisebenzi yayo, kodwa ekugcineni kwakusadingeka ukuthi hluleka. Ngokusobala, kungakapheli u-1923, "i-Artel "Vegetarian Nutrition" ethile yathatha indawo yokudlela eyinhloko ye-MVO-va, ngaphandle kokukhokha amanani afanele okuqasha, izinsiza, njll, nakuba izitembu nokubhaliselwe kwe-MVO-va iqhubekile nokusetshenziswa. Emhlanganweni woMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ngo-April 13, 1927, kwabikwa “ubudlova obuqhubekayo” be-Artel ngokumelene neNhlangano. “Uma u-Artel egunyaza isinqumo seBhodi lakhe sokuqhubeka nokuhlala emagcekeni eSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, khona-ke uMkhandlu WeNhlangano uxwayisa ngokuthi awuboni kungenakwenzeka ukwenza noma yisiphi isivumelwano no-Artel ngale ndaba.” Imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yoMkhandlu yayihanjelwa amalungu awo angu-15 kuya kwangu-20, kuhlanganise nabanye babangane abakhulu bakaTolstoy—uVG Chertkov, u-II Gorbunov-Posadov, noNN Gusev. Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1927, uMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, esikhumbuzweni seminyaka eyikhulu ezayo yokuzalwa kukaLN Tolstoy, "kucatshangelwa ukusondela kwemibono yeSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow empilweni kaLN Tolstoy, futhi ngokubheka. wokubamba iqhaza kwe-LN kwezemfundo <...> u-O-va ngo-1909″, wanquma ukunikeza igama lika-LN Tolstoy esiFundeni Sezempi SaseMoscow futhi ahambise lesi siphakamiso ukuze sigunyazwe umhlangano ojwayelekile wamalungu e-O-va. Futhi ngo-January 18, 1928, kwanqunywa ukuba kulungiswe iqoqo elithi "Indlela u-LN Tolstoy angithonye ngayo" futhi ayalele u-II Gorbunov-Posadov, I. Perper no-NS Troshin ukuthi babhale isikhalazo somncintiswano wesihloko esithi "Tolstoy and Vegetarianism ". Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-I. Perper wayalwa ukuba afake isicelo ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu [yokukhangisa] yabantu abangadli inyama. Ngo-July 2 wawo lowo nyaka, uhla lwemibuzo olusalungiswa lwagunyazwa ukuba lusakazwe amalungu eNhlangano, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba kube neSonto LaseTolstoy eMoscow. Ngempela, ngo-September 1928, iSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow sahlela umhlangano wezinsuku eziningi, okwafika kuwo amakhulu amaTolstoyan eMoscow evela kulo lonke izwe. Umhlangano wawuqashwe iziphathimandla zaseSoviet; ngemuva kwalokho, kwaba yisizathu sokuboshwa kwamalungu oMbuthano Wentsha, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwephephabhuku lokugcina likaTolstoy - iphephandaba lanyanga zonke leSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1929 isimo sashuba kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 23, 1929, kwanqunywa ukuthi kuthunyelwe u-VV Chertkov no-IO Perper ku-7th International Vegetarian Congress eSteinshönau (Czechoslovakia), kodwa kakade ngo-February 3, u-VV va usengozini "ngenxa yokwenqaba kwe-MUNI [ I-Moscow Real Estate Administration] ukuze ivuselele isivumelwano sokuqashisa.” Ngemva kwalokho, kwaze kwakhethwa ithimba “lezingxoxo nezinhlangano eziphakeme kakhulu zeSoviet kanye neQembu mayelana nendawo ye-O-va”; kwakuhlanganisa: VG Chertkov, "usihlalo ohloniphekile weSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow", kanye no-II Gorbunov-Posadov, NN Gusev, IK Roche, VV Chertkov noVV Shershenev. Ngo-February 12, 1929, emhlanganweni ophuthumayo woMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, ithimba lazisa amalungu oMkhandlu ukuthi “isimo sengqondo sika-MOUNI sokunikela ngesakhiwo sasisekelwe esinqumweni seziphathimandla eziphakeme” kanye nokubambezeleka. ngoba ukudluliswa kwezakhiwo bekungeke kuvunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabikwa ukuthi i-All-Russian Central Executive Committee [lapho u-VV Mayakovsky aqala khona ukuxabana ngo-1924 enkondlweni edumile ethi "Jubilee" enikezelwe ku-AS Pushkin] yamukele isinqumo sokudluliselwa kwezakhiwo zeSifunda Sezempi saseMoscow. ku-anti-alcohol O. I-All-Russian Central Executive Committee ayizange iqonde mayelana nokuvalwa kweSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow.
Ngakusasa, ngo-February 13, 1929, emhlanganweni woMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, kwanqunywa ukuba kumiswe umhlangano ophuthumayo wamalungu eSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ngoMsombuluko, ngo-February 18, ngo-7:30 kusihlwa ukuze kuxoxwe ngawo. isimo esikhona manje mayelana nokuphucwa indawo ye-O -va nesidingo sokuyihlanza ngo-February 20. Kuwo lowo mhlangano, umhlangano omkhulu wacelwa ukuba ugunyaze ukungena ku-O-in amalungu agcwele abantu abangu-18, kanye nezimbangi. – 9. Umhlangano olandelayo woMkhandlu (okhona ongama-31) waba ngo-February 20: U-VG Chertkov kwadingeka abike ngesiqephu asithola esivumelwaneni se-Presidium ye-All-Russian Central Executive Committee kusukela ngo-2/2–29; Inombolo ye-95, ekhuluma ngeSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ngokuthi "yangaphambili" i-O-ve, ngemva kwalokho u-VG Chertkov wayalwe ukuba acacise mathupha umbuzo wesikhundla sika-O-va eKomidini Eliphethe I-All-Russian Central. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiphetho somtapo wezincwadi weSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow sanqunywa: ukuze sisetshenziswe kahle, kwanqunywa ukuyidlulisela kubunikazi obugcwele bukasihlalo ohloniphekile we-O-va, VG Chertkov; Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNhlolanja, uMkhandlu wanquma “ukucabangela i-Book Kiosk eyasuswa kusukela ku-26/II – p. , kwathi ngo-March 9, kwenziwa isinqumo: “Cabangela i-Children’s Hearth of the Island eyavalwa kusukela ngo-March 15 kulo nyaka. G." Emhlanganweni woMkhandlu ngo-March 31, 1929, kwabikwa ukuthi inkontini yomphakathi yaqedwa, okwenzeka ngo-March 17, 1929.
I-GMIR (f. 34 op. 1/88. No. 1) igcina idokhumenti enesihloko esithi “Charter of the Moscow Vegetative Society eqanjwe ngo-ALN Tolstoy. Ekhasini lesihloko kunophawu lukaNobhala WoMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow: “22/5-1928 <…> kaNo. 1640 charter of the general. wathunyelwa kunobhala <…> we-Presidium yeKomidi Eliphethe Elimaphakathi LaseRussia. Ngokwesimo sengqondo <...> 15-IV [1929] No. 11220/71, iNhlangano yaziswa ukuthi ukubhaliswa kwe-charter kwanqatshwa nokuthi <...> imise yonke imisebenzi kubo. MVO”. Lo myalelo weKomidi Eliphethe Eliphakathi LaseRussia ukhonjiswe ku- "Attitude of AOMGIK-a kusuka ku-15-1929 p. [11220131] No. 18 esho ukuthi ukubhaliswa kwe-charter ye-O-va yi-Moscow Gubernia Executive Committee yenqatshiwe, kungani i-AOMGIK ihlongoza ukumisa yonke imisebenzi egameni le-O-va. Ngo-Ephreli 1883, uMkhandlu Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, mayelana "nesiphakamiso" se-AOMGIK sokumisa imisebenzi ye-O-va, wanquma ukuthumela umbhikisho ngesikhalazo ngokumelene nalesi siphakamiso eMkhandlwini Wabantu BamaCommissars. I-RSFSR. Ukubhalwa kombhalo kwaphathiswa u-IK Roche no-VG Chertkov (iChertkov efanayo uLN Tolstoy ambhalela izincwadi eziningi kakhulu phakathi kuka-1910 no-5 kangangokuthi benza imiqulu engu-90 yencwadi yezemfundo enemiqulu engama-35 ...). UMkhandlu uphinde wanquma ukucela i-Tolstoy Museum, ngenxa yokuqedwa kwe-O-va, ukuthi yamukele zonke izinto zayo endaweni yokugcinwa kwemnyuziyamu (ill. 1932 yy) - inhloko yemnyuziyamu ngaleso sikhathi kwakungu-NN Gusev. … I-Tolstoy Museum, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kamuva kwadingeka idlulisele le mibhalo eMnyuziyamu waseLeningrad Womlando Wenkolo NobuNkulunkulu, owasungulwa ngo-XNUMX - i-GMIR yanamuhla.
Amaminithi No. 7 eSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow ka-May 18, 1929 afundeka kanje: “Cabangela wonke amacala okuqedwa kwe-O-va aqedwa.”
Eminye imisebenzi yomphakathi kwadingeka imiswe, kuhlanganise nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlamvu ze-hectographed "Izincwadi ezivela kubangane bakaTolstoy". Umbhalo wangoLwesithathu wekhophi elandelayo ebhaliwe:
“Mngane othandekayo, sikwazisa ukuthi Izincwadi Zabangane ZakwaTolstoy zinqanyuliwe ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla ethu. Inombolo yokugcina yezincwadi kwakunguNo. 1929 ngo-Okthoba 7, kodwa sidinga imali, njengoba abaningi babangane bethu bazithola besejele, futhi ngenxa yokwanda kwezincwadi, okuyingxenye yezincwadi eziyekiwe ezivela kubangane bakaTolstoy, nakuba futhi kudinga isikhathi esengeziwe nokuposa.
Ngo-October 28, abaningana babangane bethu baseMoscow baboshwa futhi bayiswa ejele laseButyrka, lapho abangu-2, u-IK Rosha no-NP Chernyaev, badedelwa ngemva kwamasonto amathathu ngebheyili, nabangane abangu-4 - IP Basutin (unobhala we-VG Chertkov), uSorokin. , IM, Pushkov, VV, Neapolitan, Yerney badingiselwa eSolovki iminyaka emi-5. Kanye nabo, umngane wethu u-AI Grigoriev, owayeboshwe ngaphambili, wadingiswa unyaka wesi-3. Ukuboshwa kwabangane bethu nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo kwenzeka nakwezinye izindawo eRussia.
January 18th p. Kwanqunywa iziphathimandla zendawo ukuba zihlakaze indawo okuwukuphela kwayo eduze kwaseMoscow ka-Leo Tolstoy, Life and Labor, abanomqondo ofanayo. Kwanqunywa ukuba izingane zamaKhomanisi zikhishwe ezikhungweni zemfundo, futhi uMkhandlu WamaKhomanisi waquliswa icala.
Ngomnsalo wobungane egameni lika-V. Chertkov. Ngazise uma uyitholile Incwadi evela kubangani bakaTolstoy No. 7.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili emadolobheni amakhulu, ama-canteens emifino aqhubeka ekhona okokuqala - lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kufakazelwa inoveli ka-I. Ilf no-E. Petrov "Izihlalo Eziyishumi Nambili". Emuva ngo-September 1928, uVasya Shershenev, usihlalo we-New Yerusalim-Tolstoy commune (enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMoscow), wanikezwa ukuba aphathe i-Vegetarian Canteen eMoscow phakathi nenkathi yasebusika. Wabuye wakhethwa njengosihlalo we-Moscow Vegetarian Society ngakho-ke wayevame ukuhamba esuka edolobheni "New Yerusalim-Tolstoy" eya eMoscow. Kodwa-ke, cishe ngo-1930, amakhomanisi namadlelandawonye aqanjwa ngalo. I-LN Tolstoy yahlaliswa kabusha ngenkani; kusukela ngo-1931, kwavela i-commune esifundeni saseKuznetsk, esinamalungu angu-500. Le miphakathi ijwayele ukuba nemisebenzi yezolimo ekhiqizayo; isibonelo, umkhandlu othi "Impilo Nomsebenzi" eduze kwaseNovokuznetsk, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, ngo-54 degrees latitude, wethula ukutshalwa kwama-strawberry kusetshenziswa izindlu zokugcina izithombo kanye nemibhede ye-hothouse (i-36 yy), futhi ngaphezu kwalokho yahlinzeka ngezitshalo ezintsha zezimboni, ikakhulukazi i-Kuznetskstroy. , imifino edingekayo kakhulu. Nokho, ngo-1935-1936. umkhandlu waqedwa, amalungu awo amaningi aboshwa.
Ukushushiswa amaTolstoyan namanye amaqembu (kuhlanganise namaMalevanians, Dukhobors kanye namaMolokan) ngaphansi kombuso wamaSoviet kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe uMark Popovsky encwadini ethi Russian Men Tell. Abalandeli bakaLeo Tolstoy eSoviet Union 1918-1977, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1983 eLondon. Igama elithi "imifino" ku-M. Popovsky, kufanele kushiwo, litholakala ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela, okungukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kweSifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow kuze kube ngu-1929 kwakuyisikhungo sokuhlangana esibaluleke kakhulu sabalandeli bakaTolstoy.
Ukuhlanganiswa kohlelo lweSoviet ekupheleni kwawo-1920 kwaqeda ukuhlolwa kwemifino kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezingezona ezendabuko. Yiqiniso, imizamo ehlukene yokulondoloza imifino yayisasenziwa - umphumela wayo kwaba ukuncishiswa komqondo wokudla imifino ekudleni ngomqondo omncane, nokwenqatshwa okukhulu kwezisusa zenkolo nezokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-Leningrad Vegetarian Society manje yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi "i-Leningrad Scientific and Hygienic Vegetarian Society", okwaqala ngo-1927 (bheka ngenhla, iphe. iminyaka 110.). Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-July 112, 37, umphakathi waseLeningrad waphendukela eMkhandlwini Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow, owaqhubeka namasiko kaTolstoy, ngesicelo sokunikeza impendulo kulo magazini omusha.
Ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo sika-Leo Tolstoy ngo-1928, iphephabhuku i-Food Hygiene lashicilela izindatshana ezamukela iqiniso lokuthi isayensi nomqondo ophusile kwanqoba emzabalazweni phakathi kokuthanda imifino okungokwenkolo nokuziphatha kanye nokudla kwemifino kwesayensi nokuhlanzekile. Kodwa ngisho nalezi zindlela zokusebenzisa amathuba azizange zisize: ngo-1930 igama elithi “imifino” lanyamalala esihlokweni sikamagazini.
Iqiniso lokuthi konke kwakungase kwenzeke ngendlela ehlukile kuboniswa isibonelo saseBulgaria. Kakade ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaTolstoy, izimfundiso zakhe zasakazwa kabanzi lapha (bheka ikhasi 78 ngenhla mayelana nokusabela okwabangelwa ukushicilelwa kweSinyathelo Sokuqala). Kuyo yonke ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1926, iTolstoyism yachuma eBulgaria. AmaTolstoyan aseBulgaria ayenamaphephandaba awo, omagazini, izindlu zokunyathelisa nezitolo zezincwadi, ezazithuthukisa ngokuyinhloko izincwadi zamaTolstoyan. Kwasungulwa nomphakathi odla imifino, onamalungu amaningi futhi, phakathi kokunye, unoxhaxha lwama-canteens, nawo asebenza njengendawo yemibiko nemihlangano. Ngo-400, kwaba nengqungquthela yemifino yaseBulgaria, lapho abantu be-1913 bahlanganyela khona (ake sikhumbule ukuthi inani lababambe iqhaza engqungqutheleni yaseMoscow ngo-200 lafinyelela ku-9 kuphela). Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwamiswa isifunda sezolimo saseTolstoy, okwathi, ngisho nangemva kuka-September 1944, 40, usuku amakhomanisi aqala ngalo ukubusa, aqhubeka ephathwa ngenhlonipho nguhulumeni, njengoba lalibhekwa njengepulazi elingcono kakhulu lokusebenzisana ezweni. . “Inhlangano yaseBulgaria yaseTolstoyan ihlanganise amalungu amathathu e-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, abaculi ababili abaziwayo, oprofesa abambalwa bamanyuvesi kanye nezimbongi okungenani eziyisishiyagalombili, ababhali bemidlalo kanye nababhali bamanoveli. Yaqashelwa kabanzi njengesici esibalulekile ekukhuphuleni izinga lamasiko nelokuziphatha lempilo yomuntu siqu neyenhlalo yabantu baseBulgaria futhi yaqhubeka ikhona ngaphansi kwezimo zenkululeko elinganiselwe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwawo-1949. NgoFebhuwari 1950, isikhungo seSofia Vegetarian Society savalwa sase siphenduka iklabhu yamaphoyisa. NgoJanuwari 3846, iBulgaria Vegetarian Society, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinamalungu angama-64 ezinhlanganweni zendawo eziyi-XNUMX, yaphela.