Izifo nezinambuzane zesikhunta: incazelo nezindlela zokulawula

Njengabo bonke abameleli boMbuso wezilwane zasendle, amakhowe awavikelekile ekulimaleni izifo nezinambuzane. Phakathi kwezifo ezivame kakhulu zokukhunta ezithinta i-mycelium ngesikhathi sokutshala, izindawo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokubola kungabangelwa. Izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zesikhunta izimpukane, imikhaza, omiyane, ama-nematode kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagundane.

Ukutshala amakhowe kuyinqubo ethakazelisayo futhi elawulwa kahle. Isivuno esinala sincike ezintweni eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi umkhiqizi uyehluleka ukuthola isivuno esikhulu. Lokhu kuthonywa yizici ze-abiotic kanye ne-biotic. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa okufana nomswakama ohlobene, izinga lokushisa, izinga lomswakama kumquba kanye nomhlabathi. Izici ze-Biotic zihlanganisa izifo kanye nezinambuzane zesikhunta. Izifo zingavela kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta uma kwenzeka izici ezimbi. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-mycelium, umquba onezinkomba ezingezinhle ungabangela isifo. Izici ze-Biotic zingaba yinkinga enkulu lapho kukhula amakhowe, njengoba izifo ezibangelayo zifana nezimpawu zabo. Phela, ukwelapha lesi sifo, kubalulekile ukuqeda imbangela yaso, okunzima kakhulu ukunquma ngenxa yokufana kwezimpawu.

Ungathola amagama nezincazelo zezifo zokukhunta, kanye nezindlela zokubhekana nazo kulesi sihloko.

Izimpawu zezifo zesikhunta

Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ze-biotic zezifo ze-fungal ziyi-fungus e-parasitic kanye nabaphikisi, amagciwane, amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane (i-nematodes, izibungu, izimpukane). Ukuze usungule lesi sifo, uzodinga imishini elula ngendlela ye-binocular, ingilazi yokukhulisa, njll. Uma ungabaza ukuxilongwa kwakho, uzodinga ukuthumela amasampula elabhorethri ukuze ahlaziywe.

Isikhunta esiyiParasitic, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, singathelela kakhulu amakhowe asekhulile. Isikhunta esiyiParasitic sihlukaniswa ngezici eziningana. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo yisakhiwo esine-spore. Iningi lalezi sikhunta alithinti i-mycelium, kodwa imizimba yezithelo. Ngokushesha ama-parasites avela, amakhowe azolimaza kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukumane bacindezele ukukhula kwabo noma babhubhise ngokuphelele.

Umthelela wesikhunta esiphikisayo kusikhunta esitshaliwe awuqondwa kahle. Kaningi zivela ngenxa yomquba olungiselelwe ngendlela engafanele. Ezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe anjalo zikhula futhi zithuthuke kanye ne-mycelium yamakhowe alinyiwe, asuse imisoco yawo. Abanye abamelene nabo bavela ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium futhi babe nomphumela ocindezelayo kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-mycelium, ukubambezela ukukhula nokukhula kwayo. Kunoma yikuphi, banciphisa isivuno. Isikhunta esiphikisanayo singabonakala kumquba noma phezu komhlabathi nge-mycelium noma izinhlamvu. Zibuye zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta se-plaster, isikhunta se-lipstick, isikhunta se-olive.

Izinto ezisetshenziswa lapho kusetshenzwa namakhowe azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ezinye izinhlobo zomsebenzi. Uma kungenjalo, ama-spores angadluliselwa emhlabathini aye ku-substrate.

Amakhowe okhula nawo ayakwazi ukukhula kanye nalawo atshaliwe. Isibonelo, isikhunta esiyinki sivame ukutholakala kumakhowe. Ikhula lapho i-substrate igcwele amanzi futhi i-ammonia yamahhala ikhona kuyo.

Amakhowe ayinki angaqoqwa kuphela nsuku zonke futhi abhujiswe ukuze angangcolisi izikhwama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bayayeka ukuvela. Kodwa isivuno samakhowe alinyiwe siyancipha njengoba amakhowe ayinki esesebenzise ezinye zezakhi zawo.

Ibhungane elimpunga liyikhowe le-oyster eliqhudelanayo. Idla izakhamzimba zabo, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise isivuno. Kufanele isuswe endaweni yokutshala futhi ichithwe. Ukuze uvimbele ukuvela kwayo, awukwazi ukondla izitshalo eduze kwemibhede ngamakhowe e-oyster.

Amagciwane adlala indima embaxambili ekutshalweni kwamakhowe. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhaktheriya zidingeka nje ekuthuthukiseni ngempumelelo i-mycelium, ye-substrate; abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, babangela izifo ezimbi kakhulu. Esinye sezifo ezidume kakhulu nezibi kakhulu zesikhunta esilinyiwe sibangelwa i-bacillus. Amagciwane aku-mycelium futhi awathinti ukukhula kwawo. Kodwa babambezela ukukhula kwemizimba yezithelo, kubangele ukukhubazeka kwabo.

Izifo ekutshalweni kwamakhowe

Ukhonkolo onsundu okubangelwa isikhunta esinsundu. Ngokuvamile kuthinta ama-champignon. Kuvela phambi kwe-ammonia yamahhala ku-substrate eluhlaza noma engavuthiwe. Futhi, izizathu zokubukeka kwayo zingase zikhuphuke umswakama womoya kanye ne-substrate kanye nokungena komoya okwanele. I-causative agent idla umsoco ofanayo namakhowe, yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi i-fungus engumngane. Amachashazi amhlophe anomumo ohlukahlukene avela ongqimbeni lwento yokumboza noma ebusweni be-substrate. Uma i-mycelium igujwa ngeminwe, khona-ke iphunga elimnandi lizwakala. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amabala aqala ukuba mnyama kusukela phakathi. Ngakho-ke impikiswano iqala. Ama-spores anombala wekhofi ansundu. Amachashazi amhlophe kancane kancane ayanyamalala, futhi izinhlamvu zingabonakali.

Ukuze uvimbele lesi sifo, kuyadingeka ukwenza umquba kahle futhi u-pasteurize i-substrate. Igumbi kufanele lihlale lingena umoya, futhi i-substrate kufanele ifakwe impova nge-gypsum.

isifo se-truffle ibonwa kaningi ku-champignon enezindandatho ezimbili futhi ibangelwa i-Diehliomyces microsporias (u-Diehl kanye neWundlu.) Gil. I-truffle yamanga ihlala emhlabathini. Ingena ku-substrate ngesikhathi sokwenza umquba emhlabathini. Iqala ukukhula ngokushesha ekushiseni okuphezulu kwe-substrate. I-mycelium ye-truffle yamanga ayibonakali ekuqaleni. Ivimbela i-mushroom mycelium, i-fruiting yayo iyancipha kakhulu. Kancane kancane, i-mycelium yesikhunta esilinyiwe ifa ngokuphelele futhi i-substrate iba yi-viscous, sekungenzeka ukubona imicu eminyene ye-mycelium - rhizomorphs. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, imizimba emincane yokukhunta yakhiwa phezu kwabo, efana nobuchopho bethole. Lezi yizidumbu ezithela izithelo zesikhunta. Zimhlophe ngokuphuzi. Bese ziba mnyama futhi zinyamalale, njengoba zihlukana zibe yizinhlamvu ezithelela i-substrate entsha. Ama-spores asebenza kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukumelana nokushisa kwe-substrate.

Ukuze uvimbele lolu hlobo lwesifo sokukhunta, ungafaki umquba endaweni yobumba. Ezinqwabani, izinga lokushisa kufanele libe phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Izindawo zomquba kufanele zixutshwe. Ngemuva kokusika, amakholomu kufanele afafazwe ngesisombululo esingu-1% se-sulphate yethusi. Isendlalelo sekhava kufanele siphathwe ngokushisa. I-substrate engcolile kufanele ihlale ifakwe esikhwameni ngaphambi kokuthi ilahlwe endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu. Lokhu kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa kwezinhlamvu kusuka kuyo kuya ezintweni ezizungezile.

Ukubona amagciwane kubonakala njengamachashaza amnyama ku-mycelium. Isizathu salesi sifo ama-bacteriosis akhula endaweni engaphansi kwamanzi. Zingabuye zivele uma i-substrate ithole ukwelashwa okwanele noma okungalungile okushisa, noma uma umbuso wokushisa ungabonwa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwe-substrate. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo se-mycelium fungal, yonke imithetho emisiwe kufanele ibhekwe ngokuqinile kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi futhi i-microclimate edingekayo kufanele igcinwe.

I-substrate nayo ngezinye izikhathi iyathinteka yi-trichoderma. Umphumela walesi sifo yiziqhingi zesikhunta esiluhlaza kuso, okunciphisa isivuno. I-substrate enegciwane kufanele ichithwe ngokushesha. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo, kuyadingeka ukubeka i-substrate ekwelapheni ukushisa okuphelele. Kuphinde kuqashelwe ukuthi i-substrate ekhethiwe ayivezwa kancane ekuthelelekeni ngalesi sifo.

Ngezinye izikhathi amakhowe akhula anesigqoko esincane esiqwini eside esincanyana. Ukuze ulungise lo mphumela, kuyadingeka ukufaka umoya ekamelweni. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa isiphephetha-moya esivamile noma wenze isiphephetha-moya ngemibhobho esikhwameni sepulasitiki.

Ukuze uvimbele ukutheleleka ngamabhaktheriya, kuyadingeka ukufafaza wonke amakamelo 2-2% isisombululo se-bleach izikhathi ezingu-4 ngonyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele zivaliwe izinsuku ezi-2. Bese ufaka umoya kahle futhi izinsuku ezi-2. Kabili ngonyaka, zonke izindonga kufanele zicakwe ngesisombululo se-bleach esingu-1%. Zonke izinsalela ze-substrate kufanele zisuswe ngokucophelela.

ukugqwala kwamabala ibonakala njengamachashazi okugqwala achazwe kahle. Ziba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amagciwane alesi sifo sokukhunta avela kumswakama ophezulu. Lesi sifo singakwazi ukumboza wonke amasimu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuvimbela ukugula, noma yisiphi isibulala-magciwane esiqukethe i-chlorine kufanele sifakwe emanzini ukuze kuniselwe.

Noma iyiphi isikhunta esilinyiwe sinamagciwane noma izinhlayiya ezifana negciwane. Ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokwakheka. Okwamanje, umphumela othize wamagciwane ekuthuthukiseni isikhunta esilinyiwe awaziwa. Ukuphela kwento engashiwo ngokuqinisekile ukuthi wonke amagciwane kanye nezinhlayiya zawo ziholela ekwehleni noma ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno, ekuxabaneni okuhlukahlukene ekukhuleni kwemizimba yezithelo ezidala ushintsho ekubunjweni kwesikhunta (ukuvulwa kokuqala kwesikhunta). ikepisi, imilenze emide kakhulu).

Ukubola okumhlophe - esinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu zamakhowe atshaliwe. Kungase kucekele phansi wonke amasimu. I-causative agent yalesi sifo sesikhunta isemhlabathini we-casing. Kufanele ihlanzwe ngesibulala-magciwane ukuvimbela izifo. Amakhowe athintekile kufanele asuswe futhi ashiswe. Amagquma adinga ukuchelelwa ngesisombululo se-chlorine esibulala amagciwane.

Ukubola okomile futhi ngokuvamile ukuthelela isikhunta kutshalwa. I-pathogen yayo itholakala kukhava yenhlabathi. Kuthinta amakhowe alinyiwe - amabala ansundu avela kuwo. Imilenze yamakhowe athintekile iba minyene, kumakhowe amadala aze aqhekeke. Isikhunta esinjalo kufanele sisuswe ngokushesha futhi sibhujiswe. Ukuze uvimbele lesi sifo, kuyadingeka ukususa amagciwane enhlabathini esembozweni.

Izimpawu eziyinhloko zezifo zokukhunta ziboniswa kulezi zithombe:

Izinambuzane zamakhowe atshaliwe

Izinambuzane zamakhowe alinyiwe yizimpukane, izibungu, omiyane, ama-nematode, amagundane afana negundane.

izimpukane amakhowe ngokuvamile kuthinta isikhunta esilinyiwe futhi kulimaze imizimba ye-mycelium ne-fruiting, yona, engaphansi kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Izimpukane ziza ngokwazo, zikhangwa iphunga lamakhowe. Zingabuye zilethwe kanye ne-substrate. Izimpukane eziningi zithelela isikhunta esimweni sezulu esifudumele, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphezu kuka-17 ° C.

Izimpukane zamakhowe zikhula kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuvuthwa kwe-mycelium. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-substrate isendlini. Ivamise ukugcinwa amaviki ama-5-6, kanti izibungu zikhula zibe izimpukane ezindala phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-24-38 endaweni yokushisa engu-20-30 °C. Lesi sikhathi sivuna kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ngezinkomba zayo ezikhululekile, ezifana nezinga lokushisa nomswakama.

Izimpawu zokuqala zokuvela kwezibungu zalezi zinambuzane ezikhunta amabala amnyama eduze nokubhobozwa kwesikhunta.

Ingozi iyanda uma izinto zobudala obuhlukene zigcinwa ekamelweni (izimpukane nomiyane abasesigangeni esidala bathelela abasha). Izinambuzane zingena ngezimbobo ze-polyethylene bese zibekela amaqanda azo. Izibungu eziphuma kuzo zilimaza i-mycelium, yona, itheleleke ngesikhunta esikhuntile namagciwane.

Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokulwa nempukane yamakhowe ziwukuvimbela. Kufanele zenziwe ngaphambi kokutshala i-mycelium ku-substrate. Yonke imithombo yokutheleleka kufanele isuswe ngaphambi kokubeka i-substrate nangesikhathi sokunakekelwa okwengeziwe kwamakhowe. Igumbi kufanele lihlanzwe kahle futhi libulawe amagciwane. Uma umoya ngesikhathi esifanayo uqukethe inani elikhulu lama-vapors namagesi ayingozi, ngakho-ke kuhle ukusebenzisa imaski yegesi lapho usebenza.

Uma ukukhiqizwa kwamakhowe kukhulu kakhulu, khona-ke amalungiselelo akhethekile angasetshenziswa ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezindala. Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, igumbi lonke kufanele lifuthwe ngamapheya e-Monofos noma amalungiselelo e-Pogos (1000 g nge-800 m). Emva kwalokho, igumbi kufanele livalwe amahora ambalwa. Bese ukhipha umoya kahle futhi uphinde usebenze ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Lezi zidakamizwa ziwubuthi obuqinile, ngakho-ke udinga ukusebenzisana nabo ngokucophelela. Izicupho ezilula, amateyipu anamathelayo, izinto zokuhlanza izandla nazo zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nezimpukane. Baphinde baxoshwe amanye amaphunga, njenge-vanilla.

Ngenhloso efanayo, kungcono ukuhlomisa amakamelo e-incubation nokulima ngokuhlukana komunye nomunye.

Futhi, izimpukane ezivamile ziyakwazi ukubeka izibungu zazo ku-substrate.

Ama-slugs angase avele ku-substrate. Ziyonakalisa imizimba fruiting of amakhowe. Ukulwa nama-slugs, kusetshenziswa usawoti we-potassium noma i-superphosphate, efafazwa emhlabathini izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngonyaka.

umiyane amakhowe ingenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zama-champignon namakhowe oyster. Lesi sinambuzane esincane kakhulu esingamamilimitha amathathu ubude. Omiyane bandiza ngokushesha futhi kahle, beya ncamashi ekamelweni lapho kunuka khona okumnandi komquba kanye ne-mycelium. Insikazi ngayinye ikwazi ukubekela amaqanda angaba ngu-3. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, kuvela izibungu kubo, ezifana nezibungu ezimhlophe ezinekhanda elimnyama. Zinobude obungu-200-4 mm futhi zingabonakala kalula ngeso lenyama. Baphila izinsuku ezingu-6-12. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibungu zikwazi ukubhubhisa sonke isitshalo. Badla kokubili amakhowe kanye ne-mycelium. Izinga lemikhiqizo nalo liyehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omiyane bathwala imikhaza, izinhlamvu ze-pathogenic microorganisms, nematodes.

Izibungu ziphenduka kancane kancane zibe iziphungumangathi, bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezi-4-7 zibe ngabantu abadala.

Lezi zinambuzane zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi zine-fecundity ephezulu. Bacishe bagcwalise yonke i-mycelium ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nazo. Kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukutheleleka, okungukuthi, ukuvimbela ukubekwa kokuqala kwamaqanda ezinambuzane ku-substrate. Kungani kudingekile ukufaka amanetha ane-fine-mesh ezindaweni zokuvula umoya. Ekamelweni ngokwalo, kuyadingeka ukudala ukucindezela ngokweqile. Yonke imifantu kufanele ivalwe futhi iminyango ivalwe; ungase futhi ulengise izicupho zeglue, sebenzisa amateyipu anamathelayo ajwayelekile ngokumelene nezimpukane. Futhi, ngenxa yale njongo, abanye abalimi basebenzisa izicupho ezilula, futhi kudingeka izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuphepha.

Uma konke okungenhla kungasebenzi, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali zokuvikela.

Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane emakamelweni phakathi kwemijikelezo yokukhiqiza noma ukwelapha izindawo ezingaphezulu ze-substrate kanye nezinto zokumboza lapho i-mycelium isanda kuqala ukukhula. Kodwa lokhu kufanele kwenziwe kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-25 ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvuna.

Uma imigomo nemithamo ye-insecticide iphulwa, khona-ke lokhu kungabangela ukubonakala kwemizimba emibi yezithelo, kubambezele ukukhula kwesikhunta, futhi kuholele ekuqoqweni kwenani elisele lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kumakhowe. Ngakho-ke, umthetho obaluleke kakhulu wabakhi bamakhowe akukhona ukuthi basebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kwezithelo.

Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, zonke izinto zokusebenza nezicathulo kufanele zibulawe amagciwane ngesisombululo se-formalin esingu-50%. Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele igezwe ngamanzi.

Uketshezi olusebenzayo ludinga ukusetshenziswa ngendlela eyongayo: ungabi ngaphezu kuka-0,2 l/m ukwenza umquba, kanye nezinto zokumboza kancane - 1 l/m. Omiyane abahamba phambili be-anti-fungal amalungiselelo e-microbiological asekelwe ku-Bacillus Thuringiensis. Kodwa umthamo wabo osebenzayo ungaphansi - mayelana ne-25-30 g / m, noma kunjalo, le mithi iphephile emvelweni.

Ungasebenzisa futhi amakhambi esintu ngokumelene nomiyane bamakhowe. Imibhede kumele imbozwe ngeziqongo zikatamatisi, ifafazwe ngamafutha e-dill.

Ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuhlanzeka ngaphakathi naseduze kwegumbi lamakhowe kufanele kukhulunywe njengezinyathelo zokuvimbela. Udinga futhi ukususa njalo imizimba ye-fruiting yesibungu ku-mycelium.

Ithebula “Izidakamizwa ezigunyazwe ngokumelene nomiyane besikhunta emasikweni amakhowe”:

iziphazamisi ayizilokazane zamakhowe uma etshalwe endaweni yotshani. Ngosayizi, izibungu zincane kunomiyane - cishe 1 mm. Umzimba wabo u-oval, flat, yellow, white noma pink. Abantu abadala banamapheya angu-4 emilenze, kanti izibungu zinamapheya ama-3. Insikazi izalela amaqanda angaba ngu-400. Imikhaza iyakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha futhi igaqe ngaphansi kwezingubo, ibangele ukulunywa okungajabulisi kakhulu. Thika izibungu zilimaza i-mycelium, abantu abadala bayanyakaza emizimbeni ethela izithelo.

Imikhaza ingena ku-mycelium kanye notshani. Zikhula ngokushesha endaweni engaphansi noma engavundisiwe kahle. Ukuze uziqede, udinga nje ukushintsha utshani.

Olunye uhlobo lwezibungu lungena ku-substrate kanye nomquba. Insikazi izalela amaqanda angaba ngu-40 endaweni engaphansi noma endaweni ekhavayo. Umkhaza ukhula esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezimbalwa kuya enyangeni. Kumakhowe athintwe yizibungu, isisekelo sesiqu siphenduka sibe nsundu, isigqoko siba pink.

Ukuze uvimbele ukutheleleka kwe-substrate ngezibungu, kufanele igcinwe endaweni yokushisa engu-59 ° C cishe amahora angu-12. Umhlabathi wekhava kumele ubulawe amagciwane amahora angu-8 ekushiseni kuka-60 ° C. Phakathi kwemibhede yamakhowe, fafaza ngamalungiselelo afanelekile.

AmaNematode nazo zingenye yezinambuzane zamakhowe alinywayo. Ziyizibungu ezincane ezinobude obungu-0,5 mm. Izinto ezisetshenziswa emlonyeni zifana nenkemba. Kuso bahlaba imicu ye-mycelium. Ngeke ubabone ngeso lenyama. Cishe njalo zingatholakala ku-substrate ye-champignon. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-nematodes: ezinye zimunca zonke izakhi ezivela kumaseli e-mycelial, zinciphisa isivuno samakhowe; eminye imikhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile i-alkalize i-substrate, ngaleyo ndlela iwonakele ikhwalithi yayo. Eziyingozi kakhulu yilezo nematode ezishwabadela i-mycelium.

Indawo ehlaselwe ama-nematode iyabonakala kalula. I-substrate endaweni enjalo iba mnyama, imanzi; ngaphezu kwalokho, ithola iphunga elithile. I-Mycelium ayikhuli kule ndawo. Izindawo ezinjalo ezingenalutho ziyisibonakaliso sokuqala sokuhlaselwa kwe-nematode. Uma kukhona okuningi kubo, khona-ke basheshe badlulele esigabeni sokugcwala. Kulesi sigaba, amakholomu ombala omhlophe akhiwa phezu kwesembozo. Zingafika ku-0,5 cm ukuphakama futhi zimele amashumi namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ama-nematode aswayipha kulula kakhulu ukuwacosha ku-substrate aye kwenye indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwenziwa yizisebenzi zesevisi kanye nezinambuzane.

Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina yonke imithetho edingekayo yenhlanzeko ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuqoqwa nangaphambi kokuthulula i-substrate, igumbi kufanele lifakwe ngesitimu.

Izimo ezivumayo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-nematode ehlukahlukene zidalwa ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwenqwaba yomquba. Izinhlobo ze-nematode eziwumphumela zimelana nezimo eziningi zemvelo, ngisho nasekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-hydrogen sulfide ne-ammonia. Zesaba kuphela izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke, i-substrate ngezinjongo zokuvimbela kufanele iphazamiseke kahle futhi ifakwe i-pasteurized.

Izinkuni, ama-springtails nawo alimaza isikhunta esitshaliwe. Bahlasela i-mycelium. Lezi zilwane ezingenamgogodla zihlala emhlabathini futhi zingena ku-substrate lapho zihlangana nomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukulungisa i-substrate phansi noma ukuhlela imibhede phansi.

impukane yobulongwe futhi ingenye izinambuzane amakhowe kutshalwa. Insikazi yakhe izalela amaqanda angama-30 emqubeni. Izibungu eziphuma kuzo zigcina sezitshaliwe kanye nomquba. Zivamise ukuba ngamamilimitha ambalwa ubude, namakhanda amnyama. Izibungu zidla kakhulu, zidla imizimba yezithelo, i-gnawing passages kuzo. Ngokushesha kakhulu, abantu abadala bazalwa ngezibungu, ezisakaza izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta, kanye nemikhaza kanye nematodes. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane nazo ziyingozi kusikhunta. Lesi zinambuzane ngokuvamile sibhekana naso ngosizo lwamakhemikhali afanelekile.

Ukuvimbela izifo zefungal

Zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyagula ngesikhathi esithile, akukho okuhlukile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi noma yisiphi isifo kulula ukusinqanda kunokwelapha. Futhi amakhowe awahlukile. Wonke amakhowe ahlushwa amagciwane, isikhunta esiyi-parasitic, izinambuzane eziyingozi.

Laba bamuva bavame ukuthwala izifo ezihlukahlukene. Konke kuxhumene ku-mycelium, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuvimbela lesi sifo kunokusiphatha; ikakhulukazi njengoba kwezinye izimo akunakwenzeka.

Ukulawula izinambuzane ekulinyweni okujulile kwamakhowe kunzima kakhulu, ngoba iningi lazo zonke izinambuzane zitholakala ekujuleni kwe-substrate futhi azibonakali.

Umthetho oyinhloko ovumela ukuthi uvikele izifo eziningi ukugcinwa kwezinyathelo zokuphepha zokuhlanzeka ku-mycelium. Ama-parasites awalokothi anikeze ukuzitika futhi awathetheleli amaphutha ku-pasteurization, amasu okwenza umquba, ukwephulwa kwabasebenzi bemithetho yenhlanzeko kanye nezimo zokugcinwa kwe-microclimate. Amapulazi amaningi ethula uhlelo lonke lwezinhlawulo zokwephulwa kwemithetho yokuhlanzeka. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela kuphumelela kakhulu.

Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu kanye nemithombo yezifo kanye nezinambuzane umoya ongahlungiwe, umquba ongafakwanga kahle, ingxube yenhlabathi engabizi kahle, i-mycelium yokutshala enegciwane, inzalo yokungathembeki yamathuluzi, ukwephulwa kwemithetho yenhlanzeko ku-mycelium.

Noma yisiphi isifo esiye sahlala ku-mycelium sisakazeka ngokushesha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zingena ngezinhlamvu zesikhunta, ngosizo lwezinambuzane nezibungu. Amagciwane esikhunta adluliselwa ezandleni zabasebenzi ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ezinambuzaneni. Amagciwane angeniswa ku-mycelium ngamaconsi amanzi ngesikhathi sokunisela, nezinambuzane ezindala. Zonke izinambuzane ngokwazo ziyakhasa futhi zihlakazeke, zicashe kuyo yonke imifantu emincane okhunini. Ukuwakhipha lapho cishe akunakwenzeka.

U-Jacques Delmas, uchwepheshe waseFrance, wakha imiyalo engu-10, ukugcinwa kwayo okukuvumela ukuba ugweme cishe zonke izinkinga nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuncintisana noma i-parasitic eziphilayo kusikhunta. Nansi imiyalo.

Kubalulekile ukubulala amagciwane yonke into ehlobene namakhowe - lawa ngamakamelo, amathuluzi, izinto zokusebenza, amabhokisi, obhasikidi bamakhowe, njll.

Ukutshala amakhowe, amakamelo angawodwa kufanele akhethwe ukuze izinto eziphilayo zangaphandle zingakwazi ukungena kuwo. Yonke imizila yokungena kwezifo nezinambuzane kumele ivinjwe.

Inhlabathi eyisimbozo yokutshala amakhowe kufanele ifakwe inzalo noma ithathwe kakade isivalekile. Izinhlobonhlobo zama-microorganisms zingahlala kuwo. I-sterilized ingxube eye yaphathwa ngesitimu noma nge-formalin. Inhlabathi engenalutho imbiwa ngaphansi komhlaba.

Yonke imfucuza kufanele isuswe ngokushesha.

Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, njengomquba, umquba, amakhowe avuniwe, kanye nemfucuza yokukhiqiza, akufanele ishiywe eduze kwe-mycelium. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuqaphela ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Ingaziveza ngesimo semfucumfucu enobuthi esatshalaliswa ngesistimu yokukhipha umoya.

Igumbi lapho lesi sifo senzeke khona kufanele lisuswe ngokushesha kwabanye futhi libulawe amagciwane ngokuphelele.

Kudingeka ukulandela ubuchwepheshe bokwenza umquba ngokunembe kakhulu. Ukwenza umquba kufanele kwenziwe kuphela endaweni ekhonkolo. Khumbula ukuthi emhlabeni kuvame ukuba nama-microorganisms amaningi ahlukene, amagciwane.

Umquba kufanele ulungiswe kuphela emazingeni okushisa athile, umswakama womoya kanye nokungenisa umoya. Kulokhu kuphela, i-substrate izokhetha isikhunta, okungukuthi, izofaneleka isikhunta, hhayi ama-microorganisms ancintisanayo.

Kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwesikhunta, umuntu kufanele ahlale eqapha ngentshiseko izimo ezifanele ze-microclimate.

Wonke umsebenzi ku-mycelium kufanele wenziwe ohlangothini olusuka kulawo magceke lapho amakhowe esanda kuqala ukutshalwa, kuya kulawo avunwa kuwo, okungukuthi, kusukela ezitshalweni ezincane kuya kwezindala. Awukwazi ukuhamba uye kolunye uhlangothi.

Ukuhambisana nale mithetho njalo kuqala ngokubulala amagciwane endaweni. Kufanele kwenziwe ngisho nakuma-mycelium amasha, ngaphambi kokulayisha umquba. Uma lokhu kuyindawo yokukhosela ibhomu, imayini esebenzayo noma elinye igumbi elinezindonga zamatshe, khona-ke indawo yabo kanye nophahla kufanele kugezwe kahle. Uma iphansi liwubumba, khona-ke ungqimba olungaphezulu kufanele lususwe. Uphahla lwamatshe nezindonga zidinga ukucakwa. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukwengeza isisombululo se-30% se-copper sulphate kumcako. Ukuhlanza kuyadingeka njalo. Lokhu kuzoba ukhiye wokuhlanza, umoya ocishe ube yinyumba. Kwamanye amagumbi, izindonga nophahla kufanele kufakwe izinto ezivikela amakhemikhali. Kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.

Ukuze kuvikelwe i-microbiological ye-substrate kusuka kumabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene kanye namagciwane, kuyadingeka ukusabalalisa amabhaktheriya e-thermophilic kuwo.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ku-mycelium ukukhishwa kwe-disinfection yezakhiwo ekupheleni kokulima kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-substrate esetshenzisiwe. Konke okunye kuzosebenza kuphela uma izimo ezimbili zokuqala kuhlangatshezwana nazo. Wonke amagciwane nezilokazane azalana phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Bayidinga ukuze bathuthuke, futhi yilapho kuphela lapho bezoqala ukuvimbela i-mycelium yesikhunta esilinyiwe. Kuyacaca ukuthi ngokushesha nje lapho befika ku-mycelium, bazolimaza kakhulu. Kulokhu, i-substrate esetshenzisiwe idlala indima ebalulekile, ngoba kulapho kugcinwa khona izinhlamvu, izibungu zamagciwane kanye nezinambuzane. Uma i-substrate endala isuswa ku-stretcher noma i-wheelbarrow, khona-ke izinsalela zayo, ngisho nezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, zingase ziwe ngephutha endleleni. Uma i-substrate esetshenzisiwe inqwabelana eduze kwe-mycelium noma ikhishwe esithuthweni esifanayo esisetshenziselwa i-substrate entsha, khona-ke ezimweni ezinjalo ngeke kube nesivuno esihle.

I-substrate esetshenzisiwe ingasuswa ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, iyakhishwa futhi ibulawe amagciwane. Kodwa kungcono ukuyithatha ngangokunokwenzeka noma ukuyithengisa kubanikazi bama-greenhouses. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kwalokhu, i-substrate kufanele ifakwe emanzini noma isixazululo se-formalin esingu-4%, isisombululo esingu-1% se-sulfate yethusi noma i-phenol e-chlorinated. I-substrate emanzi iphephile kune-substrate eyomile. Ngendlela yesibili, i-substrate kufanele ibulawe amagciwane esizeni noma ilashwe ngokushisa. Kunoma yikuphi, igumbi kufanele liphathwe ngokushisa. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokubulala amagciwane: ngokufaka isitimu namakhemikhali. Lapho kushunqa, igumbi liphathwa amahora ayi-12 ekushiseni kuka-70-100 °C. Ekhoneni elikude kakhulu nomthombo we-steam, i-thermometer ye-electronic kufanele ibekwe phansi komquba futhi iqaphe ukufundwa kwayo. Faka umhwamuko wamanzi ekamelweni. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphukela ku-70 ° C, qala isikhathi. Isikhethi samakhowe kufanele sifakwe i-thermal insulation layer, futhi isendlalelo sokufakwa kwe-thermal ngokwayo kufanele sibekwe ukuze isitimu singaweli kuso. Uma izindonga zangaphakathi zingenawo umoya, kufanele zimbozwe nge-plastic sheeting. Lesi silinganiso sizosiza ukubhubhisa amagciwane. Uhlelo olusekelayo lwezakhiwo kumele lumelane nakho konke ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Izakhiwo ezingakulungele lokhu ngokushesha ziba ezingasebenziseki. Uma uzalanisa amakhowe ngobuningi, khona-ke ukuvala inzalo ngesitimu kuyindlela engcono kakhulu. Le ndlela futhi iphephile kakhulu.

Ema-myceliums amancane phansi kwezakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ngaleso sikhathi, kungcono ukwenza ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali okushisa. Indlela elula kanje: isulfure eyimpuphu kufanele ixutshwe ne-ammonium noma i-potassium nitrate ngesilinganiso se-1: 3, ibekwe emapanini ensimbi futhi ibekwe emlilweni. Vala igumbi ngokuqinile. Kuzovela i-sulphur dioxide, ezokhipha amagciwane ekamelweni. Ukuhlushwa kwesulfure dioxide kuleli cala akufanele kudlule i-40 mg/m. Uma kungenjalo, igumbi lizoba nzima kakhulu ukufaka umoya. Ngemuva kwalokho udinga ukuyikhipha emoyeni okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10.

Indlela ethembeke kakhulu ukufutha igumbi nge-methylene bromide. Ukuvala inzalo kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwenzeka ekushiseni kwama-20-25 ° C ngethamo lika-600 g ngehora / m, njengokungathi igumbi liphathwa nge-1% ye-methyl bromide amahora ayi-17. Kodwa kungakapheli amahora angu-16, ukuhlushwa kwamakhemikhali (i-fumigant) kwehla izikhathi ezi-2, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe abanolwazi ngokuvamile balungiselela umthamo ophindwe kabili kusengaphambili. I-Methylene bromide kufanele isetshenziswe ne-chloropyrkine engu-2%, njengoba eyokuqala ayinaphunga futhi isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi sizobona ngokushesha ukuvuza.

Izakhiwo zokhuni zihlala zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlala enhle yezinambuzane nezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikubekezeleli kahle ukwelashwa kwe-steam, njengoba zicwilisa ngokushesha. Kungakho zonke izakhiwo zokhuni kufanele zifakwe i-parachlorophenolate noma i-sodium pentachlorophenolate. Ngeke nje bavikele isihlahla ekuboleni, kodwa futhi bazosebenza njengesithiyo kuzo zonke izinambuzane. Kungenzeka futhi esikhundleni sokumanzisa izingxenye zokhuni ngesisombululo se-bleach ne-carbolic acid ngemva kokwelashwa okushisayo ngakunye. I-substrate ephathwayo ibulawa amagciwane ngengxube efanayo.

Ungakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa kwe-steam namakhemikhali. Isibonelo, okokuqala phatha zonke izindonga, phansi, ama-racks nge-chlorophos nge-cuprosan bese upheka yonke into amahora angu-6. Noma phatha igumbi nge-40% ye-formalin egxilile noma ingxube ye-copper sulphate ne-lime. Okokuqala, izindonga, phansi kanye nophahla kufanele kugezwe ngesisombululo esingu-1% se-alkali chloride. Bese ufutha igumbi nge-formaldehyde. Kumamitha-skwele ayi-100, udinga ukuthatha amalitha ama-2 ka-40% we-formalin kanye nama-400 g we-bleach. Faka i-bleach ezitsheni ezivulekile ze-enameled noma ze-porcelain. Hlela izitsha ngomcako phansi endaweni yonke yegumbi u2bu4bthe, engeza i-formaldehyde. Kuzotholakala igesi ye-formaldehyde, ezomboza igumbi lonke. Thela i-formaldehyde ohlangothini ukusuka ngaphakathi kwegumbi ukuya lapho uphuma khona. Yonke inqubo idinga ukwenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Bese uvala iminyango izinsuku eziyi-XNUMX. Bese ufaka umoya egumbini izinsuku eziyi-XNUMX.

Ungayifutha ngekhambi le-bleach elingu-4%. Kungani uhlanza inani elifanele le-lime emanzini amancane. Lokhu kwenziwa kangcono endishini yokhuni. Bese wengeza amanzi ukuze uthole isixazululo sokuhlushwa okudingekayo, bese ushiya ukumnika amahora angu-2. Fafaza igumbi ngesixazululo. Bese uyivala izinsuku ezi-2. Le nqubo kufanele yenziwe izinsuku eziyi-15 ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwe-substrate. I-chlorine kufanele ihwamuke yonke.

I-Formalin ingafuthwa futhi emagcekeni. Ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi, thatha amalitha angu-0,25 ka-40% we-formalin. Kumamitha ayi-100 wegumbi, amalitha angama-20 esixazululo azodingeka. Igumbi kufanele lifafazwe kahle futhi livalwe ngokuqinile izinsuku ezi-2. Bese ukhipha umoya.

I-Formalin iyithuluzi elidingekayo lokukhulisa amakhowe. Kodwa empeleni ayivikeli ezinambuzaneni eziyingozi futhi ayichithi ngaso sonke isikhathi izinhlamvu zefungal.

Umthombo wokutheleleka ngokuvamile uthuli olunezinhlamvu. Ngaphambi komnyango ngamunye, udinga ukubeka umata omanzi ofakwe isibulala-magciwane. Wonke umuntu ongena ekamelweni makanyathele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo ekuseni, zonke iziqephu kufanele ziniselwe ngesisombululo se-formalin esingu-2%. Wonke amathuluzi kufanele afakwe kwisisombululo esifanayo.

Ukuvuna, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa obhasikidi abasha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ungathathi amabhokisi. Uma obhasikidi abadala bethathwa, khona-ke kufanele babulawe amagciwane esixazululweni se-bleach. Uma amakhowe etshalwe ezikhwameni zepulasitiki, awadingi ukubulawa amagciwane, ngoba asetshenziswa isikhathi esingu-1 kuphela. Amabhokisi okhuni adinga ukuhlanzwa futhi abulawe amagciwane ngemva kokuvuna ngakunye. Lokhu kokugcina kufanele kwenziwe kaningi ngesitimu amahora ayi-12, noma kulokhu, zonke izinto kufanele zicwiliswe kwisisombululo sesinye sezibulala-magciwane, isibonelo i-sodium pentachlorophenolate. Esibonakalisweni sokuqala sokuvela kwe-nematode, kufanele ulahle ngokushesha isitsha esidala futhi uthenge esisha.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuvikela i-mycelium kuma-microorganisms ayingozi angaphandle. Bayakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kanye namathuluzi, izinto zokusebenza, ezingutsheni, ngenhlabathi ekhavayo, umquba, ngesikhathi sokungenisa umoya. Zonke izinto ezilethwa ku-mycelium kufanele ziqale zibulawe amagciwane. Umoya ophuma ohlelweni lokungena komoya kufanele uhlungwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza lokhu ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium. Ngale njongo, ungathatha njengezihlungi. Uma umthamo omkhulu womoya uqhutshwa, khona-ke kulokhu kungcono ukusebenzisa ikhethini lamanzi, okungukuthi, vumela umoya udlule ikhethini lamaconsi amanzi, njengokungathi ngempophoma.

Kukhona into enjengokuthi “isango lokungena lokutheleleka.” Indawo eseduze nomnyango we-mycelium - leli isango kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo zesikhunta - kufanele zihlanzeke. Inqwaba yomquba kufanele ihlelwe kude ngangokunokwenzeka ekungeneni. Futhi, lapho itholakala, kubalulekile ukucabangela isici esinjengomoya. Kungcono ukuhlela inqwaba yomquba ohlangothini lwe-leeward kusukela ekungeneni. Eduze nomnyango we-mycelium akufanele kube nezihlahla eziminyene zezihlahla, izindawo zokulahla udoti, njengoba ziyimithombo yemvelo yokutheleleka.

Imithombo yezimboni yokungcoliswa komoya, uma ikhona, nayo kufanele icatshangelwe.

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinyathelo zokuzivikela, ama-mycelium amaningi angangenwa ama-parasites. Kulokhu, okuwukuphela kwesilinganiso sokumisa ukusakazeka kokutheleleka kuzoba ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwalezi zakhiwo. Kumelwe zibulawe amagciwane, zinganaki isivuno. Kungani ngokuvamile befafazwa nge-potassium noma usawoti ovamile, ushoki, bathululwe nge-formalin, bephathwa nge-methylene bromide, okungukuthi, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa noma iyiphi into enamandla engabhubhisa umthombo wokutheleleka. Futhi, emakamelweni angcolile, ukwelashwa okushisayo kwenziwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Zonke izindlela zobuchwepheshe ekulungiseleleni i-substrate kanye nomquba kufanele zibhekwe ngokuqinile. Lesi ngesinye sezinyathelo eziyinhloko zokulwa nezifo. Emqubeni olungiselelwe kahle, i-mycelium ikhula ngokushesha futhi ivimbele ukukhula kwamanye ama-microorganisms. Lesi sakhiwo somquba sibizwa ngokuthi ukukhetha. Kusho ukudala izimo zokukhula kwento ethile ephilayo. Ukukhethwa kwe-substrate kunqunywa kalula - lokhu kungukuthi izinga lokushisa nomswakama walo kuhambisana nezimo ezidingekayo ukuze kube nezithelo eziphumelelayo zamakhowe.

Wonke umsebenzi kufanele uqale lapho i-mycelium isesigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, bese uthuthela kulawo magceke lapho inqubo yokukhula iphetha ngokuvuna. Kulapho izidalwa ezinamagciwane nezincintisanayo ziqongelela khona, futhi amandla okumelana nazo kusikhunta, ngokuphambene nalokho, ayancipha. Isitshalo kufanele sivunwe futhi sihlanzwe ngendlela ekhonjisiwe - kusukela kumakhowe amancane kuya kwandala. Umoya kufanele futhi uphephethelwe ohlangothini olufanayo - kusukela kumasiko amancane kuya kwabadala. Imininingwane enjalo kufanele icatshangelwe ngokushesha ngisho nalapho uklama igumbi. Lapho usuka kwenye indawo uye kwenye, kuyadingeka ukugeza izandla ngensipho namathuluzi okubulala amagciwane. Lapho uvuna, ungacoshi amakhowe agulayo - kufanele aqoqwe ngokwehlukana nalawo anempilo.

Kuyadingeka ukuphawula elinye iphuzu futhi. Amakhowe, ngisho nalapho engaphakathi, ahlala ezwa ukushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka. Futhi izehlakalo eziphezulu zihlala ehlobo. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuhlakulela amakhowe ukuze ukuqala kokutshala kwawo kungawi ehlobo.

Amagama ambalwa mayelana nezibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izixazululo. Okokuqala, zonke izibulala-zinambuzane zokuvimbela izifo ze-mycelium yesikhunta kufanele zisetshenziswe ku-mycelium kuphela ezindaweni eziphansi. Zingabuye zifakwe ekubunjweni kwengxube yekhava noma umquba, noma zihlakazwe emanzini futhi zithululelwe phezu kwemibhede ngalesi sixazululo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amagciwane agcina esekwazi ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezifakelwe, ngakho-ke kufanele ashintshwe ngezikhathi ezithile afakwe amasha. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isayensi ayimile, futhi izidakamizwa ezintsha zivela nsuku zonke. Kodwa isisekelo sabo cishe siyafana ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Amalungiselelo okulwa namagciwane awakakadalwa, ngakho-ke kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto zokutshala ezinempilo kuphela. Kuyadingeka futhi ukubeka isihlungi esihle ekungeneni komoya futhi wenze ukwelashwa okushisayo okuphezulu, lapho ama-fungal spores azofa khona, ngoba kungokwazo lapho ingxenye enkulu yamagciwane isakazwa khona.

Kunekhambi elilodwa elisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene namagciwane: imibhede kufanele iniselwe ngesisombululo se-bleach esingu-0,25%. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo emnyama akufanele yakheke isendlalelo sekhava. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi cishe zonke izixazululo ezinamanzi ezinama-halogen zilungile ngokumelene namagciwane.

I-Malathion, i-diazinon, i-dichlorvos, i-endosulfan nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zizosiza ukuqeda izinambuzane. I-Diazinon iyi-ejenti ye-prophylactic; ama-mycelium angenalutho ngaphakathi nangaphandle aphathwa ngawo kanye ngenyanga phakathi kokuvuna. Uma i-pasteurization yenziwa kuma-racks emakamelweni, khona-ke ukwelashwa nge-diazinon kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kwe-pasteurization, ukuhlwanyela nokupheka.

I-Dichlorvos emakamelweni iphathwa njalo ngesonto. Ibuye isetshenziswe ngokunyuka okubukhali kwenani lezinambuzane zezinambuzane. Isibonelo, ngokuthuthukiswa kwenqwaba yama-springtails, phansi kanye nezindonga ezisele kufanele zifafazwe ngesisombululo se-0,03% se-dichlorvos. Ochwepheshe abaningi bashintshanisa ama-insecticide angu-2 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulokhu, kunzima ukuthi izinambuzane zizivumelanise nezimo. Yiqiniso, ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okushisayo kanye ne-pasteurization ye-substrate, kuyadingeka ukubhubhisa zonke izinambuzane - kuwo wonke ama-crack and crack, ukuhlunga umoya.

Zonke izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka zibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nezimbangi zefungal kanye nama-parasites. Kuyinto engathandeki ukulwa kuphela ngamakhemikhali, ngoba ama-fungicides angalimaza isitshalo. Isibulala magciwane esisebenza kakhulu yi-benomyl. Ingatholakala futhi ngaphansi kwamagama fundazol kanye benlat. Le mithi iqukethe into efanayo esebenzayo, kodwa ikhiqizwa izinkampani ezahlukene. I-Fundazol isetshenziswa ekugxilweni okuphezulu kunamanye ama-ejenti ama-2, ngoba imbi kakhulu ngekhwalithi.

Isetshenziswa ngesilinganiso esingu-15 g/m ngaphambi kokugcwalisa ngemuva ngenkathi imanzisa ingxube yokumboza. Uma kukhona usongo lwangempela lokuqubuka kokubola okumhlophe noma okomile, isikhunta, khona-ke umthamo kufanele unyuswe ube ngu-45 g / m. Uma kwenzeka isifo sokukhunta, i-mycelium kufanele ilashwe ngomuthi ngomthamo we-1 g / m. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-mancozeb, zineb, i-maneb.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlela ukulwa nama-nematode nemikhaza. Zinqwabelana kumquba futhi zidla i-mycelium yesikhunta esilinyiwe. Lapha, okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuthi u-pasteurize i-substrate kahle. I-Parachlorophenolate ne-pentachlorophenolate ingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nama-nematode. Bamithisa zonke izingxenye zokhuni nezinto. Angaphinde afuthwe ekamelweni ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokwenza umquba. Lezi zidakamizwa ziyi-antiseptic enamandla. Kulula futhi ukushintshwa nezinye izibulala-magciwane, njenge-carbolic acid. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi akuwona wonke amakhemikhali abolayo noma aguquguqukayo. Abaningi buthelela emizimbeni fruiting of amakhowe. Ngakho-ke, ama-agent amakhemikhali okulwa nezifo, ama-parasites kanye nezinambuzane kufanele asetshenziswe ngokucophelela futhi ngamanani amancane. Futhi, ungasebenzisi izindinganiso ezifanayo zokucubungula ezinikezwe ezincwadini zabalimi nabalimi, nakuba kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo afanayo.

Uma amakhowe esecishe alungele ukuqoqwa kwawo, khona-ke ama-agent amakhemikhali ngokumelene nezinambuzane nezifo awakwazi ukusetshenziswa. Lapha ungasebenzisa infusions herbal. Ziphephile uma ziqhathaniswa namakhemikhali. Futhi, uma befafaza i-mushroom, khona-ke ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho ungayithatha futhi uyidle. Yiqiniso, ukuthakwa ngamakhambi kunomphumela omnene futhi akuyixazululi ngokuphelele inkinga ngendlela amakhemikhali enza ngayo. Kodwa futhi zingasebenza ngempumelelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ayikho idatha eqondile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-infusions enjalo noma kuphi, ngakho-ke kufanele isetshenziswe ngokucophelela, njengoba ingabangela izinguquko ekunambithekeni, umbala kanye nephunga lamakhowe.

Isifutha sikagalikhi sixosha izinambuzane nezifo ezikhunta. Isenzo saso sithatha izinsuku ezingafika kweziyi-10. Ukuze ulungiselele ukumnika okunjalo, udinga ukusika u-90 g kagalikhi nge-crusher kagalikhi, uthele u-10 ml wamafutha angenamvubelo ku-gruel. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili, hlanganisa ingxube yamafutha namanzi anensipho. Lokhu kokugcina kulungiswa kanje: 10 g insipho kumele ichithwe ku-500 ml wamanzi, ixutshwe kahle futhi ishiywe usuku. Bese uhlunga ingxube bese ugcine esitsheni esivalwe ngokuqinile. Isixazululo se-spray silungiswa kanje: 1 ingxenye yengxube ihlanjululwe ezingxenyeni eziyi-100 zamanzi. Uma izinga lokutheleleka liphezulu, kufanele kuthathwe amanzi amancane.

Ungase futhi ulungiselele infusions yamanye amakhambi. Isibonelo, i-lavender ne-tansy zixosha izimpukane. Ukulungisa ukumnika, uthele izinto zokusetshenziswa ezintsha noma ezomile ngamanzi abilayo. Lapha, ukulinganisa akudingekile ukuba kugcinwe - amandla okumnika ancike ezingeni lokutheleleka kwe-mycelium.