Uphayini womsedari

Khumbula imigqa evela ku-Tale of Tsar Saltan?

Ingquza icula izingoma

Yebo, uwadla onke amantongomane,

Kodwa amantongomane awalula,

Wonke amagobolondo ayigolide,

Ama-nuclei ayi-emerald ehlanzekile.

I-Pushkin ibiza lesi sihlahla ngokuthi i-spruce. Kodwa, ngokusobala, wayengazi kahle i-botany, ngoba isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu esingenawo amantongomane asinawo amantongomane. Aseduze nesihlahla somsedari. Futhi lawa amanye amantongomane abiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke "amagobolondo egolide" kanye "nezinhlamvu ziyi-emerald ehlanzekile" zifaneleka kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zikaphayini womsedari

Futhi nali elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo: uphayini womsedari awulona uhlobo olulodwa. Zine zazo emvelweni!

IsiSiberia

Uphayini womsedari waseSiberia (I-Pinus sibirica) isihlahla esikhulu kakhulu, sifinyelela ubude obungama-20 – 25 m, kodwa kunezibonelo ezingama-35 – 40 m ngasinye. Futhi ubukhulu besiqu sawo bungafika ku-2 m. Okusho ukuthi, uma uzoyitshala esizeni, cabangela ubukhulu Udinga isikhala esiningi.

Umqhele wophayini waseSiberia uminyene, unamagatsha awugqinsi futhi uvame ukuba neziqongo ezimbalwa. Icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-8 ububanzi. Izinaliti zinde kakhulu, zifinyelela ku-15 cm futhi zithambile. Kuqoqwe ngezinyanda zezinaliti ezi-5.

Lolu hlobo lwephayini lomsedari luphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engaba ngu-250, kodwa enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Altai kunezibonelo ezineminyaka engu-800 - 850! Ngendlela, yi-Altai ebhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa kukaphayini waseSiberia. Futhi iningi lalezi zihlahla (80%) zimila Ezweni Lethu. Ama-20% asele angabonakala empumalanga yeKazakhstan nasenyakatho yeMongolia.

Izihlahla zikaphayini zaseSiberia ezivuthiwe zikhiqiza isilinganiso esingu-12 kg wamantongomane ngonyaka, kodwa ezinye izihlahla zingakhiqiza ama-50 kg. I-cone ngayinye iqukethe imbewu engu-30-150, kodwa ivuthwa isikhathi eside kakhulu - izinyanga ezingu-14-15. Uphayini womsedari uqala ukuthela izithelo usuneminyaka engama-60! Kodwa kwenzeka kamuva. Futhi inikeza isivuno esihle isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni emi-3 - 10, kodwa ngokuvamile kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-4 (1). Uyaqonda manje ukuthi kungani amantongomane efaniswa negolide-emerald?

Izinhlobo

The selection of Siberian cedar pines in Our Country is carried out by the Institute of Forests. V.N. Sukachev of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences, as well as private nurseries. As of 2021, the catalog of the Society for Breeding and Introduction of Conifers lists 58 varieties of Siberian pine (2).

Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa izinhlobo kanye nama-clones wemisedari yaseSiberia ngamaqembu ama-3.

Isithelo eside - bafinyelela ubude obufanayo nezihlobo zabo zasendle, kodwa ama-cones anikeza ngaphambi kwesikhathi - kakade eminyakeni emi-2 ngemva kokugoma, futhi ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 - 12 afinyelela inani eliphakeme le-fruiting.

I-FDA. Lesi simila siqanjwe ngamagama okuqala ososayensi uFyodor Dmitrievich Avrov, owanikela impilo yakhe yonke ekutadisheni izitshalo ze-coniferous. Izihlahla zinde, zikhula ngo-30 cm ngonyaka futhi zifinyelela ku-10 m lapho zineminyaka engu-4,5. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, ubude be-10-11 cm. Izigaxa zinobukhulu obugcwele, futhi isivuno sale clone siphakeme izikhathi ezi-2 kunezihlobo zayo zasendle. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukumelana nesithwathwa kuze kufike ku -40 ° C.

Isigqoko (Kress). Lolu hlobo lwaqalwa ukulinywa ngo-1992 futhi lwaqanjwa ngegama lombusi wokuqala wesifunda saseTomsk, uViktor Kress. Umuthi mude, unikeza ukukhula okungama-30 cm ngesizini ngayinye futhi ufinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-10 lapho uneminyaka engu-4,5. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, cishe ngo-10 cm ubude. Iqala ukuthela izithelo ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kokuxhunyelelwa. Isivuno siphakeme izikhathi ezi-2 kunesophayini basendle. Kodwa amaqhubu mancane kancane. Imelana nesithwathwa esifinyelela ku -40 °C.

Izithelo ezikhula kancane - ubude bawo busuka ku-20 kuye ku-50% wokuphakama kwamaphayini asendle. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “imishanelo yabathakathi” (BM) – izinguquko zemvelo zamagatsha ngamanye, abonakala ngokukhula okuphansi nokubumbana. Zixhunyelelwa kwezinye izitshalo bese zisakazwa. Baqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni engu-4-5 ngemuva kokugoma futhi banikeze ama-cones ambalwa - mancane ngosayizi, kodwa agcwele ngokugcwele. Nokho, kunenkinga - ama-clone ngokwawo awakhiqizi impova. ESiberia, izinhlobo ezinjalo zinikeza isivuno ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ngoba kunezihlahla eziningi zomsedari ezikhula zasendle e-taiga, futhi engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeZwe Lethu zidinga uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-pollinator.

Umqophi (Rekordistka). Le clone yathola igama layo ngenxa yokuzala okumangalisayo - isivuno sayo siphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 (!) ngaphezu kwephayini yasendle (1). Ngokwesiko kusukela ngo-1995. Izihlahla ziphansi, lapho zineminyaka engu-10 zifinyelela ku-30 ​​- 90 cm, inkathi ethile zinikeza ukwanda okungama-2,5 - 7,5 cm kuphela. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, zifushane - 5 - 7 cm. Izigaxa cishe zincane izikhathi ezi-2 kunalezo zezinhlobo. I-clone ekwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, imelana kufika ku -40 ° C.

Ukutshala (Plantationnyj). Igama lalolu hlobo liphinde likhulume ngokwalo - kunconywa ukubeka amasimu ezimboni, ngoba isivuno sawo siphakeme izikhathi ezi-4 kunesophayini wasendle. Ngokwesiko kusukela ngo-1998. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla eminyakeni eyi-10 kungu-0,9 - 1,8 m. Ngesikhathi sonyaka, ikhula ngo-7,5 - 15 cm. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, zifushane kancane kunezinhlobo - 8 - 9 cm ubude. Ama-cones nawo mancane kancane - ama-80% osayizi ojwayelekile. Iqala ukuthela izithelo ngokushesha ngemva kokuxhunyelelwa.

President (President). Le clone yethulwa emasikweni ngo-1992. Ngo-2002, isihlahla esisodwa sethulwa iminyaka engu-50 kaMongameli wethu u-Vladimir Putin futhi izinhlobonhlobo zanikezwa igama lokumhlonipha.

Ekuqaleni - u-Putin, base beqamba kabusha ngokuthi uMongameli (uzothola ukuthi kungani encazelweni yezinhlobonhlobo ezilandelayo). Manje ingenye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zikaphayini waseSiberia. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla ngeminyaka eyi-10 kungu-0,9 - 1,8 m. Ukukhula konyaka kungu-7,5 - 15 cm. Isivuno siphakeme izikhathi ezi-5 kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo, kodwa i-cone incane kancane (80% yemvelo). Izinaliti zifushane (7 - 8 cm), kodwa izikhathi ezi-3 zikhudlwana. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukumelana nesithwathwa kuze kufike ku -40 ° C.

Oligarch (Oligarkh). The variety was introduced into cultivation in 1992 and named after the well-known oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky at that time. Initially, this clone only had the working name “clone 03”. But in 2003, one such tree was presented to Khodorkovsky. And they decided that they would name him in honor of the eminent recipient – Khodorkovsky. However, a few days later, the famous oligarch was arrested. A little later, journalists from the Healthy Food Near Me newspaper arrived at the nursery where these two clones were bred, and an article was published in the network: “Not only Khodorkovsky, but also Putin, was imprisoned in Tomsk.” Well, that is, it was about new cedar pines. But the author of these varieties, out of harm’s way, decided to rename them President and Oligarch.

I-oligarch isihlahla esimile, lapho ineminyaka eyi-10 ifinyelela ubude obuyi-0,9 - 1,8 m, ikhula ngo-7 - 15 cm ngesizini ngayinye. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, zimfishane kunalezo zezinhlobo zikaphayini, zingu-5 - 6 cm kuphela ubude, kodwa izikhathi ezi-4 ubukhulu. Isivuno sale clone sichichima izikhathi ezingama-7-8 kunezinhlobo zezilwane. Kodwa ama-cones mancane izikhathi ezi-2. Izithelo ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuxhunyelelwa. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-40 ° С.

Avrov. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo, njenge-FDA, zinikezelwe kusosayensi uDmitry Avrov futhi waqanjwa ngaye. Yethulwa kusiko ngo-1994. Izihlahla zakhe zincane, lapho zineminyaka eyi-10 ubude bazo buyi-30 - 90 cm kuphela, ngonyaka zikhulisa ngo-2,5 - 7,5 cm. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, zifushane (5 - 7 cm), kodwa ziwugqinsi izikhathi ezi-3 kunezohlobo lwemvelo. Izigaxa namantongomane zincane izikhathi ezi-2 kunalezo zikaphayini wasendle, kodwa isivuno siphakeme izikhathi ezi-3-4. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-40 ° С.

Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ezikhiqizayo, umuntu angaphawula (kubakaki kuboniswa ukuthi ziphakeme kangaki ekuvunweni kunophayini wasendle): Seminsky (7) I-Altyn-Kol (5) Yena kanye naye (4) Isitoktysh (4) Highlander (4) (2).

Izinhlobo zokuhlobisa ezikhula kancane - banemiqhele ethambile kakhulu yefomu elilungile, kwesinye isikhathi enombala ongajwayelekile wezinaliti, futhi ikhula kancane kakhulu.

I-Narcissus. Lolu hlobo oluncane lunesimo esiyindilinga. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, ifinyelela ubukhulu obungama-30 - 90 cm. Izinaliti zayo ziluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, zilula kakhulu kunezohlobo lukaphayini. Izinaliti zimfushane (5 - 7 cm) futhi izikhathi ezingu-8 zikhudlwana. Awenzi ama-cones, futhi uma evela, awashadile futhi kuphela iminyaka yokuqala engu-2-3 ngemva kokugoma. Imelana nesithwathwa esifinyelela ku -40 °C. Ngezinye izikhathi (akuvamile) kusha kancane entwasahlobo. Idinga i-stonecrop yonyaka yomqhele kusuka kuzinaliti ezindala ezomisiwe.

I-Emerald (Izumrud). Igama lezinhlobonhlobo libonisa isici salo esiyinhloko - izinaliti zayo zine-hue ye-turquoise. I-clone i-semi-dwarf, lapho ineminyaka eyi-10 ifinyelela ubude obuyi-90 - 1,8 m, ukukhula konyaka ngu-7,5 - 15 cm. Umqhele ubanzi, uqondile noma oval. Izinaliti zimfushane, 5-7 cm, kodwa izikhathi ezi-4 zikhudlwana kunezophayini othize. Izinhlobonhlobo, nakuba zingezokuhlobisa, kodwa zithela izithelo kahle - isivuno sama-cones siphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2,5 kunezihlobo zayo zasendle. Kodwa mancane izikhathi ezi-2. Izinhlobonhlobo zikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa ngendlela emangalisayo, zimelana kufika ku -45 ° C. Kodwa zingathinteka ezinambuzaneni - i-Hermes, ngakho-ke, kudinga ukwelashwa kokuvimbela minyaka yonke ngama-insecticides e-systemic (Engio noma i-Atkara). Kanye ngonyaka entwasahlobo, izinaliti ezomile zidinga ukuhlanzwa kusuka kumqhele.

I-Biosphere (i-Biosphere). Lena enye yezinhlobo zokuqala zokuhlobisa zikaphayini waseSiberia onomumo womqhele oyindilinga. Yiqiniso, ikude nebhola elifanele - kunalokho i-oval. Lesi sitshalo sincane, lapho sineminyaka eyi-10 sinobude obungama-30 - 90 cm futhi sikhula ngo-2,5 - 7,5 cm ngonyaka. Izinaliti ziluhlaza, zifushane kancane kunezohlobo lukaphayini (cishe u-7 cm), kodwa izikhathi ezi-5 - 6 ubukhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo zithela izithelo - isivuno sawo siphakeme izikhathi ezi-2 kunesophayini wasendle. Kodwa ama-cones mancane izikhathi ezi-2. Ukumelana nesithwathwa kuphezulu kakhulu - kufika ku-45 ° С. Kanye ngonyaka, udinga ukuhlanza izinaliti ezindala kusuka kumqhele.

European

I-cedar pine yaseYurophu (Pinus cembra) ngokwemvelo yenzeka eYurophu, ububanzi bayo buncane kakhulu futhi bugxile ezindaweni ezimbili: kusukela eningizimu yeFrance kuya ezindaweni ezisempumalanga ye-Alps, nasezintabeni zaseTatra naseCarpathian.

Lolu hlobo luphansi kunesihlobo salo somsedari waseSiberia - ubude ngokuvamile buba ngu-10 - 15 m, kodwa bungaba ngamamitha angu-25. Futhi ububanzi besiqu bufinyelela ku-1,5 m. Izinaliti zingu-5 - 9 cm ubude, ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo ama-5 ama-pcs. Izigaxa zincane, ubude be-4-8 cm, kodwa amantongomane makhulu - angaba ngu-1 cm ubude.

Lo phayini ushisa kakhulu kunodadewabo waseSiberia, umelana nesithwathwa esifinyelela ku -34 ° C, kodwa ukhula kahle eMoscow - kunezihlahla ezimbalwa e-Biryulevsky arboretum.

Izinhlobo

Unezinhlobo ezimbalwa, kodwa usenakho ukuzikhethela.

I-Glauka (Glauca). Lapho sebeneminyaka eyi-10, izihlahla zifinyelela ubude obungu-2,5 - 3 m. Izinaliti zakhe zinde, ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo ama-5 ama-pcs. Ixabiso ngombala ongajwayelekile wezinaliti - i-bluish-silver. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku -34 ° С.

U-Ortler (Ortler). Izinhlobonhlobo eziyivelakancane “zomshanelo womthakathi” zivela ezintabeni zase-Alps. Izihlahla zingaphansi, zihlangene, lapho zineminyaka engu-10 azidluli ku-30-40 cm, zinikeza ukwanda kwe-3-4 cm ngonyaka. Ukuma komqhele kuyindilinga, akujwayelekile. Amahlumela anobude obuhlukene, ngakho izitshalo zivame ukufana ne-bonsai. Izinaliti zimfushane, ziluhlaza-mpunga-luhlaza.

IGlauca Trento (Glauca Trento). This is a variety, a clone of a wild pine from Northern Italy – from the outskirts of the city of Trento. In culture since 1996. Trees by the age of 10 years reach a height of 1,8 – 4,5 m and give an increase of 15 – 30 cm per year. Needles 8-9 cm long, blue-green. Fruiting begins a few years after vaccination. The harvest of cones does not give every year, but it is formed from a lot. The frost resistance of this variety is much higher than that of its European ancestors – up to -45 ° C.

I-Spb (Spb). Igama lezinhlobonhlobo lanikezwa ngokuhlonipha iSt. Emasikweni kusukela ngo-1997. Ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, i-30 cm ngonyaka futhi ifinyelela ubude obuyi-10 m lapho ineminyaka engu-4,5. Izinaliti zinde, cishe ngo-10 cm, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala. Iqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni eyi-10-15 ngemuva kokuxhunyelelwa. Amacones awakhiwe minyaka yonke, kodwa ngobuningi. Ukumelana nesithwathwa - kufika ku-45 ° С.

Korean

Iphayini yaseKorea (I-Pinus koraiensis) ikhula zasendle eKorea, Japan, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeShayina kanye nasezweni Lethu - eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Amur Region, e-Primorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories. Ezweni lakithi, akuvamile futhi esohlwini lwe-Red Book.

Izihlahla zinde kakhulu, zifinyelela ku-40-50 m, futhi iziqu zifinyelela ku-2 m ububanzi. Izinaliti zinde kakhulu, zifinyelela ku-20 cm, ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo ama-5 ama-pcs. Ama-cones makhulu, afinyelela ku-17 cm ubude, futhi amantongomane afinyelela ubude obuyi-1,5 - 2 cm. Izigaxa ezingafika ku-500 zingavuthwa kanyekanye esihlahleni esisodwa esidala, futhi kufika ku-150 amantongomane esihlahleni ngasinye. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, iqala ukuthela izithelo kusukela eminyakeni engama-60 - 120, isivuno sithela njalo eminyakeni emi-3 - 4. Izihlahla ziphila iminyaka engama-350 - 400. Ukumelana nesithwathwa somsedari waseKorea kuyamangalisa - kufika ku -50 ° С.

Izinhlobo

Silverey (Silveray). Kulezi zinhlobonhlobo, izinaliti zinemithunzi emibili - ohlangothini olungaphezulu luluhlaza futhi uhlangothi olungezansi luluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinaliti zisontekile eduze kwe-axis yazo futhi ziqondiswe ngezindlela ezahlukene, okwenza isihlahla sibukeke si-curly. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, ifinyelela ubude obungu-3 m, futhi izibonelo zabantu abadala azidluli ku-8 m. Izinaliti 9-20 cm ubude. Amaconsi afinyelela ku-17 cm. Ukumelana nesithwathwa, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kusuka ku -34 ° C kuya ku -40 ° C.

UJack Corbit. Olunye uhlobo "olugobile", kodwa ngokungafani noSilverey, luncane - luneminyaka eyi-10, ukuphakama kwalo akudluli ku-1,5 m. Ikhula ngo-10-15 cm ngonyaka. Izinaliti zinde, ziluhlaza okosiliva. Ama-cones mancane, ubude be-10 cm. Iqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni eyi-10-25. Imelana nesithwathwa esifinyelela ku -40 °C.

Ezweni Lethu, imisedari yaseKorea nayo ikhethiwe, futhi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 sezizakhiwe okwamanje (1). Phakathi kwazo kukhona ezincane, eneminyaka engu-10, hhayi ngaphezu kwama-30 cm ukuphakama (Anton, Dauria, Thermohydrograviodynamicsincane - 30 - 90 cm (Alenka, Anastasia, Aristocrat, Bonsai, Femina, Gosh, Xenia, Pandora, Perun, Stribog) kanye ne-semi-dwarf – 0,9 – 1,8 m (Dersu, Kizlyar-aga, Patriarch, Svyatogor, Veles) (2).

elfin

I-Elfin pine (Pinus pumila) yaziwa kangcono ezweni lakithi ngaphansi kwegama lomsedari i-elfin. Indawo eyinhloko yalesi sitshalo iseZweni Lethu - ikhula cishe kuyo yonke iSiberia - ukusuka esifundeni sase-Irkutsk kuya eSakhalin, futhi enyakatho ingabonwa nangale kwe-Arctic Circle. Kwamanye amazwe, kunezindawo ezincane kuphela ezinophayini omncane waseSiberia - ezintabeni zaseMongolia, eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina naseKorea.

I-Cedar elfin isitshalo esinwabuzelayo, esingama-30 - 50 cm ukuphakama futhi sikhula kancane kakhulu - 3 - 5 cm ngonyaka. Izinaliti zifushane, ubude be-4-8 cm, ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo mayelana nama-pcs angu-5. Izigaxa zincane, ubude be-4-8 cm, amantongomane nawo mancane - 5-9 mm. Ithela izithelo njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4. Futhi isivuno sokuqala sinikeza eminyakeni engu-20 - 30 iminyaka.

Izinhlobo

Kunezinhlobo eziyisi-6 kuphela zemisedari elfin, zonke zikhuliswa Ezweni Lethu (2): Alkanay, Ikawa, Yankus, Hamar-Daban, Kikimora, Kunashir. Konke lokhu ama-clones okuguquka kwemvelo. Zihluke ngokuma komqhele, ukuphakama, umbala wezinaliti (i-Kunashir, isibonelo, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) futhi zonke zilula kakhulu. Zisetshenziswa njengezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Kodwa zonke zithela izithelo. Ukumelana nesithwathwa kulezi zinhlobonhlobo kufinyelela ku--45 ° С.

Ukutshala uphayini womsedari

Amaphayini omsedari adinga ukuthengwa kuphela ngesistimu yezimpande evaliwe, okungukuthi, ezitsheni - ezinezimpande ezingenalutho, azifaki izimpande. Asikho isidingo sokumba umgodi omkhulu wezithombo ezinjalo. Umthetho wazo zonke izinhlobo uthi:

• ububanzi bomgodi - 2 ububanzi beziqukathi;
• ukujula komgodi - ukuphakama kweziqukathi ezi-2.

Kuwusizo ukuthela ungqimba lwe-drainage ngaphansi komgodi - 10 - 20 cm. Kungenziwa ubumba olwandisiwe, itshe elichotshoziwe noma izitini eziphukile.

Uma inhlabathi esizeni inzima, i-clayey, kungcono ukugcwalisa umgodi ngenhlabathi ekhethekile ye-conifers (ithengiswa esitolo) noma ulungiselele ingxube ngokwakho - inhlabathi enodaka, i-peat, isihlabathi ngesilinganiso se-1: 2 : 2. Ngomgodi ngamunye, udinga ukwengeza ibhakede lomhlabathi ovela ehlathini likaphayini (futhi kangcono ngisho nangaphansi kwamaphayini omsedari) - liqukethe i-mycorrhiza, esiza isihlahla esincane ukuba sithathe izimpande kangcono endaweni entsha.

Kufanelekile ukutshala amaphayini womsedari ngokucophelela ukuze isigaxa sobumba singahlukani. Intamo yezimpande kufanele iguquguquke nezinga lomhlabathi - lokhu kufanele kuqashelwe ngokuqinile.

Ngemuva kokutshala, isithombo kufanele iniselwe - amabhakede angu-1 - 2 ngesithombo ngasinye, kuye ngobukhulu baso. Ngemuva kokunisela, kungcono ukumboza inhlabathi nge-pine noma i-larch bark, i-coniferous sawdust noma udoti we-coniferous.

Ukunakekela uphayini womsedari

Zonke izinhlobo zikaphayini womsedari azithobeki kakhulu futhi, ngokuvamile, zidinga izimo ezifanayo zokukhula.

Ground

Izihlahla zikaphayini zomsedari zikhula kunoma iyiphi inhlabathi, ngisho nasezindaweni eziyisihlabathi nezingamatshe. Kodwa okuhle kunakho konke - emhlabathini ovundile ovundile nesihlabathi ovundile - lapho anikeza isivuno esikhulu samantongomane (3).

Lighting

Yonke imisedari iyizitshalo ze-photophilous. Lapho zisencane, zingakhula emthunzini - okufanayo kwenzeka emvelweni, zikhula ngaphansi kwemiqhele yezihlahla ezinkulu.

Amafomu abantu abadala akhula kancane angatshalwa emthunzini oyingxenye - lokhu ngeke kuthinte ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwabo nganoma iyiphi indlela, kodwa ezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlobisa, umbala wezinaliti uzoba obala, futhi ezinhlobonhlobo zezithelo, isivuno sizoba sincane. Ngakho kungcono ubatholele indawo ekhanyayo.

Ukunisela

Izihlahla zomsedari zidinga ukuchelela okuningi kuphela ngemva kokutshala - amasonto ama-2 njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2 - 3, ibhakede lamanzi elingu-1. Esikhathini esizayo, badinga ukuphuziswa kuphela ngesomiso esinamandla kakhulu futhi eside.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5 ubudala, ukuchelela kumiswe ngokuphelele - izimpande zemisedari zingena zijule emhlabathini futhi ziyakwazi ukuzitholela umswakama.

umquba

Lapho utshala amaphayini omsedari, uma inhlabathi impofu, kuyasiza ukufaka umanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi we-organomineral (noma yikuphi), kodwa umthamo wawo kufanele uncishiswe kakhulu - u-30% wezinga elinconywayo kufanele lisetshenziswe ngaphansi kwalezi zihlahla.

Ukudla

Izihlahla zomsedari ezinde azidingi ukugqoka okuphezulu - zinezimpande ezinamandla kakhulu ezingena ekujuleni okukhulu futhi zikhule ngokuqinile ngobubanzi, ngaphezu kokuqagela kwezimpande. Ngakho bazozitholela ukudla.

Kepha amaphayini amancane kufanele adliwe - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngomanyolo okhethekile wezitshalo ze-coniferous (zithengiswa ezikhungweni zengadi futhi kubhaliwe kuwo ukuthi: "Okwamaconifers." Umthamo kuphela odinga ukuncishiswa - kuphela ama-30% anconyiwe. umenzi.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kukaphayini womsedari

I-inoculation. Yile ndlela amaphayini omsedari amaningi asakazwa ngayo. Kodwa le nqubo idla isikhathi, idinga ulwazi olukhethekile, futhi lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa yizinkulisa. Kulula ukuthenga isitshalo esenziwe ngomumo.

Imbewu. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa izitshalo zezinhlobo, okungukuthi, izitshalo zasendle. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zingasakazwa ngembewu, kodwa kuphela i-50% yezithombo ezigcina izimpawu zabazali bazo. Okusele, cishe, kuzobukeka njengezitshalo zasendle.

Indlela ayilula. Imbewu kufanele itshalwe ngasekupheleni kwekwindla, ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Kumelwe babhekane ne-stratification, okungukuthi, ukuchayeka emazingeni okushisa abandayo. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke baqhamuke. Entwasahlobo, imbewu ingahlwanyelwa kuphela ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-stratification okokuqala esiqandisini izinyanga eziyi-1,5. Kodwa lapho uhlwanyela ekwindla, njengoba kuboniswe ukuhlolwa kuphayini waseKorea, izinga lokuhluma liphakeme - 77%, kanti ngemva kokufakwa kwe-stratification okwenziwa ngu-67% (4).

Imbewu kufanele ibe yintsha - inezinga eliphezulu lokuhluma, futhi uma lilala phansi, liyancipha kakhulu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufanele kuhlwanyelwe amantongomane enhlabathini etshaliwe, okungukuthi, insimu kanye nensimu yemifino ayifanele lokhu - kunamagciwane amaningi, futhi amantongomane kaphayini awanawo ukuzivikela kuwo. Kungcono ukuhlwanyela endaweni eyihlane lapho kungatshalwanga lutho futhi kungambiwa umhlabathi.

Ngaphansi kwamantongomane okuhlwanyela, udinga ukumba umsele 5-8 cm ukushona no-10 cm ububanzi. Thela u-3-5 cm we-coniferous udoti phansi - ungqimba olungaphezulu lwenhlabathi yehlathi labo likaphayini. Bese usakaza imbewu - ebangeni elingu-1 cm ukusuka komunye nomunye. Futhi kusuka phezulu, mboza umhlabathi ofanayo wehlathi likaphayini ngongqimba luka-1 - 3 cm.

Amahlumela ngokuvamile avela phakathi noMeyi. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi badinga ukuvikeleka ezinyonini - bathanda ukudla amahlumela amancane kaphayini. Into elula ukubeka amagatsha e-spruce noma uphayini phezu kwezitshalo.

Ngonyaka wokuqala, izithombo zikhula kancane kakhulu, ekupheleni kwehlobo zilingana nomdlalo nenqwaba yezinaliti phezulu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-2 ubudala, ayajiya kancane futhi ande kancane - ngalesi sikhathi adinga ukucwiliswa, atshalwe endaweni ehlala njalo. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe maphakathi no-April noma phakathi no-Okthoba.

Izifo zikaphayini womsedari

Umdlavuza we-resin seryanka kanye ne-pine blister rust. Lezi zifo zesikhunta zizibonakalisa ngendlela efanayo - ukuvuvukala kuvela emagatsheni, ngaphezu kwalokho izinaliti zoma kancane kancane.

Indlela engcono kakhulu uma ivela ukugawula isihlahla bese usishisa ukuze ezinye izitshalo zingatheleleki - lezi zifo zithinta izinhlobo eziningi zikaphayini, kuhlanganise nophayini ovamile, ama-prickly spruce rhododendron, nasezihlahleni zezithelo - izihlahla zama-apula, amapheya, ama-currants, ama-gooseberries, umdlalo nomlotha wentaba. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yimuphi wezakhamuzi zasehlobo uzothatha isinyathelo esinjalo, ikakhulukazi uma kunesihlahla esisodwa kuphela - kuyadabukisa! Ngakho-ke, ungazama ukunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo - usike wonke amagatsha athintekile, ususe zonke izinaliti eziwile emhlabathini, futhi entwasahlobo uphathe izitshalo nge-sulphate yethusi.

Cedar pine izinambuzane

Ziningi, kodwa izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ungaziqeda zonke.

I-spruce mite. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane zidla umpe wezinaliti ezincane zikaphayini. Ungakwazi ukuzibona ngokubonakala kwezinaliti - ziqala ukulahlekelwa umbala, njengokungathi ziyaphela, bese zishwabana futhi zome.

Ungawuqeda lo mkhaza ngosizo lweFitoverm.

Uma kubonakala, izinaliti ziqala ukufiphala, njengokungathi, zishwabene, futhi kamuva zome ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-parasites amancane adla ujusi wezinaliti ezincane.

I-spider mite. Lapho kuvela, izinaliti ziqala ukuphuzi futhi zome, futhi ngokushesha kuvela ubulembu obubonakalayo kuwo.

I-Fufanon izosiza ukubhekana nezinambuzane.

I-pine aphid. Idla ujusi wezinaliti ezincane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zivela ngobuningi futhi zingabhubhisa isihlahla esincane.

Isilinganiso somzabalazo yisidakamizwa iKarbofos.

UHermes. Izinambuzane ezincane kakhulu, ukubonakala kwayo kungabonwa ngezigaxa ezingcolile ezimhlophe ezinaliti. Ithinta kuphela amaphayini amancane omsedari, izihlahla ezivuthiwe zimelana nawo.

Ukulwa nalesi zinambuzane, amalungiselelo e-Spark, Fufanon, Atkara asetshenziswa.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Sibuze izakhamuzi zasehlobo ezijwayelekile imibuzo mayelana namaphayini omsedari isazi sezolimo namahlathi uSvetlana Mikhailova.

Imithombo ye

1. Vyvodtsev NV, Kobayashi Ryosuke. Isivuno se-cedar pine nuts e-Khabarovsk Territory // Izinkinga zangempela zesakhiwo sehlathi, 2007 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/urozhaynost-orehov-sosny-kedrovoy-v-khabarovskom-krae
2. Inhlangano yokuzalanisa kanye nokwethulwa kwamaConifers https://rosih.ru/
3. I-Gavrilova OI Ikhula uphayini wamatshe waseSiberia ngaphansi kwezimo zeRiphabhulikhi yaseKarelia // Izinsiza Nobuchwepheshe, 2003 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vyraschivanie-sosny-kedrovoy-sibirskoy-v-usloviyah-respubliki-karelia
4. Drozdov II, Kozhenkova AA, Belinsky MN -podmoskovie