I-calcaneus (kusuka ku-Latin calcaneum okusho isithende), ebizwa nangokuthi i-calcaneus, iyithambo elikhulu kunawo wonke ku-tarsus, okuyingxenye yamathambo onyawo.

Isikhundla. I-calcaneus iyithambo elikhulu kunawo wonke ku-tarsus, enye yezingxenye ezintathu zamathambo ezinyawo akhiwe nge-tarsus, metatarsus, ne-phalanges (1). I-calcaneus ingelinye lamathambo ayisikhombisa we-tarsus: i-talus, ithambo le-cuboid, ithambo le-navicular, amathambo amathathu e-cuneiform, ne-calcaneus.

Isakhiwo se-calcaneus. I-calcaneus iyithambo eliqine kakhulu nelikhulu kunyawo. Ingaphezulu le-calcaneus lihambisana ne-talus kanye nendawo yayo yangaphambili nethambo le-cuboid. I-calcaneus yakhiwa:

• i-sustentaculum tali, i-bony projection ebekwe endaweni engaphezulu naphezulu, ihlinzeka ukwesekwa kwe-talus;
• we-fibular trochea, ukuqhuma okuncane okuvela ebusweni be-lateral;
• ye-tuberosity ye-calcaneus, ehlanganisa indawo engemuva ephumayo futhi yakhe isithende.

Wonke amathambo onyawo, kufaka phakathi i-calcaneus, agcinwa ngenxa yemigqa eminingi namajoyinti amaningi.

Ukusekela isisindo somzimba. Isisindo esiningi somzimba sidluliselwa sisuka emthambekeni siye phansi nge-calcaneus (1).

Unyawo olumile futhi oluguquguqukayo. Uhlaka lwamathambo onyawo, okuhlanganisa i-calcaneus, lwenza kube nokwenzeka ikakhulukazi ukugcina ukusekelwa komzimba nokwenza ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene konyawo okuhlanganisa nokunyakaziswa komzimba lapho uhamba. (2) (3)

Ukuphuka kwethambo lonyawo. Amathambo onyawo angathinteka ngokuqhekeka, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi kube ngamathambo we-metatarsal ne-calcaneus. (4)

Ukungajwayelekile kwamathambo. Ukungajwayelekile okuthile kungenzeka emathanjeni onyawo futhi kuthinte amathambo e-metatarsal. Lokhu kungahambi kahle kwamathambo kungahle kube ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle, ukuqhekeka noma ukukhubazeka. Kungabonwa izimo ezihlukene: unyawo olungenalutho, unyawo lwe-varus, unyawo oluyisicaba, unyawo lweklabhu, noma unyawo lwe-equine. (4)

Izifo zethambo. Izifo eziningi zingathinta amathambo futhi ziguqule ukwakheka kwawo. I-osteoporosis ingenye yezimo ezivame kakhulu. Kwakha ukulahleka kwamathambo ngokuvamile kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-60. Kugcizelela ubucayi bethambo futhi kuthuthukise izikweletu.

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya ngesifo esitholakele, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungabekwa ukulawula noma ukuqinisa izicubu zethambo noma ukunciphisa ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala.

Ukwelapha okuhlinzwa. Kuye ngohlobo lokuphuka, ukuhlinzwa kokuhlinzwa kungenziwa ngokufaka ipuleti lesikulufa, izipikili noma i-fixator yangaphandle.

Ukwelashwa kwamathambo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokwephuka, kungenzeka kwenziwe ukhonkolo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. I-X-ray, i-CT, i-MRI, i-scintigraphy noma i-bone densitometry izivivinyo ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola izifo zethambo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha. Ukuze ubone izifo ezithile, ukuhlolwa kwegazi noma komchamo kungenziwa njengomthamo we-phosphorus noma i-calcium.

"Unyawo oluncane" (ngesiFulentshi, petit pied) igama elinikezwa uhlaka lwamathamboI-Australopithecus I-Prometheuskwatholakala ngo-1994 ngu-paleoanthropologist uRonald J. Clarke. Iqanjwe igama layo elithi "Unyawo Oluncane" ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bamathambo onyawo ekuqaleni atholakala ebhokisini lamathambo ahlukaniswa ngokuthi avela ezingulubeni. Ngemuva kokutholwa kwala mathambo amancane ezinyawo, abacwaningi bathola u-90% wamathambo: “Unyawo oluncane” ngaleyo ndlela lwaba ngamathambo aphelele kunawo wonke ase-Australopithecus atholakele kuze kube manje. Ngemuva kwemiphumela yokuphambuka eguquguqukayo kakhulu, indlela entsha ikwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi ikwazi ukufika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-3,67 (5) (6).