Ukhakhayi lwakha uhlaka lwamathambo ekhanda. Leli bhokisi lamathambo liqukethe ubuchopho, liphelela ezingeni lomgogodla. Ukhakhayi lwakhiwe ngamathambo ayisishiyagalombili, ahlanganiswe amalunga abizwa ngama-suture.

Ukhakhayi luqukethe amathambo angamashumi amabili nambili ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: amathambo ogebhezi namathambo obuso. Amathambo ogebhezi afanele ayisishiyagalombili ngenombolo.

Ukhakhayi yibhokisi lamathambo elinesimo se-ovoid. Igama elithi ukhakhayi liza, nge-etymologically, livela egameni lesiLatini i-cranium okusho ukuthi “ukhakhayi”, uqobo lwalo lubolekwe egameni lesiGrikhi skull. Iqukethe ubuchopho futhi iphelela ezingeni lomgogodla. Yenziwe ngamathambo angamashumi amabili nambili (kungabalwa ama-ossic ezwa), kufaka phakathi amathambo ayisishiyagalombili akha ugebhezi uqobo namathambo ayishumi nane obuso.

Ukhakhayi ngakho-ke luhlala engxenyeni engenhla yomgogodla. Kwakheka, ngokunembile kwe:

• amane ngisho amathambo: amathambo amabili wesikhashana kanye namathambo amabili weparietali;
• amathambo amane angajwayelekile: akha ingaphambili, i-occipital (lena iqukethe imbobo eyenza sikwazi ukuxhumana nekholamu lomgogodla), i-sphenoid (ebekwe ezansi kogebhezi) kanye ne-ethmoid eyakha phansi emigodini yamakhala . 

La mathambo ahlanganiswe amalunga abizwa ngokuthi ama-sutures.

Ingaphambili

Ingxenye yangaphakathi yogebhezi, ebizwa ngokuthi ibunzi, yakhiwa yithambo langaphambili. Lokhu kuqukethe uphahla lwezisekelo zamehlo, kanye neningi le-anterior cranial fossa.

Amathambo eParietal

Iningi lezifunda ezisemaceleni nasenhla zomgogodla wogebhezi zakhiwa ngamathambo amabili weparietali. Ukuvezwa nokudangala okukubandakanya kukhuthaza ukudlula kwemithambo yegazi ezonisela isikhathi, isicubu esimboze ubuchopho.

okwesikhashana

Ethempelini, amathambo amabili wesikhashana akha izingxenye ezingezansi nezingezansi zogebhezi. Ithempeli yisifunda sogebhezi esizungeze indlebe.

i-occiput

Ithambo le-occipital lakha ingxenye engemuva yekhanda: ngaleyo ndlela lenziwa yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye-posterior cranial fossa.

i-sphenoid

Ithambo le-sphenoid linomumo wesigaxa. Kwakha itshe legumbi lesisekelo sogebhezi. Ngempela, ikhuluma kahle ngawo wonke amathambo ogebhezi futhi iwagcina esendaweni yawo. Eqinisweni, icacisa phambili ngethambo langaphambili kanye nethambo le-ethmoid, kamuva ngamathambo wesikhashana, nangemuva kwethambo le-occipital.

i-ethmoids

Ithambo le-ethmoid, elibizwa ngokufana kwalo ngesihlungo, ngakho-ke linokubonakala kwesipanji. Kuyithambo elibucayi le-cranial fossa. I-lamina eligcwele lethambo le-ethmoid lakha uphahla lwendawo ekhaleni.

Umsebenzi wamathambo ogebhezi ukuvikela ubuchopho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zenza futhi kube nokwenzeka ukusimamisa isikhundla sobuchopho, segazi nemikhumbi ye-lymphatic, ngamamenyu axhumene nobuso babo bangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuso bangaphandle bamathambo ogebhezi busebenza njengesithako semisipha esivumela ukunyakaza kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zekhanda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuso bangaphandle bamathambo ogebhezi nalo lubamba iqhaza ekubukekeni kobuso, ngezindawo zokufaka eziqukethe imisipha lapho kuvela khona le nkulumo. Lawa mathambo ahlukene akha ugebhezi kanye nobuso nawo anomsebenzi wokuxhasa nokuvikela izitho zemizwa ezinjengalezi:

• umbono;
• thinta;
• we gustation; 
• ukunuka;
• ukuzwa;
• nokulinganisela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugebhezi lune-foramina, okuyizindawo eziyindilinga zokuhamba, kanye nemifantu: lokhu kuvumela imithambo yegazi nezinzwa ukuthi zidlule.

Ukungahambi kahle okuningi kanye ne-pathologies kungathinta ugebhezi, ikakhulukazi:

I-Skull fractures

Ukuhlukumezeka okuthile kungadala izilonda kugebhezi, okubandakanya ukuphuka noma kwesinye isikhathi imifantu, okuyizilonda ezingathi shu. Ukuphuka kogebhezi yithambo eliphukile elizungeze ubuchopho. Ukwephuka kungenzeka kungahlotshaniswa nokulimala kobuchopho.

Izimpawu zokwephuka kogebhezi zingabandakanya ubuhlungu futhi, ngezinye izinhlobo zokuphuka, uketshezi luvuza ngamakhala noma ezindlebeni, kwesinye isikhathi ukulimaza ngemuva kwezindlebe noma ngamehlo.

Ukwephuka kogebhezi kungadalwa yizilonda ezibhoboza isikhumba, okuyizilonda ezivulekile, noma ezingasigqobhozi, bese kuba yizilonda ezivaliwe.

Izifo zamathambo

Izicubu 

Kuphakathi kokuthi kuyingozi noma kubi, kungavela izicubu zethambo logebhezi futhi lezi zimila noma ama-pseudotumors zivame ukutholakala ngengozi. Eqinisweni, ezimeni eziningi kuvela ukuthi zinobungozi. Ngezinye izikhathi nazo zihambisana nokuhlukahluka kwe-anatomical.

Isifo sikaPaget

Kuyisifo samathambo esingalapheki samathambo. Izindawo zamathambo ezicubu zibhekene nokulungiswa kokugula. Lokhu kubangela i-hypertrophy, kanye nokwehlisa amandla kwethambo. Eqinisweni, njengoba ukuvuselelwa kwamathambo nokwakheka kukhula, amathambo ayajiya kunokujwayelekile, kepha futhi abuthaka ngokwengeziwe.

Le pathology ivame ukuba ne-asymptomatic kepha ubuhlungu kwesinye isikhathi bungavela futhi i-hypertrophy ingavela emathanjeni, kanye ne-deformation. Kwesinye isikhathi ubuhlungu bungajula futhi buqine ngokushesha.

I-Skull fractures

Iningi lokwephuka kogebhezi ludinga ukubonwa okulula esibhedlela futhi aludingi ukwelashwa okuthile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlinzwa, kwezinye izimo, kungavumela ukususwa kwezidumbu zangaphandle kanye / noma ukufaka ezinye izingcezu zogebhezi. Futhi, abantu abanesifo sokuwa badinga ama-anticonvulsants.

Amathambo amathambo

Iningi lamathumba angenawo umdlavuza asuswa ngokuhlinzwa noma nge-curettage. Imvamisa, aziveli futhi. Ngokuqondene nezicubu ezibulalayo, ngokujwayelekile zizolashwa ngokwelashwa okususelwa ekuhlinzweni kanye nakwichemotherapy kanye ne-radiotherapy.

Isifo sikaPaget

Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo kuqala kuqala ekwelapheni izinhlungu kanye nezinkinga. Ezigulini ezingenazimpawu, kwesinye isikhathi akudingeki ukwelashwa. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-molecule wezidakamizwa angasiza ekunciphiseni ukuqhubekela phambili kwesifo, ikakhulukazi ama-diphosphonates: lawa ma-molecule avimbela ukuphuma kwamathambo. Kwesinye isikhathi umjovo we-calcitonin unganikezwa kepha usetshenziswa kuphela lapho eminye imithi ingeke yanikezwa.

Ekugcineni, iziguli kufanele zigweme ukuphumula kombhede ngokweqile ukuvimbela i-hypercalcemia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithambo livuselelwa ngokushesha, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala okwanele kwe-calcium namavithamini D. Ngakho-ke ukwesekwa kwamavithamini D ne-calcium kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka, ukuze kugwenywe ukuthamba kwamathambo.

I-Skull fractures

Ukuhlolwa kwe-densitometry kuzovumela ukuxilongwa kokuphuka kogebhezi. Ngempela, odokotela baholelwa ekutheni basole ukwephuka kogebhezi ngokuya ngezimo, izimpawu kanye nokuhlolwa komtholampilo kweziguli ezihlangabezane nokuhlukumezeka ekhanda.

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokuphuka kogebhezi ihlala i-computed tomography (CT), ezokhethwa ngaphezu kwe-imaging resonance imaging (MRI). Eqinisweni, ama-x-ray ogebhezi akuvamile ukuba lusizo kubantu abalimele ekhanda.

Amathambo amathambo

Ukuhlaziywa kwezilonda zesimila ethanjeni logebhezi kuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelashwa, ezifana nobudala, ubulili noma umongo ohlasimulisayo noma wokuhlinzwa, nezimpawu zokubonakala kwesimila.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-radiological kusekelwe kuskena ne-MRI. Isithwebuli-ke sivumela ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezinguquko ekwakhiweni kwethambo. Ngokuqondene ne-MRI, yenza kube lula ukubheka ukuhlasela kwezicubu ezingaphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kohlobo lwezicubu. Ekugcineni, ukuqinisekiswa yi-biopsy kungadingeka kwezinye izimo.

Isifo sikaPaget

Le pathology ivame ukutholakala ngengozi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-X-ray noma ukuhlolwa kwegazi okwenziwa ngezinye izizathu. Ukuxilongwa nakho kungasolwa ngokuhlobene nezimpawu kanye nokuhlolwa komtholampilo.

Ukutholakala kwesifo sikaPaget kusekelwe ekuhlolweni okuningana:

• i-x-ray izobonisa ukungajwayelekile kwesifo sikaPaget;
• ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri kuzonikeza izinga le-alkaline phosphatase, i-enzyme ebandakanyeka ekwakheni amangqamuzana amathambo, i-calcium ne-phosphate egazini;
• i-bone scintigraphy ukukhomba ukuthi imaphi amathambo athintekayo.

Kutholakale enyakatho yeChad ngoJulayi 2001, ugebhezi lukaToumaï lubalwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-6,9 kuya ku-7,2 edlule. Umthamo wayo we-cranial ulinganiselwe phakathi kuka-360 no-370 cm3, noma ulingana nalowo wezimfene. Ngaphezu kokuma kwe-morolology yama-premolars nama-molars, ane-koqweqwe olujiyile kunama-chimpanzee, nobuso bayo obufinyeziwe, empeleni kuyisisekelo sogebhezi lwayo esikhombisile ukuthi le hominid ingeyegatsha lomuntu, hhayi izimfene. noma ama-gorilla.

Ngempela, isisekelo salolu khakhayi olutholwe ngu-Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye (ilungu le-Franco-Chadian Paleoanthropological Mission, noma i-MPFT, eliholwa nguMichel Brunet) liveza imbobo ye-occipital esivele sivele ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuso bayo be-occipital buthambekele emuva kakhulu. Igama "Toumaï", okusho ukuthi "ithemba lokuphila" ngolimi lwesiGoran, lanikezwa nguMongameli weRiphabhlikhi yaseChad.