“Ngokufunda olunye ulimi, singashintsha ubuntu bethu”

I-Psychology: Dmitry, wake wathi ulimi luyi-10% yezibalo kanye ne-90% ye-psychology. Ubuqonde ukuthini?

Dmitry Petrov: Umuntu angaphikisana ngezilinganiso, kodwa ngingasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ulimi lunezingxenye ezimbili. Enye i- pure mathematics , enye i- pure psychology . Izibalo ziyisethi yama-algorithms ayisisekelo, izimiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zesakhiwo solimi, indlela engiyibiza ngokuthi i-matrix yolimi. Uhlobo lwetafula lokuphindaphinda.

Ulimi ngalunye lunomshini walo - yilokhu okuhlukanisa izilimi uXNUMX kwelinye, kodwa kukhona nezimiso ezijwayelekile. Lapho ufunda ulimi, kuyadingeka ukuthi ulethe ama-algorithms ku-automatism, njengalapho ukwazi uhlobo oluthile lwezemidlalo, noma ukudansa, noma ukudlala insimbi yomculo. Futhi lena akuyona nje imithetho yohlelo lolimi, lezi yizakhiwo ezibalulekile ezakha inkulumo.

Isibonelo, ukuhleleka kwamagama. Ibonisa ngokuqondile umbono wesikhulumi somdabu salolu limi emhlabeni.

Ingabe ufuna ukusho ukuthi ngokulandelana izingxenye zenkulumo ezibekwe ngayo emshweni, umuntu angahlulela umbono wezwe nendlela yokucabanga yabantu?

Yebo. Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, isibonelo, ezinye izazi zezilimi zesiFulentshi zaze zabona ukuphakama kolimi lwesiFulentshi ngaphezu kwezinye, ikakhulukazi isiJalimane, ngokuthi isiFulentshi siqale sibize ibizo bese kuba yisiphawulo esisichazayo.

Benza impikiswano, engavamile kithi isiphetho sokuthi umFulentshi uqala ukubona into eyinhloko, ingqikithi - ibizo, bese isivele isinikeza uhlobo oluthile lwencazelo, imfanelo. Isibonelo, uma isiRashiya, isiNgisi, isiJalimane sithi «indlu emhlophe», umFulentshi uzothi «indlu emhlophe».

Ukuthi inkimbinkimbi kangakanani imithetho yokuhlela izingxenye ezehlukene zenkulumo emshweni (ithi, amaJalimane ane-algorithm eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa eqinile) izosibonisa ukuthi abantu abahambisanayo balibona kanjani iqiniso.

Uma isenzo sisendaweni yokuqala, kuvela ukuthi isenzo sibalulekile kumuntu kwasekuqaleni?

Ngokuvamile, yebo. Ake sithi izilimi eziningi zesiRashiya nesiSlavic zinokuhleleka kwamagama kwamahhala. Futhi lokhu kubonakala endleleni esibheka ngayo umhlaba, endleleni esihlela ngayo ubuntu bethu.

Kunezilimi ezinohlelo olungaguquki lwamagama, njengesiNgisi: kulolu limi sizothi kuphela "ngiyakuthanda", futhi ngesiRashiya kukhona izinketho: "Ngiyakuthanda", "Ngiyakuthanda", "Ngiyakuthanda". ”. Vumelana, ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

Nokudideka okwengeziwe, njengokungathi sigwema ngamabomu ukucaca kanye nohlelo. Ngokubona kwami, isiRashiya kakhulu.

NgesiRashiya, nakho konke ukuguquguquka kwezakhiwo zolimi zokwakha, nayo ine "matrix yezibalo" yayo. Nakuba ulimi lwesiNgisi lunesakhiwo esicacile ngempela, esibonakala emqondweni — ehleleke kakhudlwana, engokoqobo. Kuyo, igama elilodwa lisetshenziswe enanini eliphakeme lezincazelo. Futhi lokhu kuyinzuzo yolimi.

Lapho inani lezenzo ezengeziwe lidingeka ngesiRashiya — isibonelo, sithi «ukuya», «ukukhuphuka», «ukwehla», «ukubuyisela», isiNgisi isebenzisa isenzo esisodwa esithi «hamba», esihlome nge i-postposition enikeza isiqondiso sokunyakaza.

Futhi ingxenye yezengqondo izibonakalisa kanjani? Kubonakala kimina ukuthi ngisho naku-psychology yezibalo kune-psychology eminingi, ukwahlulela ngamazwi akho.

Ingxenye yesibili yolimi i-psycho-emotional, ngoba zonke izilimi ziyindlela yokubona umhlaba, ngakho-ke lapho ngiqala ukufundisa ulimi, okokuqala ngiphakamisa ukuthola izinhlangano ezithile.

Kokunye, ulimi lwesiNtaliyane luhlotshaniswa nokudla kwezwe: i-pizza, i-pasta. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Italy ingumculo. Okwesithathu - cinema. Kumelwe kube nesithombe esithile esingokomzwelo esisibophezela endaweni ethile.

Futhi-ke siqala ukuqonda ulimi hhayi nje njengeqoqo lamagama kanye nohlu lwemithetho yohlelo lolimi, kodwa njengesikhala esine-multidimensional lapho singaba khona futhi sizizwe sikhululekile. Futhi uma ufuna ukuqonda kangcono isiNtaliyane, khona-ke udinga ukukwenza hhayi ngesiNgisi jikelele (ngendlela, abantu abambalwa base-Italy bakhuluma kahle), kodwa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Omunye umqeqeshi webhizinisi ojwayelekile ngandlela-thile wahlekisa, ezama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kwakhiwe abantu nezilimi ezahlukene. Umbono wakhe uthi: UNkulunkulu ujabule. Mhlawumbe ngivumelana naye: enye indlela yokuchaza ukuthi abantu balwela ukuxhumana, ukukhuluma, ukwazana kangcono, kodwa njengokungathi isithiyo sasungulwa ngamabomu, ukufuna kwangempela.

Kodwa ukuxhumana okuningi kwenzeka phakathi kwezikhulumi zomdabu zolimi olufanayo. Ingabe bahlale bezwana? Lona kanye iqiniso lokuthi sikhuluma ulimi olufanayo akuqinisekisi ukuthi siyaqonda, ngoba ngamunye wethu ubeka izincazelo nemizwa ehluke ngokuphelele kulokho okushiwoyo.

Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukufunda olunye ulimi hhayi kuphela ngoba kuwumsebenzi othakazelisayo wokuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile, kuyisimo esidingekayo ukuze kuphile umuntu nesintu. Akukho ukungqubuzana okunjalo ezweni lanamuhla - akuhlonyiwe noma kwezomnotho - obekungeke kuqhamuke ngoba abantu endaweni ethile bebengezwani.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinto ezihluke ngokuphelele zibizwa ngegama elifanayo, ngezinye izikhathi, zikhuluma ngento efanayo, zibiza isenzakalo ngamagama ahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimpi ziyaqubuka, kuphakama izinkinga eziningi. Ulimi luyisenzakalo esiwumzamo wamahloni wesintu wokuthola indlela enokuthula yokuxhumana, indlela yokudluliselana ukwaziswa.

Kodwa leli khambi alisoze, ngokwencazelo, libe liphelele. Ngakho-ke, i-psychology ayibalulekile kangako kunolwazi lwe-matrix yolimi, futhi ngikholelwa ukuthi ngokuhambisana nokutadisha kwayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha ukucabanga, isiko, umlando kanye namasiko abantu abafanele.

Amagama adlulisa iphesenti elincane kuphela lolwazi esishintshana ngalo. Konke okunye umongo, isipiliyoni, iphimbo, ukuthinta, isimo sobuso.

Kodwa kwabaningi - cishe uvame ukuhlangana nalokhu - ukwesaba okunamandla ngokunembile ngenxa yesilulumagama esincane: uma ngingawazi amagama anele, ngakha izakhiwo ngokungalungile, nginephutha, ngakho-ke ngeke bangiqonde. Sinamathisela ukubaluleka okwengeziwe ku-«mathematics» yolimi kunomqondo wengqondo, nakuba, kuvela, kufanele kube ngenye indlela.

Kukhona isigaba esijabulisayo sabantu abathi, ngomqondo omuhle, abanalo inferiority complex, iphutha eliyinkimbinkimbi, abathi, bekwazi amagama angamashumi amabili, bakhulume ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi bafeze konke abakudingayo kwelinye izwe. Futhi lokhu kuyisiqinisekiso esihle kakhulu sokuthi akukho cala okufanele wesabe ukwenza amaphutha. Akekho ozokuhleka. Akukhona lokho okukuvimbayo ekuxhumaneni.

Ngiye ngabona inqwaba yabantu okuye kwadingeka bafundiswe ezikhathini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwami ​​kokufundisa, futhi ngiye ngathola ukuthi ubunzima bokulufunda kahle ulimi bunomfanekiso othile ngisho nasezifundweni zomzimba womuntu. Ngithole amaphuzu amaningana emzimbeni womuntu lapho ukungezwani kubangela ubunzima bokufunda ulimi.

Omunye wabo uphakathi kwesiphongo, ukungezwani okukhona kuvamile kubantu abavame ukuqonda yonke into ngokuhlaziya, bacabange kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba benze.

Uma ukuqaphela lokhu kuwena, kusho ukuthi uzama ukubhala umushwana othile “kumqaphi wakho wangaphakathi” ozowuveza ku-interlocutor yakho, kodwa uyesaba ukwenza iphutha, khetha amagama afanele, weqe, khetha futhi. Kuthatha isamba esikhulu samandla futhi kuphazamisa kakhulu ukuxhumana.

Elinye iphuzu lisendaweni engezansi yentamo, ezingeni lama-collarbones. Kuyashuba hhayi kuphela phakathi kwalabo abafunda ulimi, kodwa futhi phakathi kwalabo abakhuluma esidlangalaleni - abafundisi, abadlali, vocalists. Kubonakala sengathi uwafunde wonke amagama, wazi konke, kodwa lapho nje kufika engxoxweni, kuvela isigaxa esithile emphinjeni wakhe. Sengathi kukhona okungivimbayo ukuthi ngiveze imicabango yami.

I-physiology yethu ikhombisa ukuthi sinenani elikhulu lolwazi, kodwa sithola umzila omncane kakhulu wokuveza kwawo: siyazi futhi siyakwazi ukwenza okungaphezu kwalokho esingakusho.

Futhi iphuzu lesithathu - engxenyeni engezansi yesisu - lishubile kulabo abanamahloni futhi bacabange: "Kuthiwani uma ngisho into engalungile, kuthiwani uma ngingaqondi noma bengangiqondi, kuthiwani uma behleka. kimi?” Inhlanganisela, uchungechunge lwala maphuzu luholela ebhulokhini, esimweni lapho silahlekelwa ikhono lokuguquguquka, ukushintshaniswa kwamahhala kolwazi.

Ungasusa kanjani lesi sici sokuxhumana?

Mina ngokwami ​​ngisebenzisa futhi ngincoma kubafundi, ikakhulukazi labo abazosebenza njengabatoliki, amasu okuphefumula okufanele. Ngiziboleke ezenzweni ze-yoga.

Sithatha umoya, futhi njengoba sikhipha umoya, sibheka ngokucophelela lapho sinezingxabano, futhi "sihlakaze", phumula la maphuzu. Bese kuvela umbono weqiniso onezinhlangothi ezintathu, hhayi umugqa, lapho “ekufakweni” kwebinzana esitshelwe ukuthi sibambe igama negama, silahlekelwa ingxenye yawo futhi asiqondi, futhi “ekuphumeni” siyakhipha. izwi ngezwi.

Asikhulumi ngamazwi, kodwa ngamayunithi e-semantic - i-quanta yolwazi nemizwa. Sabelana ngemicabango. Uma ngiqala ukukhuluma ngolimi engilukhuluma kahle, ngolimi lwami lwendabuko noma ngolunye ulimi, angazi ukuthi umusho wami uzophela kanjani — kusuke kunemicabango engifuna ukunidlulisela yona.

Amazwi abakhonzi. Futhi yingakho ama-algorithms ayinhloko, i-matrix kufanele ilethwe ku-automatism. Ukuze angabheki emuva njalo kubo, isikhathi ngasinye evula umlomo wakhe.

Ingakanani i-matrix yolimi? Iquketheni - amafomu esenzo, amabizo?

Lezi yizindlela ezithandwa kakhulu zesenzo, ngoba noma ngabe kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezahlukene olimini, zikhona ezintathu noma ezine ezisetshenziswa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ucabangela umbandela wemvamisa - kokubili mayelana nesilulumagama nohlelo lolimi.

Abantu abaningi baphelelwa umdlandla wokufunda ulimi lapho bebona indlela uhlelo lolimi oluhluke ngayo. Kodwa akudingekile ukubamba ngekhanda yonke into esesichazamazwini.

Bengiwuthakasela umbono wakho wokuthi ulimi nesakhiwo salo kuthinta ingqondo. Ingabe inqubo yokuhlehla iyenzeka? Ulimi nesakhiwo salo, isibonelo, luthinta kanjani uhlelo lwezombangazwe ezweni elithile?

Iqiniso liwukuthi imephu yezilimi nengqondo ayihambisani nemephu yezepolitiki yomhlaba. Siyaqonda ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezifunda kuwumphumela wezimpi, ukuvukela umbuso, uhlobo oluthile lwezivumelwano phakathi kwabantu. Izilimi zidlulela kwesinye kwesinye, akukho mingcele ecacile phakathi kwazo.

Amanye amaphethini ajwayelekile angabonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, ezilimini zamazwe anomnotho ozinzile, kuhlanganise neRussia, iGreece, i-Italy, amagama angenamuntu athi "kufanele", "isidingo" avame ukusetshenziswa, kanti ezilimini zaseNyakatho Yurophu awekho amagama anjalo. .

Ngeke uthole kunoma yisiphi isichazamazwi ukuthi lihunyushwa kanjani igama lesiRashiya elithi “okudingekayo” olimini lwesiNgisi egameni elilodwa, ngoba alingeni emqondweni wesiNgisi. NgesiNgisi, udinga ukuqamba isihloko: ngubani okweletayo, odingayo?

NgesiRashiya noma isiNtaliyane, singasho ukuthi: "Sidinga ukwakha umgwaqo." NgesiNgisi ithi «Kufanele» noma «I must» noma «We must build». Kuvela ukuthi abaseBrithani bathola futhi banqume umuntu obhekene nalokhu noma leso senzo. Noma ngeSpanishi, njengaseRussia, sizothi «Tu me gustas» (ngiyakuthanda). Isihloko nguye othandayo.

Futhi emshweni wesiNgisi, i-analogue ithi "Ngiyakuthanda". Okusho ukuthi, umuntu oyinhloko ngesiNgisi yilowo othanda umuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kubonisa isiyalo nokuvuthwa okukhulu, kanti ngakolunye, ukuzicabangela okukhulu. Lezi yizibonelo ezimbili nje ezilula, kodwa sezivele zibonisa umehluko endleleni yokuphila yamaRussia, abaseSpain nabaseBrithani, umbono wabo emhlabeni kanye nabo ngokwabo kulo mhlaba.

Kuvela ukuthi uma sithatha ulimi, khona-ke ukucabanga kwethu, umbono wethu wezwe uzoshintsha nakanjani? Mhlawumbe, kungenzeka ukukhetha ulimi lokufunda ngokuvumelana nezimfanelo ozifunayo?

Lapho umuntu, eselwazi kahle ulimi, elusebenzisa futhi esendaweni yolimi, ngokungangabazeki uthola izici ezintsha. Uma ngikhuluma isiNtaliyane, izandla zami ziyavula, ukuthinta kwami ​​kusebenza kakhulu kunalapho ngikhuluma isiJalimane. Ngiba nemizwelo eyengeziwe. Futhi uma uhlala njalo emkhathini onjalo, khona-ke ngokushesha noma kamuva kuba owakho.

Mina nozakwethu saphawula ukuthi abafundi bamanyuvesi ezilimi abafunda isiJalimane banesiyalo futhi bayafunda. Kodwa labo abafunde isiFulentshi bathanda ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini ye-amateur, banendlela yokudala yokuphila nokufunda. Ngendlela, labo abafunda isiNgisi babephuza kaningi: amaBrithani aphakathi kwezizwe ezi-3 eziphuza kakhulu.

Ngicabanga ukuthi iShayina inyukele ezingeni elinjalo kwezomnotho futhi ngenxa yolimi lwayo: kusukela zisencane, izingane zaseShayina zifunda inani elikhulu lezinhlamvu, futhi lokhu kudinga ukucophelela okumangalisayo, ukukhuthala, ukubekezela kanye nekhono lokubona imininingwane.

Udinga ulimi olwakha isibindi? Funda isiRashiya noma, isibonelo, isiChechen. Ingabe ufuna ukuthola ububele, imizwa, ukuzwela? IsiNtaliyane. Passion - iSpanishi. IsiNgisi sifundisa i-pragmatism. German — pedantry kanye sentimentality, ngoba burgher yisidalwa ezwela kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Turkish izothuthukisa impi, kodwa futhi ithalente lokuxoxisana, ukuxoxisana.

Ingabe wonke umuntu uyakwazi ukufunda olunye ulimi noma udinga ukuba namakhono athile akhethekile alokhu?

Ulimi njengendlela yokuxhumana lutholakala kunoma yimuphi umuntu onengqondo elungile. Umuntu okhuluma ulimi lwakhe lwendabuko, ngokwencazelo, uyakwazi ukukhuluma olunye: unayo yonke i-arsenal edingekayo yezindlela. Kuyinganekwane ukuthi abanye bayakwazi kanti abanye abakwazi. Ukuthi kukhona noma cha ukugqugquzela kungenye indaba.

Uma sifundisa izingane, akumele kuhambisane nodlame, okungadala ukulahlwa. Zonke izinto ezinhle esazifunda ekuphileni, sazithola ngenjabulo, akunjalo? Sifunda ulimi ngezinhloso ezimbili — ukuzijabulisa kanye nenkululeko. Futhi ulimi ngalunye olusha lunikeza izinga elisha lenkululeko.

Ukufunda ulimi kucashunwe njengekhambi eliqinisekile lokuwohloka komqondo kanye ne-Alzheimer's, ngokocwaningo lwakamuva*. Futhi kungani kungenjalo i-Sudoku noma, isibonelo, i-chess, ucabangani?

Ngicabanga ukuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wobuchopho uwusizo. Ukuthi nje ukufunda ulimi kuyithuluzi elisebenza ngezindlela eziningi kunokuxazulula izindida zamagama noma ukudlala i-chess, okungenani ngenxa yokuthi bambalwa abalandeli bokudlala imidlalo nokukhetha amagama kunalabo okungenani abafunde olunye ulimi esikoleni.

Kodwa emhlabeni wanamuhla, sidinga izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuqeqeshwa kobuchopho, ngoba, ngokungafani nezizukulwane ezedlule, sidlulisela imisebenzi yethu eminingi yengqondo kumakhompyutha nama-smartphone. Ngaphambilini, ngamunye wethu wayazi inqwaba yezinombolo zocingo ngekhanda, kodwa manje asikwazi ukufika esitolo esiseduze ngaphandle kwetilosi.

Kudala idlozi lomuntu lalinomsila, kwathi uma seliyeka ukusebenzisa lo msila wawa. Muva nje, besibona ukuwohloka okuphelele kwenkumbulo yomuntu. Ngoba nsuku zonke, ngesizukulwane ngasinye sobuchwepheshe obusha, sidlulisela imisebenzi eyengeziwe kumagajethi, izinto ezinhle ezidalelwe ukusisiza, zisikhulule emthwalweni owengeziwe, kodwa kancane kancane zisiphuca amandla ethu angenakuphikwa.

Ukufunda ulimi kulolu chungechunge kungenye yezindawo zokuqala, uma kungeyona eyokuqala, njengenye yezindlela ezingenzeka zokulwa nokuwohloka kwenkumbulo: phela, ukuze sibambe ngekhanda izakhiwo zolimi, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ukukhuluma, kudingeka sisebenzise izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zobuchopho.

^* Ngo-2004, u-Ellen Bialystok, Ph. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ulwazi lwezilimi ezimbili lungabambezela ukwehla komsebenzi wokuqonda kwengqondo iminyaka engu-4-5.