Ubuchopho (kusuka ku-Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum) yisitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke emzimbeni womuntu. Isihlalo semicabango yethu, imizwa yethu kanye nenkosi yokunyakaza kwethu (ngaphandle kokukhalipha), iyisici esiyinhloko sesimiso sezinzwa.

Ubuchopho buyingxenye ye-encephalon, ehlanganisa i-diencephalon, i-brainstem ne-cerebellum.

Ubuchopho bubekwe ebhokisini le-cranial elivikela ukuthuthumela. Iphinde izungezwe ama-membrane avikelayo amathathu, ama-meninges (i-dura mater, i-arachnoid, ne-pia mater). Kubantu abadala, inesisindo esingaba ngu-1,3 kg futhi iqukethe amangqamuzana ezinzwa ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa: ama-neurons. Isekumisweni ku-cerebrospinal fluid, uketshezi olumunca ukushaqeka oluvumela ukuthuthwa kwama-molecule kanye nokutholwa kwemfucuza.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle

Ubuchopho buhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: i-hemisphere yesokudla kanye ne-left hemisphere. I-hemisphere ngayinye ilawula ingxenye ephambene yomzimba: i-hemisphere yesokunxele ilawula uhlangothi olungakwesokudla lomzimba futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

I-hemisphere yesokunxele ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa nokucabanga nolimi, kuyilapho kwesokudla kuyisihlalo semizwelo, imizwa nomuzwa wobuciko. Baxhumana ngesakhiwo semicu yezinzwa: i-corpus callosum. Ingaphezulu le-hemispheres limbozwe i-cerebral cortex, yindaba empunga ngoba iqukethe imizimba yamaseli e-neurons. I-cortex inqanyulwa yi-convolutions, okuyimiphetho yezicubu zobuchopho.

I-hemisphere ngayinye ihlukaniswe ngama-lobes amahlanu:

• imbobo yangaphambili, ngaphambili, ngemuva nje kwebunzi
• i-parietal lobe, ngemuva kwengaphambili
• i-lobe yesikhashana iseceleni, eduze nethambo lesikhashana
• i-occipital lobe, ngemuva, ezingeni lethambo le-occipital
• i-lobe yesi-5 ayibonakali ebusweni, i-insula noma i-island lobe: ingaphakathi kobuchopho.

Ama-lobe ahlukaniswa phakathi kwawo ngama-grooves, okuyimifantu ebusweni be-cortex.

Izinzwa ze-cranial zivela ebuchosheni nasesinqeni sobuchopho. Kunamapheya ayishumi nambili awo abandakanyeka embonweni, ekunambithekeni, ephunga noma ekuzweni noma ngisho nasekuchazeni ubuso.

Ubuchopho buhlinzekwa umthambo we-carotid wangaphakathi wesobunxele kanye nomthambo we-vertebral, ohlinzeka ngezakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo odingekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kwamaseli.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Ingaphakathi lobuchopho lakhiwe izicubu zobuchopho ezibizwa ngokuthi i-white matter. Yakhiwe ngemicu yezinzwa ethwala izinzwa iye noma isuke ku-cortex. Le micu izungezwe i-myelin, igobolondo elimhlophe lokuvikela (yingakho into emhlophe) esheshisa ukudluliswa kukagesi kwemiyalezo yezinzwa.

Phakathi nendawo yobuchopho kukhona namakamelo abizwa ngokuthi ama-ventricles avumela ukujikeleza koketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal.

Ingqondo ithi:

• 2% wesisindo sethu
• U-20% wamandla asetshenzisiwe

Ubuchopho buxhumana nayo yonke into ephilayo. Lokhu kuxhumana kunikezwa ikakhulukazi izinzwa. Izinzwa zivumela ukudluliswa okusheshayo kwemiyalezo kagesi njengama-nerve impulses.Ubuchopho, umbhoshongo wokulawula umzimba

Ihlotshaniswa nomgogodla, ubuchopho bakha isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Lolu hlelo luyisikhungo sethu somyalo nokulawula: luhumusha ulwazi lwezinzwa oluvela endaweni (ngaphakathi nangaphandle komzimba) futhi lungathumela izimpendulo ngendlela yemiyalo yezimoto (ukusebenza kwemisipha noma izindlala).

Imisebenzi efana nenkulumo, ukuchazwa kwemizwa noma ukunyakaza kokuzithandela kuvela ku-cerebral cortex. Ama-Neurons ku-cortex ahumusha imilayezo yezinzwa futhi athuthukise izimpendulo ezifanele ezifundeni ezigxile ekucutshungulweni kolwazi. Lezi zifunda zitholakala kuleveli:

• Ku-lobe ye-parietal, enezindawo ezihilelekile emibonweni yezinzwa (ukunambitheka, ukuthinta, izinga lokushisa, ubuhlungu)
• Ku-lobe yesikhashana, enezindawo zokuzwa nokuhogela, ukuqonda kolimi
• Kusukela ku-occipital lobe, enezikhungo zombono
• Kusukela engxenyeni engaphambili, ngokucabanga nokuhlela umsebenzi, imizwa nobuntu, ukunyakaza kokuzithandela nokukhiqizwa kolimi.

Izilonda kulezi zindawo zingaholela ekungasebenzi kahle. Isibonelo, isilonda sendawo esinikezelwe ekukhiqizeni ulimi bese sicindezela ikhono lokuphimisa amagama. Abantu bayakwazi abafuna ukukusho kodwa abakwazi ukuphimisa amagama.

Unhlangothi (unhlangothi) : kulandela ukuvaleka noma ukugqabuka kwemithambo yegazi, okubangela ukufa kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa. Kuhlanganisa i-cerebral embolism noma i-thrombosis.

Isifo i-Alzheimer : isifo se-neurodeergenerative esidala ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwamakhono engqondo nenkumbulo.

Inkinga yesithuthwane : ibonakala ngokukhishwa kwezinzwa ezingavamile ebuchosheni.

Ukucindezeleka : esinye sezifo zengqondo ezivame kakhulu. Ukucindezeleka yisifo esithinta imizwa, imicabango nokuziphatha, kodwa futhi nomzimba.

Isimo sokufa kwengqondo (noma ukufa kwe-encephalic): isimo sokubhujiswa okungenakuhlehliswa kobuchopho okuholela ekumisweni okuphelele kokusebenza kobuchopho kanye nokungabikho kokujikeleza kwegazi. Lesi simo singase silandele ukuhlukumezeka kwekhanda noma unhlangothi, isibonelo.

I-Hydrocéphalie : kuhambelana nokudlulela koketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal ebuchosheni lapho ukukhishwa kwalolu ketshezi kungenziwanga ngendlela efanele.

Ikhanda (ikhanda) : ubuhlungu obuvamile obuzwakala ebhokisini le-cranial.

Isifo sikaCharcot (i-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis noma isifo sika-Lou Gehrig): isifo se-neurodegenerative. Ithinta kancane kancane ama-neuron futhi ibangele ubuthakathaka bemisipha bese ikhubazeka.

Isifo seParkinson : isifo se-neurodeergenerative esiwumphumela wokufa kancane kancane futhi okuqhubekayo kwama-neurons endaweni yobuchopho edlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwethu. Yingakho abantu abanalesi sifo kancane kancane benza ukuthinta okuqinile, okujeqeza nokungalawuleki.

I-meningitis : ukuvuvukala kwe-meninges okungenzeka kubangelwe igciwane noma amagciwane. Leyo yemvelaphi yamagciwane ngokuvamile ibucayi kakhulu.

migraine : uhlobo oluthile lwekhanda elibuhlungu elizibonakalisa ekuhlaselweni okude futhi okunamandla kunekhanda elibuhlungu.

schizophrenia : ukugula kwengqondo okubangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiziqephu ezithinta ingqondo: umuntu othintekile uvamise ukuhlushwa yizinkohliso nokubona izinto ezingekho.

multiple sclerosis : isifo esizimele esithinta isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi (ubuchopho, izinzwa ze-optic kanye nentambo yomgogodla). Idala izilonda ezidala ukuphazamiseka ekudluliselweni kwemiyalezo yezinzwa ezithinta ukulawula ukunyakaza, ukubona kwezinzwa, inkumbulo, inkulumo, njll.

Head ukuhlukumezeka : ichaza ukushaqeka okutholwe ekhanda ezingeni logebhezi lwekhanda, kungakhathaliseki udlame lwalo. Zivame kakhulu futhi zinezigaba ezahlukene (ezibuthakathaka, ezimaphakathi, ezinzima). Ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu kubangela ukulimala kwengqondo futhi kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa kwabaneminyaka engu-15-25 ubudala. Izingozi zomgwaqo ziyimbangela enkulu yokulimala kodwa nezingozi ezihlobene nezemidlalo noma ukushaya.

Isigaxa sobuchopho (umdlavuza wobuchopho): ukuphindaphindeka kwamaseli angavamile ebuchosheni. Isimila mhlawumbe benign ou smart.

Prevention

Ngo-2012, i-World Health Organization (WHO) 6 ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-17,5 bafa ngenxa yezifo zenhliziyo njenge-stroke. Ukuphila ngendlela enempilo kungavimbela ama-80% ale mivimbo. Ngempela, ukudla ukudla okunempilo, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo nokugwema ugwayi nophuzo oludakayo kungavimbela lezi zifo.

Ngokusho kwe-WHO (7), isifo i-Alzheimer's yisona sizathu esivame kakhulu sokuwohloka komqondo futhi sidala amacala angama-60-70%. Ngeshwa, ayikho indlela eqondile yokuvimbela. Kodwa-ke, ukunaka ukudla kwakho, ukugcina umsebenzi womzimba nokuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kuyizindlela zokuvimbela. Ezinye izifo, njengesimila ebuchosheni noma i-multiple sclerosis, azikwazi ukuvinjelwa ngoba izimbangela azaziwa. Isifo sikaParkinson asigwemeki, kodwa ucwaningo lwesayensi lubonisa ukuziphatha okuthile okunganikeza lokho okuthiwa imiphumela yokuvikela.

Ukuvimbela ikhanda elibuhlungu kungenzeka, noma kunjalo, uma liphikelela kakhulu noma imithi evamile ingasebenzi. Lokhu kuvimbela kungabandakanya ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka noma ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kotshwala, isibonelo.

Ukwelashwa

Ukuphuza imithi ethile (kuhlanganise nezidakamizwa ezidambisa ukucindezeleka, okuphumuza imisipha, amaphilisi okulala, ama-anxiolytics, noma ngisho nama-antihistamine ezinto ezingezwani nomzimba) kungabangela ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo. Kodwa kulezi zimo, zingahlehliswa.

Ngokocwaningo lwaseMelika (8), ukuchayeka kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ezintweni ezingcolisa umoya ezinobuthi kakhulu (okubangelwa ukusha kwezinkuni noma amalahle njengesibonelo) kungadala ukuphazamiseka ekukhuleni kombungu. Izingane zizoveza izinkinga ezithile zokuziphatha kanye nokuncipha kwamakhono obuhlakani.

i-biopsy : ukuhlolwa okuhlanganisa ukuthatha isampula yesimila sobuchopho ukuze kwaziwe uhlobo lwesimila nokukhetha ukwelashwa okufanele kakhulu.

I-Echo-doppler transcrânien : ukuhlolwa okubona ukuhamba kwegazi emithanjeni emikhulu yobuchopho. Ivumela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhlolwa kokuhlukumezeka kwekhanda noma ukuhlonza ukufa kobuchopho.

I-Electroencephalography : ukuhlolwa okulinganisa ukusebenza kukagesi ebuchosheni, kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuxilonga isithuthwane.

I-MRI yobuchopho : inqubo ye-magnetic resonance imaging, i-MRI ukuhlola okuvumela ukutholwa kokungajwayelekile kobuchopho. Isetshenziselwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwesifo sohlangothi noma ukutholwa kwesimila.

Iskena se-PET : ebizwa nangokuthi i-positron emission tomoscintigraphy, lokhu kuhlolwa kwesithombe okusebenzayo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukusebenza kwezitho ngokujova uketshezi olukhipha imisebe olubonakala emfanekisweni.

Isithwebuli sobuchopho nomgogodla : ebizwa nangokuthi i-computed tomography noma i-computed tomography, le ndlela yokuthwebula isebenzisa ama-X-ray ukuze ibone ngeso lengqondo izakhiwo zogebhezi noma umgogodla. Ukuhlolwa okuyinhloko kokutholwa komdlavuza.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba : kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kunoma yikuphi ukuxilongwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo noma isimiso sezinzwa. Yenziwa ngudokotela okhona noma uchwepheshe wobuchopho. Okokuqala, ubuza isiguli ngomlando womndeni wakhe, izimpawu zakhe, njll. bese wenza ukuhlolwa ngokomzimba (ukuhlola i-reflexes, ukuzwa, ukuthinta, umbono, ibhalansi, njll) (9).

Ukukhishwa kwe-Lumbar : isampula ye-cerebrospinal fluid kusetshenziswa inaliti evela emhlane ophansi (i-lumbar vertebrae). Kulokhu, ukuhlaziywa kwayo kunganquma ukuthi kukhona amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Okutholwe kuqala

Imvelo kagesi yemiyalezo yezinzwa yaboniswa okokuqala ngudokotela wase-Italy, uLuigi Galvani ngo-1792, ngokuhlolwa kwezidladla zesele! Cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, ngo-1939, u-Huxley noHodgkin baqala ukurekhoda amandla esenzo (umfutho wezinzwa) ku-giant squid nerve fiber (10).

Usayizi wobuchopho nobuhlakani

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi ubukhulu bobuchopho nokuhlakanipha kungaxhunyaniswa. Ngokocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe11, ubuhlakani abunqunywa ubukhulu bobuchopho, kodwa kunalokho ngesakhiwo sabo kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwento emhlophe negrey matter. Kuyashiwo futhi ukuthi amadoda, ngokuvamile anobuchopho obukhulu kunabesifazane, awazange abonise imisebenzi ephakeme yobuhlakani. Ngokufanayo, ababambiqhaza abanobuchopho obukhulu ngokungavamile bathole amaphuzu angaphansi kwesilinganiso ekuhlolweni kobuhlakani.

Isibonelo, u-Einstein wayenobuchopho obuncane kunobujwayelekile.