Iqakala (kusuka kwelesiLatini elithi clavicula, ukhiye omncane) liyingxenye yesitho esingezansi esixhuma unyawo emlenzeni.

Iqakala iphoyinti lokunamathisela phakathi kwe-eksisi evundlile yonyawo kanye ne-eksisi eqondile yomzimba.

Skeleton. Iqakala lakhiwe ngamathambo amaningana:

• Ukuphela okuphansi kwe-tibia
• Umkhawulo ophansi we-fibula, ithambo emlenzeni owaziwa nangokuthi i-fibula
• Umkhawulo ongaphezulu we-talus, ithambo lonyawo elitholakala ku-calcaneus esithendeni

I-Tallow-crurale yokukhuluma. Kubhekwa njengejoyinti leqakala eliyinhloko. Ixhuma i-talus kanye ne-tibiofibular mortise, igama elichaza indawo yokuncinza edalwe ukuhlangana kwe-tibia ne-fibula (1).

Amagagasi. Imisipha eminingi ixhuma amathambo onyawo nalawo eqakala:

• Imigqa ye-tibiofibular yangaphambili kanye ne-posterior
• I-lateral collateral ligament eyakhiwe ama-bundle angu-3: i-calcaneofibular ligament kanye nemigqa ye-talofibular yangaphambili nangemuva.
• I-medial collateral ligament ehlanganisa i-deltoid ligament kanye nemigqa yangaphambili ne-posterior tibiotalar (2).

Imisipha nemisipha. Imisipha ehlukahlukene kanye nemisipha evela emlenzeni ifinyelela eqakaleni. Zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezine ezihlukene zemisipha:

• Igumbi elingemuva elingaphezulu elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-triceps sural muscle kanye ne-Achilles tendon.
• Ingxenye ejulile yangemuva ehlanganisa imisipha yobuso obungemuva be-tibia, imisipha yayo egijima ibheke ebusweni bangaphakathi beqakala.
• Ingxenye yangaphambili ehlanganisa imisipha eguquguqukayo yeqakala
• I-lateral compartment ehlanganisa i-fibular brevis muscle kanye ne-fibular longus muscle

i-flexion. Iqakala livumela ukunyakaza kwe-dorsal flexion okuhambisana nokusondela kobuso obungemuva bonyawo bubheke ebusweni bangaphambili bomlenze (3).

Isandiso. Iqakala livumela ukunyakaza kwesandiso noma ukugoba kwe-plantar okuhlanganisa ukususa ubuso obungemuva bonyawo busuke ebusweni bangaphambili bomlenze (3).

Hlunga. Ihambisana nokulimala kwe-ligament eyodwa noma ngaphezulu okwenzeka ngokunwetshwa kwemigqa yangaphandle. Izimpawu wubuhlungu nokuvuvukala eqakaleni.

I-tendinopathy. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi i-tendonitis. Izimpawu zalesi sifo ngokuyinhloko ubuhlungu be-tendon ngesikhathi sokuzikhandla. Isizathu salezi pathologies kungaba ezihlukahlukene. Zombili izici zangaphakathi, ezifana nokuthambekela kofuzo, njengokuvela ngaphandle, okufana nokwenza okungafanelekile kwezemidlalo, noma inhlanganisela yalezi zici ezimbalwa kungaba imbangela (1).

Ukuqhekeka kwethenda le-Achilles. Ukuqhekeka kwezicubu okwenza ukuthi i-Achilles tendon iqhume. Izimpawu ubuhlungu obungazelelwe nokungakwazi ukuhamba. Umsuka usaqondwa kahle (4).

Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba. Izindlela zokwelapha ezingokomzimba, ngezinhlelo ezithile zokuzivocavoca, zivame ukunikezwa njenge-physiotherapy noma i-physiotherapy.

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya ngesimo kanye nobuhlungu obubonwa isiguli, ama-painkillers angase anqunywe. Izidakamizwa ezilwa nokuvuvukala zingase zibekwe kuphela uma ukuvuvukala kwethenda kwaziwa.

Ukwelapha okuhlinzwa. Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa ngokuvamile kwenziwa lapho i-tendon ye-Achilles iphuka, futhi ingase ibekwe kwezinye izimo ze-tendinopathy kanye ne-sprains.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukuxilongwa kuqala ngokuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuze kuqashelwe isimo esikha phezulu seqakala, ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukunyakaza noma cha, kanye nobuhlungu obubonwa isiguli.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. Ukuqinisekisa i-pathology, ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha kungenziwa njenge-x-ray, i-ultrasound, i-scintigraphy noma i-MRI.

Emikhakheni ethile efana nomdanso noma i-gymnastics, abasubathi bafuna ukuthuthukisa ukungabi namandla kwamalunga, okungatholwa ngokuqeqeshwa okuthile. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungabi namandla kungaba nemiphumela emibi. Kusazwakala kahle futhi kutholakala ukuthi sekwephuzile, i-ligament hyperlaxity yenza amalunga angazinzile, kubenze babe ntekenteke ngokwedlulele (5).