Iyini i-bipolar disorder?

Le ukucindezeleka kwe-bipolar wukuphazamiseka kwemizwa okungathi sína okubonakala ngokushintshana kwezigaba “zemizwelo ephakeme”, namandla andayo nokushuba, kanye nezigaba zokuncipha kwemizwa (isimo sokucindezeleka).

Lezi ziqephu "zokucindezeleka kwengqondo" zihlanganiswa nezikhathi lapho isimo sengqondo sivamile futhi sizinzile, isikhathi esihlukahlukene.¹.

Phakathi neziqephu ze-“manic”, umuntu uyacasuka, asebenze ngokweqile, azizwe enesidingo esincane sokulala, ukhuluma kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile uveza ukuzethemba okweqile, ngisho nomuzwa wokuba namandla onke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi neziqephu zokucindezeleka, izinga lakhe lamandla liphansi ngokungavamile, isimo sakhe sengqondo sidabukile, sidabukile, nokulahlekelwa isithakazelo emisebenzini ehlukahlukene namaphrojekthi. 

Kungesinye sezifo zengqondo ezivame kakhulu, ezithinta u-1 kuya ku-2,5% wabantu. Lesi sifo sivame ukuvela kubantu abadala (abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-25) futhi siphindeka. Isiqephu sokuqala silandelwa ezinye iziqephu zokuphazamiseka kwemizwa kuma-90% wamacala.

Kuyisifo esidala ukukhubazeka okuningi kwezenhlalo, emsebenzini nangokomzwelo futhi okungase kuholele emizamweni yokuzibulala. Sekuhlonishwe yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) njengembangela yesikhombisa ehamba phambili yokukhubazeka ngonyaka wokuphila kwabaneminyaka eyi-15 kuya kwengama-44, phakathi kwazo zonke izifo.

Ukuvela kwezinkinga ze-bipolar

Izinkinga ze-bipolar zibonakala ngokulandelana kweziqephu kanye nokubuyela emuva kaningi, ngisho nangaphansi kokwelashwa.

Ingozi yokuzibulala isewukwesaba okukhulu okuhambisana nalesi sifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezizathu zebhayoloji ezingakaqondwa kahle, ukuphazamiseka kwe-bipolar kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwengozi yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye nezifo ze-metabolic kanye ne-hormonal.

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi, ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu, ubude besikhathi sokuphila kweziguli ezine-bipolar bungaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-11 kunesikhathi sokuphila kwabantu bonke.².

Yiziphi izimpawu ze-bipolar disorder? 

Lesi sifo, esibizwa ngaphambili manic-depressive isifo noma ukucindezeleka kwe-manic, iza ngezindlela eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo kungase kuhambisane noma kungase kuhambisane nezimpawu ze-psychotic (njengokubona izinto ezingekho, ukukhohlisa). Zingaba, ngokusho kwe-HAS3 :

• i-hypomanic (izimpawu ezifanayo kodwa zincane kakhulu kunesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi "i-manic" isiqephu);
• ama-maniac ngaphandle kwezimpawu ze-psychotic;
• ama-maniac anezimpawu ze-psychotic;
• ukucindezeleka okuncane noma okuphakathi;
• ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngaphandle kwezimpawu ze-psychotic;
• ucindezeleke kakhulu ngezimpawu ze-psychotic
• okuxubile (i-mania nokucindezeleka kuhlangene) ngaphandle kwezimpawu ze-psychotic;
• kuhlanganiswe nezimpawu ze-psychotic.

Inguqulo yakamuva kakhulu ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the I-DSM-V, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2014, ihlongoza ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-bipolar disorder ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• thayipha I-bipolar disorder, ebonakala ngokuba khona okungenani kwesiqephu esisodwa somuntu noma isiqephu esixubile.
• i-bipolar disorder uhlobo II, ebonakala ngokuvela kwesiqephu esikhulu sokucindezeleka esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye nesiqephu esisodwa se-hypomania.
• i-bipolar disorder ayicacisiwe.

Nakuba inkambo yalesi sifo iyisici ngokwanele, izimpawu zomuntu ngamunye ziyahlukahluka kumuntu nomuntu. Kwamanye, izimpawu zokucindezeleka zizofika kuqala ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, kanti kwezinye kuzobusa ukungahlaliseki, amandla amaningi noma ngisho nolaka.

Isigaba se-manic sibonakala ngesimo sengqondo esikhulayo, ukuzethemba okwandisiwe, imibono yobukhulu.

Ngokuvamile, umuntu osesigabeni sokuhlanya uzwa isidingo sokukhuluma njalo, ukwethula imibono yakhe engenakubalwa, ugcwele amandla futhi wenza amaphrojekthi noma imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isidingo sakhe sokulala siyancishiswa (uzizwa ephumulile ngemva kwamahora amathathu noma ama-3 elele) futhi ucasuka kalula. Lesi sikhathi sithatha okungenani isonto, sikhona usuku lonke cishe zonke izinsuku.

I-Hypomania ibonakaliswa uhlobo olufanayo lwezimpawu, ngamandla aphezulu aphikelelayo kodwa “avamile” kakhulu.

Phakathi nezigaba zokucindezeleka, kuba nokuncipha kwesithakazelo noma ubumnandi cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi yansuku zonke, i-psychomotor ukwehla (noma, ngezinye izikhathi, ukungahlaliseki), ukukhathala okukhulu, kanye ngokunokwenzeka necala noma ukwehla kwenani ngokweqile, ukuncipha kwekhono lokugxilisa ingqondo. Imicabango yokuzibulala ingenzeka. Ngokocwaningo oluthile, iphesenti lemizamo yokuzibulala liyahluka phakathi kuka-20 no-50% (HAS Juni 2014).

Lezi zimpawu azikho zonke, kodwa izindlela zokuxilonga zisekelwe ebukhoneni benhlanganisela ebalulekile yeziningana zazo. Cishe ezingxenyeni ezintathu kwezine zabantu abane-bipolar disorder, kunezinye izifo ezinjengokukhathazeka, ukuncika otshwaleni noma ezinye izinto, njll.1.

Ubani ongathinteka yi-bipolar disorder?

Izimbangela ze-bipolar azikaziwa. Cishe ziyizici eziningi, ezihlanganisa izici zofuzo nezemvelo.

Ngokombono webhayoloji, kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona okungavamile kuma-neurotransmitters ebuchosheni babantu abathintekile. Ngakho-ke, iziqephu ze-mania zihlotshaniswa nezinga eliphezulu ngokungavamile le-norepinephrine.

Izakhi zofuzo nazo ziyathinteka: ingozi yokuphathwa yi-bipolar makhulu uma othile emndenini esenayo kakade.4.

Okokugcina, izakhi zangaphandle zingakhuthaza noma zibangele lesi sifo. Lokhu kunjalo ngezenzakalo ezibuhlungu ezenzeka ekuqaleni kwempilo, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezicindezelayo noma izici zoshintsho (izinkathi zonyaka, ukukhulelwa, ukushintshashintsha kwamahomoni)5.