Ukuqala komsebenzi wezepolitiki
U-Benazir Bhutto wazalelwa emndenini onethonya elikhulu: okhokho bakayise babeyizikhulu zesifundazwe saseSindh, umkhulu wakhe u-Shah Nawaz wake wahola uhulumeni wasePakistan. Wayengumntwana omdala emndenini, futhi uyise wayemthanda kakhulu: wafunda ezikoleni zamaKatolika ezingcono kakhulu eKarachi, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukayise uBenazir wafunda i-Islam, imisebenzi kaLenin nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngoNapoleon.
UZulfikar wakhuthaza isifiso sendodakazi yakhe sokuthola ulwazi nokuzimela ngazo zonke izindlela: ngokwesibonelo, lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala unina efaka iveli eBenazir, njengoba kufanele intombazane ehloniphekile evela emndenini wamaSulumane, wagcizelela ukuthi indodakazi ngokwayo ukukhetha - ukuyigqoka noma cha. “I-Islam ayiyona inkolo yodlame futhi uBenazir uyayazi. Wonke umuntu unendlela yakhe nokukhetha kwakhe!” - uthe. U-Benazir uchithe ubusuku bonke ekamelweni lakhe ezindla ngamazwi kayise. Kwathi ekuseni waya esikoleni engafake veli futhi akaphindanga wagqoka, wavala ikhanda lakhe ngesikhafu esihle njengokuhlonipha amasiko ezwe lakubo. UBenazir wayehlale ekhumbula lesi sigameko lapho ekhuluma ngoyise.
UZulfiqar Ali Bhutto waba ngumongameli wasePakistan ngo-1971 futhi waqala ukwethula indodakazi yakhe empilweni yezombangazwe. Inkinga enzima kakhulu yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kwaba udaba olungakaxazululwa lomngcele ophakathi kweNdiya nePakistan, lezi zizwe ezimbili zazihlale zingqubuzana. Ezingxoxweni zaseNdiya ngo-1972, ubaba nendodakazi bandiza ndawonye. Lapho, u-Benazir wahlangana no-Indira Gandhi, waxoxa naye isikhathi eside endaweni engahlelekile. Imiphumela yezingxoxo kwaba yintuthuko enhle, eyagcina isilungisiwe ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaBenazir.
I-coup d'etat
Ngo-1977, ukuketulwa umbuso kwenzeka ePakistan, uZulfikar waketulwa futhi, ngemva kweminyaka emibili yecala elinzima, wabulawa. Umfelokazi kanye nendodakazi yalowo owayengumholi wezwe waba yinhloko ye-People's Movement, eyayiphakamise ukuthi kuliwe nomdlwenguli u-Zia al-Haq. UBenazir kanye nomama wakhe baboshwa.
Uma isalukazi sasisinda futhi sivalelwe endlini, uBenazir wayebazi bonke ubunzima bokuboshwa. Ekushiseni kwehlobo, iseli lakhe laphenduka isihogo sangempela. “Ilanga lashisisa ikhamera kangangokuba isikhumba sami sagcwala ukusha,” wabhala kamuva encwadini yakhe yokuphila. “Ngangingakwazi ukuphefumula, umoya wawushisa kakhulu lapho.” Ebusuku, izikelemu, omiyane, izicabucabu zaziphuma ezindaweni zazo zokukhosela. Ecashe ezinambuzaneni, uBhutto wamboza ikhanda lakhe ngengubo yokulala yasejele esindayo futhi wayilahla lapho engakwazi nhlobo ukuphefumula. Le ntokazi yawatholaphi amandla ngaleso sikhathi? Kwahlala kuyimfihlakalo kuye, futhi, kepha nangaleso sikhathi uBenazir wayelokhu ecabanga ngezwe lakhe kanye nabantu ababevinjwe ubukhosi buka-al-Haq.
Ngo-1984, uBenazir wakwazi ukuphuma ejele ngenxa yokungenelela kwamasosha aseNtshonalanga. Imashi yokunqoba kaBhutto emazweni aseYurophu yaqala: yena, ekhathele ejele, wahlangana nabaholi bezinye izifundazwe, wanikeza izingxoxo eziningi nezingqungquthela zabezindaba, lapho ephonsela inselelo ngokusobala umbuso ePakistan. Isibindi nokuzimisela kwakhe kwathakaselwa abaningi, futhi umashiqela wasePakistan ngokwakhe wabona ukuthi wayenaye umphikisi onamandla nonezimiso. Ngo-1986, umthetho wezempi ePakistan wasuswa, futhi uBenazir wabuyela enqobile ezweni lakubo.
Ngo-1987, washada no-Asif Ali Zarardi, naye owayevela emndenini onethonya elikhulu eSindh. Abagxeki abanonya bathi lona bekuwumshado othokozisayo, kodwa uBenazir wabona umngane wakhe nokusekelwa kumyeni wakhe.
Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Zia al-Haq ubuyisela umthetho wezempi ezweni futhi ahlakaze ikhabhinethi yongqongqoshe. U-Benazir akakwazi ukuma eceleni futhi - nakuba engakalulami ekuzalweni okunzima kwengane yakhe yokuqala - ungena emzabalazweni wezombusazwe.
Ngenhlanhla, umashiqela u-Zia al-Haq ushona engozini yendiza: kwaqhunyiswa ibhomu endizeni yakhe. Ekufeni kwakhe, abaningi babona ukubulawa kwenkontileka - basola uBenazir nomfowabo uMurtaza ngokubandakanyeka, ngisho nomama kaBhutto.
Umbango wezikhundla nawo usuwile
Ngo-1989, uBhutto waba undunankulu wasePakistan, futhi lesi kwakuyisenzakalo esingokomlando sezilinganiso ezinkulu: ngokokuqala ngqá ezweni lamaSulumane, owesifazane wahola uhulumeni. U-Benazir waqala isikhathi sakhe sobundunankulu ngokukhululeka okuphelele: wanikeza amanyuvesi nezinhlangano zabafundi ukuzibusa, waqeda ukulawula abezindaba, futhi wakhulula iziboshwa zezombusazwe.
Ngemva kokuthola imfundo yase-Europe enhle kakhulu futhi ekhuliswe ngamasiko enkululeko, uBhutto wavikela amalungelo abantu besifazane, okwakuphambene nesiko lendabuko lasePakistan. Okokuqala, wamemezela inkululeko yokuzikhethela: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakuyilungelo lokugqoka noma ukungagqoki iveli, noma ukuzibona hhayi nje kuphela njengomgcini weziko.
U-Benazir wahlonipha futhi wahlonipha amasiko ezwe lakhe kanye ne-Islam, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo waphikisana nalokho okwase kuphelelwe yisikhathi futhi kwavimbela ukuqhubeka kwezwe. Ngakho, wayevame futhi obala wagcizelela ukuthi wayengumuntu ongadli imifino: “Ukudla imifino kunginika amandla ezimpumelelo zami zezombangazwe. Ngiyabonga ngokudla kwezitshalo, ikhanda lami alinawo umcabango onzima, nami nginokuthula futhi ngilinganisele, ”kusho yena engxoxweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBenazir wagcizelela ukuthi noma yimuphi umSulumane angenqaba ukudla kwezilwane, futhi amandla "abulalayo" emikhiqizo yenyama akhulisa ulaka.
Ngokwemvelo, izitatimende ezinjalo nezinyathelo zentando yeningi zadala ukunganeliseki phakathi kwama-Islamist, ithonya lawo landa ePakistan ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Kodwa uBenazir wayengesabi. Waya ngokuzimisela ukuze asondelane nokubambisana neRussia ekulweni nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, wakhulula amasosha aseRussia, ayeboshiwe ngemva komkhankaso wase-Afghan.
Naphezu kwezinguquko ezinhle zenqubomgomo yangaphandle nezasekhaya, ihhovisi likandunankulu lalivame ukusolwa ngenkohlakalo, futhi uBenazir ngokwakhe waqala ukwenza amaphutha nokwenza izenzo zokuxhamazela. Ngo-1990, uMongameli wasePakistan uGhulam Khan waxosha yonke iKhabhinethi kaBhutto. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphule intando ka-Benazir: ngo-1993, waphinde wavela enkundleni yezombangazwe futhi wathola usihlalo kandunankulu ngemuva kokuhlanganisa iqembu lakhe nophiko lukahulumeni olulandela imithetho.
Ngo-1996, uba usopolitiki odume kakhulu onyakeni futhi, kubonakala sengathi, ngeke kugcine lapho: izinguquko futhi, izinyathelo eziwujuqu emkhakheni wenkululeko yentando yeningi. Phakathi nenkathi yakhe yesibili eyinhloko, ukungafundi kwabantu kwehla cishe ingxenye yesithathu, amanzi anikezwa ezindaweni eziningi ezisezintabeni, izingane zithole ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha mahhala, futhi kwaqala ukulwa nezifo zezingane.
Kodwa futhi, inkohlakalo phakathi kwabahambeli bakhe yavimbela izinhlelo zokufisa zowesifazane: umyeni wakhe usolwa ngokuthatha izifumbathiso, umfowabo waboshwa ngamacala okukhwabanisa kahulumeni. Naye uBhutto waphoqeleka ukuthi alishiye izwe aye ekudingisweni eDubai. Ngo-2003, inkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe yathola ukuthi amacala okukhwabanisa nokugwazela asemthethweni, wonke ama-akhawunti kaBhutto ayevaliwe. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, waphila impilo yezombangazwe ngaphandle kwePakistan: wafundisa, wenza izingxoxo futhi wahlela izinkambo zabezindaba ukuze asekele iqembu lakhe.
Ukubuya okunqobayo nokuhlasela kwamaphekula
Ngo-2007, uMengameli wasePakistan uPervez Musharraf waba ngowokuqala ukuya kulo sopolitiki owayephoxekile, wawasula wonke amacala enkohlakalo nokugwazisa, wamvumela ukuthi abuyele ezweni. Ukuze abhekane nokudlondlobala kokweqisa ePakistan, wayedinga umsizi oqinile. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthandwa kukaBenazir ezweni lakubo, ukukhethwa kwakhe kwakuyinto engcono kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iWashington nayo yasekela inqubomgomo kaBhutto, eyamenza waba umlamuleli obaluleke kakhulu engxoxweni yenqubomgomo yangaphandle.
Emuva ePakistan, uBhutto waba nolaka kakhulu emzabalazweni wezombangazwe. NgoNovemba 2007, uPervez Musharraf wethula umthetho wezempi ezweni, echaza ukuthi ukuqina okugcwele kuholela izwe kwalasha futhi lokhu kungamiswa kuphela ngezindlela eziqinile. UBenazir akahambisani neze nalokhu futhi kweminye yemihlangano wenze isitatimende mayelana nesidingo sokusula kukamengameli. Ngokushesha waboshwa endlini, kodwa waqhubeka ephikisana nombuso okhona.
“UPervez Musharraf uyisithiyo ekuthuthukisweni kwentando yabantu ezweni lethu. Angisiboni isidingo sokuqhubeka nokusebenzisana naye futhi angiyiboni inhloso yomsebenzi wami ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe,” usho kanje ekhuluma embuthanweni obusedolobheni laseRawalpindi ngoDisemba 27. Ngaphambi kokuthi ahambe, U-Benazir wabheka ngaphandle kwe-hatch yemoto yakhe yezikhali futhi ngokushesha wathola izinhlamvu ezimbili entanyeni nasesifubeni - akazange agqoke amavesti angangeni. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukuqhuma kwebhomu ngokuzibulala, okwashayela eduze ngangokunokwenzeka emotweni yakhe nge-moped. UBhutto ushone ngenxa yokulimala kanzima, ibhomu lokuzibulala lidlule nemiphefumulo yabantu abangaphezu kuka-20.
Lokhu kubulala kwavusa umphakathi. Abaholi bamazwe amaningi bawugxekile umbuso kaMusharraf futhi badlulisa amazwi enduduzo kubo bonke abantu basePakistan. UNdunankulu wakwa-Israel u-Ehud Olmert uthathe ukushona kukaBhutto njengenhlekelele yomuntu siqu, ngenkathi ekhuluma kumabonakude wakwa-Israel, wancoma isibindi nokuzimisela “kwentokazi yensimbi yaseMpumalanga”, egcizelela ukuthi wabona kuye ukuxhumana phakathi kwezwe lamaSulumane kanye nezwe lamaSulumane. Israyeli.
UMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush, ekhuluma nesitatimende esisemthethweni, wabiza lesi senzo samaphekula ngokuthi “sidelelekile”. UMengameli wasePakistan uMusharraf wazithola esesimeni esinzima kakhulu: imibhikisho yabalandeli bakaBenazir yadlondlobala yaba yizibhelu, isixuku samemeza iziqubulo “Phansi ngombulali kaMusharraf!”
NgoDisemba 28, uBenazir Bhutto wangcwatshwa endaweni yomndeni wakhe esifundazweni saseSindh, eduze kwethuna likayise.