Eminyakeni embalwa edlule umethuli we-TV u-Andrei Maksimov washicilela izincwadi zakhe zokuqala ze-psychophilosophy, ayezithuthukise iminyaka engaba yishumi. Lolu uhlelo lwemibono nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukusiza umuntu osesimweni esinzima sengqondo. Sixoxe nombhali mayelana nokuthi le ndlela isekelwe kuphi nokuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka ukuphila ngokwezifiso zakho.
Psychology: Iyini i-psychophilosophy noma kunjalo? Isekelwe kuphi?
U-Andrey Maksimov: I-Psychophilosophy iwuhlelo lwemibono, izimiso kanye nemikhuba, eyenzelwe ukusiza umuntu ukuba akhe ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo nezwe kanye naye ngokwakhe. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo eziningi ezingokwengqondo, akubhekiselwanga kochwepheshe, kodwa kubo bonke abantu. Okusho ukuthi, lapho umngane, ingane, osebenza naye eza kunoma yimuphi wethu ngezinkinga zakhe ezingokwengqondo, i-psychophilosophy ingasiza.
Kubizwa kanjalo ngoba ngamunye wethu akanalo i-psyche kuphela, kodwa futhi nefilosofi - okungukuthi, ukuthi sibona kanjani izincazelo ezahlukene. Wonke umuntu unefilosofi yakhe: kumuntu oyedwa into eyinhloko umndeni, komunye umsebenzi, okwesithathu - uthando, okwesine - imali. Ukusiza umuntu osesimweni esinzima - ngiboleke leli gama kusazi sokusebenza kwengqondo esivelele saseSoviet uLeonid Grimak - udinga ukuqonda ingqondo nefilosofi yakhe.
Yini ekushukumisele ukuba uthuthukise lo mqondo?
AM: Ngaqala ukuyidala lapho ngibona ukuthi i-100% yabantu ingabaluleki bezengqondo komunye nomunye. Izihlobo nabangane beza komunye nomunye wethu futhi bacele iseluleko lapho benezinkinga ebudlelwaneni nabalingani, izingane, abazali noma abangani, nabo ngokwabo, ekugcineni. Njengomthetho, kulezi zingxoxo sithembele ekuhlangenwe nakho kwethu, okungelona iqiniso.
Okungokoqobo yikho okusithonyayo, futhi singadala leli qiniso, sikhethe lokho okusithintayo nalokho okungasithinti
Angeke kube khona ulwazi lwasemhlabeni wonke, ngoba iNkosi (noma iMvelo - noma ngabe ngubani oseduze) iyingcweti yobuciko, umuntu ngamunye ungumuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu ngokuvamile kubi. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane abadivosile bathanda kakhulu ukunikeza iseluleko ngendlela yokusindisa umkhaya. Ngakho-ke ngicabange ukuthi sidinga uhlobo oluthile lwesistimu - uxolo nge-tautology - oluzosiza abantu ukusiza abantu.
Futhi ukuze uthole isisombululo senkinga, udinga ...
AM: ... ukulalela izifiso zakho, okuyinto - futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu - akufanele kudidaniswe nezifiso. Lapho umuntu eza kimi nalokhu noma leyo nkinga, njalo kusho ukuthi akazazi izifiso zakhe, noma akafuni - akakwazi, okungukuthi, akafuni - ukuphila ngazo. I-psychophilosopher iyi-interlocutor esiza umuntu ukuba abone izifiso zakhe futhi aqonde ukuthi kungani edale iqiniso elinjalo lapho engajabule khona. Okungokoqobo yikho okusithonyayo, futhi singadala leli qiniso, sikhethe lokho okusithintayo nalokho okungasithinti.
Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza isibonelo esithile ngokuprakthiza?
AM: Intokazi ethile yeza kimi izobonisana, eyayisebenza enkampanini kayise futhi iphila kahle kakhulu. Wayengenandaba nebhizinisi, wayefuna ukuba yiciko. Engxoxweni yethu kwacaca ukuthi wazi kahle ukuthi uma engafezi iphupho lakhe impilo yakhe izophilwa ize. Wayedinga nje ukwesekwa.
Isinyathelo sokuqala esibheke empilweni entsha, engachumi kangako kwaba ukudayiswa kwemoto ebizayo kanye nokuthengwa kwemodeli yebhajethi eyengeziwe. Sabe sesihlanganisa inkulumo eyayibhekiswe kubaba.
Inqwaba yezinkinga phakathi kwabazali nezingane iphakama ngoba abazali ababoni ubuntu enganeni yabo.
Wayekhathazeke kakhulu, esaba ukusabela okubi kakhulu, kodwa kwavela ukuthi uyise ngokwakhe wabona ukuthi wayehlupheka, wenza into engathandeki, futhi wamsekela esifisweni sakhe sokuba umculi. Kamuva, waba umklami ofunwa kakhulu. Yebo, ngokwezimali, walahlekelwa kancane, kodwa manje usephila ngendlela ayifunayo, ngendlela “amfanele” ngayo.
Kulesi sibonelo, sikhuluma ngengane endala nomzali wayo. Kuthiwani ngezingxabano nezingane ezincane? Lapha i-psychophilosophy ingasiza?
AM: Ku-psychophilosophy kunesigaba esithi "psycho-philosophical pedagogy", lapho ngishicilele khona izincwadi eziningi. Isimiso esiyinhloko: ingane ngumuntu. Inqwaba yezinkinga nokungezwani phakathi kwabazali nezingane kuphakama ngoba abazali ababoni ubuntu enganeni yabo, abayiphathi njengomuntu.
Sivame ukukhuluma ngesidingo sokuthanda ingane. Kusho ukuthini? Ukuthanda kusho ukukwazi ukuzibeka endaweni yakhe. Futhi uma uthethisa amadeuce, nalapho ubeka ekhoneni...
Umbuzo esivame ukuwubuza izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo kanye ne-psychotherapists: kuyadingeka yini ukuthanda abantu ukuze bazijwayeze?
AM: Ngokubona kwami, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhombisa isithakazelo esiqotho kubantu, ngaphandle kwalokho akufanele uzame ukubasiza. Awukwazi ukuthanda wonke umuntu, kodwa ungazwelana nawo wonke umuntu. Akekho noyedwa umuntu, kusukela kwabangenakhaya kuye kwindlovukazi yamaNgisi, obengeke abe nalutho angakhala ngalo ebusuku, okusho ukuthi bonke abantu bayaludinga uzwelo ...
I-Psychophilosophy - imbangi yokwelashwa kwengqondo?
AM: Akukho lutho. Okokuqala, ngoba ukwelashwa kwengqondo kufanele kwenziwe ochwepheshe, futhi i-psychophilosophy - ngiyaphinda - iqondiswe kubo bonke abantu.
UViktor Frankl uhlukanise wonke ama-neuroses ngezinhlobo ezimbili: emtholampilo kanye nekhona. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo singasiza umuntu one-existential neurosis, okungukuthi, ngalezo zimo lapho kuziwa ekutholeni injongo yokuphila. Umuntu ophethwe yi-clinical neurosis udinga ukubonana nochwepheshe - isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo noma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo.
Ingabe kungenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukudala iqiniso elivumelana ngokwengeziwe ngaphandle kwezimo zangaphandle?
AM: Yiqiniso, ngokungabikho kwezimo ze-force majeure, njengendlala, impi, ukucindezelwa, lokhu kulula ukukwenza. Kodwa ngisho nasesimweni esibucayi, kungenzeka ukudala elinye, iqiniso elihle kakhulu. Isibonelo esidumile uViktor Frankl, eqinisweni, owaguqula ukuboshwa kwakhe ekamu lokuhlushwa kwaba indawo yokucwaninga engokwengqondo.