URyan Andrews
Ubisi, ingabe umkhiqizo onempilo ngempela?
Abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ubisi njengomthombo wokudla okunempilo cishe eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. Nakuba izilwane abantu abaluphuza ubisi lwabo kuyizinkomo, izimbuzi, izimvu, amahhashi, izinyathi, ama-yak, izimbongolo namakamela, ubisi lwenkomo lungolunye lwezinhlobo zobisi oluncelisayo olunambitheka kakhulu noluthandwa kakhulu.
Akukaze kusetshenziswe ubisi lwezilwane ezidla ezinye ngezinga elikhulu, njengoba izilwane ezidla inyama zikhipha ubisi ngokunambitheka okungajabulisi.
Ushizi wawusetshenziswa imizulane yama-Arab eyayihamba ogwadule ngesikhathi seNeolithic nobisi esikhwameni esenziwe ngesisu sesilwane.
Ngokushesha phambili kuma-1800s kanye nama-1900s lapho ubuhlobo bethu nezinkomo zobisi bushintsha. Isibalo sabantu senyukile kanti nokubaluleka kwe-calcium ne-phosphorus empilweni yamathambo sekucacile.
Ubisi lwaba yisihloko semikhankaso eqhubekayo yokufundisa umphakathi, odokotela balwethula njengomthombo ocebile wezimbiwa. Odokotela baye babiza ubisi ngokuthi ingxenye “ebalulekile” yokudla kwengane.
Imboni yasabela kulesi sidingo, futhi ubisi lwaqala ukuvela ezinkomeni ezifuywe ezibayeni eziminyene, ezingcolile. Izinkomo eziningi, ukungcola okuningi nendawo encane yizinkomo ezigulayo. Imiqedazwe yaqala ukuhambisana nohlobo olusha lokukhiqizwa kobisi olungahlanzekile. Abalimi bobisi bazama ukuvala ubisi amagciwane futhi bahlole izinkomo izifo ezihlukahlukene, kodwa izinkinga ziyaqhubeka; ngakho-ke ukubunjwa kwe-pasteurization kwaba yinto evamile ngemva kuka-1900.
Kungani kubaluleke kangaka ukucubungula ubisi?
Amagciwane namagciwane angadluliselwa esuka ezilwaneni aye kubantu. I-Pasteurization I-Pasteurization ihilela ukufudumeza ubisi ezingeni lokushisa ama-microorganisms angeke akwazi ukubekezelela.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-pasteurization.
1920s: 145 degrees Fahrenheit imizuzu engu-35, 1930s: 161 degrees Fahrenheit imizuzwana engu-15, 1970s: 280 degrees Fahrenheit imizuzwana engu-2.
Odinga ukukwazi mayelana nokukhiqizwa kobisi namuhla
Izinkomo zithwala amankonyane izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi zikhiphe ubisi kuphela lapho zisanda kubeletha, njengabantu. Esikhathini esedlule, abalimi bobisi babevumela izinkomo ukuba zilandele umjikelezo wokuzala wenkathi, futhi ukuzalwa kwamathole kwakuhambisana notshani obusha basentwasahlobo.
Ngakho, umama lapho eklaba mahhala wayengase agcwalise izakhi zakhe ezigciniwe. Ukuklaba kunempilo enkomeni ngoba kunikeza utshani obuhlanzekile, umoya ohlanzekile, nokuzivocavoca. Ngokuphambene, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kuhilela ukuphakela izinkomo okusanhlamvu. Izinhlamvu eziningi, i-acidity eyengeziwe esiswini. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-acidosis kuholela ezilonda, ukutheleleka ngamagciwane kanye nezinqubo zokuvuvukala. Ama-antibiotics anqunyelwe ukunxephezela lezi zinqubo.
Abakhiqizi bobisi namuhla bazalanisa izinkomo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje emva kokuzalwa kwangaphambilini, isikhathi esincane phakathi kokukhulelwa. Uma izinkomo zinikeza ubisi isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, amasosha azo omzimba ayancipha futhi izinga lobisi liyawohloka. Akukhona nje ukuthi lokhu akulungile enkomeni, kwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-estrogen obisini.
Ama-Estrogens angakhuthaza ukukhula kwezimila. Ucwaningo lweminyaka eyishumi edlule luhlobanise ubisi lwenkomo nokwanda komdlavuza wendlala yesinye, webele nowesibeletho. Ucwaningo olusha olwenziwa ososayensi abavela ku-National Cancer Institute luthole ama-estrogen angu-15 obisini ezitolo zegrosa: i-estrone, i-estradiol, kanye nokuphuma kwe-metabolic okungu-13 kwalawa mahomoni ocansi abesifazane.
Ama-Estrogens angakhuthaza ukukhula kwezimila eziningi, ngisho nasezindaweni ezigxile kakhulu ngokumangalisayo. Ngokuvamile, ubisi lwe-skim luqukethe inani elincane lama-estrogens amahhala. Kodwa-ke, iqukethe i-hydroxyestrone, enye ye-metabolites eyingozi kakhulu. Kukhona amanye amahomoni ocansi obisini - ama-androgens "abesilisa" kanye nesici sokukhula esifana ne-insulin. Ucwaningo oluningi luhlobanise ukugxila okuphezulu kwalezi zinhlanganisela nobungozi bomdlavuza.
impilo yenkomo
Ukukhulelwa kwanda, amankonyane amaningi. Amankonyane alunyulwa engakapheli amahora angama-24 ezelwe emapulazini amaningi. Njengoba izinkunzi zingenakusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ubisi, zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inyama yenkomo. Imboni yenyama iwumkhiqizo ovela embonini yobisi. Izinkomo zishintshwa ngonina bese ziyiswa ukuyohlatshwa.
Inani lezinkomo zobisi e-US lehla lisuka ezigidini ezingu-18 laya ezigidini ezingu-9 phakathi kuka-1960 no-2005. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi okuphelele kukhuphuke kusuka kumakhilogremu ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-120 kuya kumaphawundi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-177 ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kungenxa yesu lokuphindaphinda elisheshayo nosizo lwezemithi. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwezinkomo iminyaka engu-20, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-3-4 yokusebenza baya esilaheni. Inyama yenkomo yobisi iyinyama yenkomo eshibhe kakhulu.
Amaphethini okusetshenziswa kobisi
Abantu baseMelika baphuza ubisi oluncane kunakuqala, futhi bakhetha ubisi olunamafutha amancane, kodwa badle ushizi omningi kanye nemikhiqizo yobisi eqandisiwe (ayisikhilimu). 1909 34 amalitha obisi kumuntu ngamunye (27 amalitha evamile kanye 7 amalitha obisi oluncibilikisiwe) 4 amakhilogremu ushizi umuntu ngamunye 2 amakhilogremu imikhiqizo yobisi eqandisiwe umuntu ngamunye
2001 23 amalitha obisi kumuntu ngamunye (8 amalitha evamile kanye 15 amalitha ubisi oluncibilikisiwe) 30 amakhilogremu ushizi umuntu ngamunye 28 amakhilogremu imikhiqizo yobisi eqandisiwe umuntu ngamunye
Odinga ukukwazi ngobisi oluphilayo
Ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yobisi ephilayo kukhuphuka ngo-20-25% njalo ngonyaka. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi “okuphilayo” kusho okungcono kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi. Ngomqondo othile, lokhu kuyiqiniso. Nakuba izinkomo eziphilayo kufanele zinikezwe ukudla okuphilayo kuphela, abalimi abadingeki ukuba bondle izinkomo ezidla utshani.
Izinkomo eziphilayo mancane amathuba okuthi zithole amahomoni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hormone yokukhula akuvunyelwe ekulimeni okuphilayo. Ama-hormone andisa amathuba okuba ne-mastitis, anciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwezinkomo, futhi akhuthaze ukukhula komdlavuza kubantu. Kodwa ubisi lwemvelo alufani nezimo zokuphila ezinempilo zezinkomo zobisi noma ukwelashwa kobuntu.
Abalimi bobisi bemvelo kanye nabalimi abavamile bavame ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezifanayo nezindlela zokukhula, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezifanayo zokudla izilwane. Ubisi lwe-organic lucutshungulwa ngendlela efanayo nobisi oluvamile.
Odinga ukukwazi mayelana nokwakheka kobisi
Ubisi lwenkomo lungamaphesenti angama-87 amanzi kanye no-13% okuqinile, okuhlanganisa amaminerali (njenge-calcium ne-phosphorus), i-lactose, amafutha, kanye namaphrotheni e-whey (njenge-casein). Ukuqinisa ngamavithamini A no-D kuyadingeka njengoba amazinga emvelo ephansi.
Ama-Casomorphin akhiwa nge-casein, enye yamaprotheni obisi. Aqukethe ama-opioid - i-morphine, i-oxycodone nama-endorphin. Lezi zidakamizwa ziyalutha futhi zinciphisa ukuhamba kwamathumbu.
Ukuzijwayeza kunengqondo ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ubisi luyadingeka ekudleni kwezingane, luyathulisa futhi lubophezele kumama. Ama-Casomorphin obisini lomuntu abuthakathaka ngokuphindwe ka-10 kunalawo atholakala obisini lwenkomo.
Odinga ukukwazi ngemiphumela yezempilo yobisi
Iningi lethu lidla ubisi lukamama ngemva kokuzalwa bese lishintshela obisini lwenkomo. Ikhono lokugaya i-lactose liyehla eminyakeni emine.
Lapho inani elikhulu lobisi olusha lingena emgudwini wamathumbu, i-lactose engagayeki ingena emathunjini. Ikhipha amanzi, ikhiqize ukuqunjelwa kanye nesifo sohudo.
Abantu yibona kuphela izilwane ezike zacabanga ukusebenzisa ubisi lolunye uhlobo. Lokhu kungaba yinhlekelele ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa ngoba ukwakheka kwezinye izinhlobo zobisi azihlangabezani nezidingo zazo.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinhlobo ezahlukene zobisi
Nakuba sitshelwa ukuthi ukuphuza ubisi kuhle empilweni yamathambo, ubufakazi besayensi busho okuhlukile.
ubisi kanye ne-calcium
Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, ubisi lwenkomo luyingxenye engabalulekile yokudla, kodwa izifo ezihlobene ne-calcium (isb., i-osteoporosis, i-fractures) azivamile. Eqinisweni, ubufakazi besayensi bubonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yobisi ecebile nge-calcium empeleni yandisa ukukhishwa kwe-calcium emzimbeni.
Ingakanani i-calcium esiyithola ekudleni ayibalulekile kangako, kunalokho, okubalulekile ukuthi sigcina engakanani emzimbeni. Abantu abadla kakhulu imikhiqizo yobisi banamazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-osteoporosis kanye nokuphuka kwe-hip lapho sebekhulile.
Nakuba ubisi lwenkomo lungase lucebile ngemisoco ethile, kunzima ukuphikisa ngokuthi lunempilo.
Ubisi kanye nezifo ezingapheli
Ukusetshenziswa kobisi kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nesifo senhliziyo, uhlobo 1 sikashukela, isifo sikaParkinson, nomdlavuza. Ukudla okunomsoco kungashintsha ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni umdlavuza. I-Casein, iphrotheni etholakala obisini lwenkomo, iye yahlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomdlavuza, okuhlanganisa i-lymphoma, umdlavuza wegilo, umdlavuza wendlala yesinye, nomdlavuza wesibeletho.
Odinga ukukwazi ngobisi kanye nemvelo
Izinkomo zobisi zidla ukudla okuningi, zikhiqiza imfucuza eningi futhi zikhipha i-methane. Ngempela, eSan Joaquin Valley yaseCalifornia, izinkomo zibhekwa njengezingcolisa kakhulu kunezimoto.
ipulazi elivamile
Amakhalori angu-14 wamandla kaphethiloli ayadingeka ukukhiqiza ikhalori engu-1 yeprotheni yobisi
ipulazi eliphilayo
Amakhalori angu-10 wamandla kaphethiloli ayadingeka ukukhiqiza ikhalori engu-1 yeprotheni yobisi
Soy ubisi
Ikhalori elingu-1 lamandla e-fossil fuel liyadingeka ukukhiqiza ikhalori engu-1 ye-organic soy protein (ubisi lwesoya)
Abantu abaphuza izingilazi zobisi ezingaphezu kwezimbili ngosuku banamathuba aphindwe kathathu okuba ne-lymphoma kunalabo abaphuza ingilazi engaphansi kweyodwa ngosuku.
Ukuthi uyaluphuza ubisi kukuwe.