Ngo-2012, uSolwazi Oliver Scott Curry waba nesithakazelo encazelweni yokuziphatha. Ngesinye isikhathi, ekilasini le-anthropology e-Oxford University, wamema abafundi bakhe ukuba baxoxe ngokuthi bakuqonda kanjani ukuziphatha okuhle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungokwemvelo noma okuzuziwe. Iqembu lalihlukene phakathi: abanye babeqiniseka ngentshiseko ukuthi ukuziphatha kuyefana kuwo wonke umuntu; abanye - ukuthi ukuziphatha kwehlukile kuwo wonke umuntu.
“Ngabona ukuthi, kusobala, kuze kube manje abantu abakakwazi ukuwuphendula lo mbuzo, ngakho-ke nginqume ukwenza olwami ucwaningo,” kusho uCurry.
Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, uCurry, manje oseyiSenior Fellow e-Oxford Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, anganikeza impendulo embuzweni obonakala uyinkimbinkimbi futhi ongacacile wokuthi kuyini ukuziphatha nokuthi kwehluka kanjani (noma akufani) ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba. .
Esihlokweni esisanda kunyatheliswa kuyi- Current Anthropology, uCurry uyabhala: “Isimilo siwumgogodla wokubambisana kwabantu. Bonke abantu emphakathini wesintu babhekana nezinkinga ezifanayo zezenhlalo futhi basebenzisa isethi efanayo yemithetho yokuziphatha ukuze bazixazulule. Wonke umuntu, yonke indawo, unezimiso zokuziphatha ezifanayo. Wonke umuntu uyawusekela umbono wokuthi ukubambisana ukuze kuzuze bonke abantu kuyinto okufanele ilwele.”
Phakathi nocwaningo, iqembu lika-Curry lafunda izincazelo ze-ethnographic zokuziphatha emithonjeni engaphezu kuka-600 evela emiphakathini engu-60 ehlukene, ngenxa yalokho bakwazi ukuhlonza le mithetho yokuziphatha yendawo yonke elandelayo:
Siza umndeni wakho
Siza umphakathi wakho
Phendula ngesevisi yesevisi
・ Yiba nesibindi
· Hlonipha abadala
Yabelana nabanye
Hlonipha impahla yabanye abantu
Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi kuwo wonke amasiko, lokhu kuziphatha okuyisikhombisa komphakathi kwakubhekwa njengokuhle ngokuziphatha okungama-99,9% wesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, uCurry uphawula ukuthi abantu emiphakathini ehlukene babeka phambili ngendlela ehlukile, nakuba ezikhathini eziningi zonke izindinganiso zokuziphatha zisekelwa ngandlela thile.
Kodwa kwakukhona futhi ezinye izimo zokusuka kumkhuba. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwamaChuuke, iqembu lesizwe elikhulu e-Federated States of Micronesia, “kuyisiko ukweba obala ukuze kubonise ukubusa komuntu nokuthi akawesabi amandla abanye. Abacwaningi abahlola leli qembu baphetha ngokuthi imithetho eyisikhombisa yokuziphatha yendawo yonke iyasebenza nakulokhu kuziphatha: “kubonakala kuba njalo lapho uhlobo oluthile lokubambisana (ukuba nesibindi, nakuba lungeyona ngempela ukubonakaliswa kwesibindi) lunqoba olunye (inhlonipho). impahla),” babhala.
Ucwaningo oluningi seluvele lubheke imithetho ethile yokuziphatha emaqenjini athile, kodwa akekho oke wazama ukutadisha imithetho yokuziphatha esibonelweni esikhulu kangaka semiphakathi. Futhi lapho uCurry ezama ukuthola uxhaso, umbono wakhe waze wachithwa kaningi ngokuthi usobala kakhulu noma akunakwenzeka ukufakazela.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kuphikiswana ngokuthi ukuziphatha okuhle kusemhlabeni wonke noma kuhlobene. Ngekhulu le-17, uJohn Locke wabhala: “…
Isazi sefilosofi uDavid Hume siyaphika. Wabhala ukuthi izahlulelo zokuziphatha zivela “emzweni ongokwemvelo wokuthi imvelo iye yenza indawo yonke kuso sonke isintu,” futhi waphawula ukuthi umphakathi wesintu unesifiso semvelo seqiniso, ubulungisa, isibindi, ukulinganisela, ukungaguquguquki, ubungane, uzwela, uthando nokwethembeka.
Egxeka isihloko sikaCurry, uPaul Bloom, uprofesa wezengqondo nesayensi yokuqonda eYale University, uthi asikude nokuvumelana ngencazelo yokuziphatha. Ingabe imayelana nobulungisa nobulungisa, noma imayelana “nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezidalwa eziphilayo”? Mayelana nabantu abasebenzisanayo ukuze bathole inzuzo yesikhathi eside, noma mayelana nokuthanda abanye abantu?
U-Bloom uphinde athi ababhali bocwaningo abenzi lutho olutheni ukuchaza ukuthi ngempela sifika kanjani ukuze senze izinqumo zokuziphatha nokuthi ingqondo yethu, imizwa, amandla omphakathi, njll. idlala yiphi indima ekubumbeni imibono yethu ngokuziphatha. Nakuba lesi sihloko sithi izahlulelo zokuziphatha zitholakala emhlabeni wonke ngenxa “yeqoqo lemizwelo engokwemvelo, imizwelo engokwemvelo, izinto eziqanjiwe, nezikhungo,” ababhali “abakucacisi lokho okungokwemvelo, okufundwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho, nokuthi yini umphumela wokuzikhethela komuntu siqu.”
Ngakho mhlawumbe imithetho eyisikhombisa yokuziphatha emhlabeni wonke ingase ingabi uhlu oluqondile. Kodwa, njengoba uCurry esho, esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa umhlaba ube “thina kanye nabo” futhi ukholelwe ukuthi abantu abavela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba banezinto ezimbalwa abafana ngazo, kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi nokho sihlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko ngokuziphatha okufanayo.