Imboni yokugaywa kabusha iyashintsha ngokushesha futhi iyathuthuka. Le ndawo yomsebenzi iya ngokuya ikhula emhlabeni wonke futhi ithonywa yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela emananini kawoyela kuye kwezepolitiki kazwelonke kanye nokuthandwa ngabathengi.
Ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ukugaywa kabusha kuyindlela ebalulekile yokunciphisa udoti nokubuyisela izinto ezibalulekile kuyilapho kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa futhi konga amanani abalulekile wamandla namanzi.
Uma unentshisekelo esihlokweni sokuqoqwa kukadoti okuhlukene kanye nokugaywa kabusha, sethula izinganekwane ezimbalwa nemibono mayelana nale mboni, engakusiza ukuthi uyibuke ngelinye ilanga.
Inganekwane #1. Akumele ngizihluphe ngokuqoqwa kukadoti okuhlukene. Ngizophonsa yonke into esitsheni esisodwa, futhi bayoyilungisa lapho.
Kakade ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, kwavela uhlelo olulodwa lokulahla imfucuza e-United States (olusanda kwenziwa eRussia), luphakamisa ukuthi abantu badinga kuphela ukuhlukanisa imfucumfucu ephilayo nemanzi kudoti owomile, futhi bangahlungi udoti ngombala nangombala. impahla. Njengoba lokhu kwenze kwaba lula kakhulu inqubo yokuvuselela kabusha, abathengi baqala ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele kulolu hlelo, kodwa akuzange kube ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Abantu abashiseka ngokweqile, befuna ukususa noma iyiphi imfucuza, ngokuvamile baqala ukulahla zombili izinhlobo zikadoti esitsheni esisodwa, bengayinaki imithetho eshicilelwe.
Okwamanje, i-US Recycling Institute iphawula ukuthi nakuba izinhlelo zokusakaza okukodwa ziheha abantu abaningi ukuthi bahlukanise ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ngokuvamile zibiza isilinganiso samadola amathathu ngethani elingaphezulu ukuze zigcinwe kunezinhlelo ezimbili zokusakaza lapho imikhiqizo yephepha iqoqwa khona ngokuhlukana. kusuka kwezinye izinto. Ikakhulukazi, ingilazi ephukile kanye ne-plastic shards ingangcolisa kalula iphepha, ibangele izinkinga emshinini wephepha. Okufanayo kuya namafutha okudla namakhemikhali.
Namuhla, cishe ingxenye yesine yayo yonke into abathengi abayifaka emigqonyeni kadoti ayikwazi ukuphinda igaywe kabusha. Lolu hlu luhlanganisa imfucumfucu yokudla, amapayipi enjoloba, izintambo, amapulasitiki asezingeni eliphansi, nezinye izinto eziningi ezigcina zisemigqonyeni ngemizamo yezakhamuzi ezithembele kakhulu kuma-recyclers. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto ezinjalo zithatha kuphela indawo eyengeziwe futhi zichithe uphethiloli, futhi uma zingena ezindaweni zokucubungula, zivame ukubangela ukuminyana kwemishini, ukungcoliswa kwezinto ezibalulekile, futhi zidale ingozi kubasebenzi.
Ngakho-ke noma ngabe indawo yakho inokusakaza okukodwa, ukusakaza okukabili, noma enye isistimu yokulahla, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho ukuze ugcine inqubo isebenza kahle.
Inganekwane #2. Izinhlelo ezisemthethweni zokugaywa kabusha zisusa imisebenzi kubahluzi bakadoti abampofu, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuvele ulahle udoti njengoba unjalo, futhi labo abawudingayo bazowucosha bawunikeze ekugayweni kabusha.
Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezivame ukushiwo zokunciphisa ukuqoqwa kukadoti okuhlukene. Akumangalisi: abantu bamane bezwe ububele lapho bebona abantu abangenamakhaya bephequlula emigqonyeni kadoti befuna okuthile okubalulekile. Nokho, ngokusobala lena akuyona indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula imfucuza.
Emhlabeni wonke, izigidi zabantu ziphila ngokuqoqa udoti. Ngokuvamile laba izakhamuzi ezivela ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu nezincishwe amathuba kakhulu, kodwa zinikeza izinsiza ezibalulekile emphakathini. Abaqoqi bemfucuza banciphisa inani likadoti emigwaqweni futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ubungozi empilweni yomphakathi, futhi benza umnikelo obalulekile ohlelweni lokuqoqwa okuhlukene kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza.
Izibalo zikhombisa ukuthi e-Brazil, lapho uhulumeni eqapha abaqoki imfucuza abangaba ngu-230000, bakhuphule izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwe-aluminiyamu namakhadibhodi afinyelele cishe ku-92% no-80% ngokulandelana.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zalaba baqoqi empeleni bathengisa abakutholile emabhizinisini akhona eduze kochungechunge lokugaywa kabusha. Ngakho-ke, abaqoqi bakadoti abangahlelekile bavame ukusebenzisana, kunokuba bancintisane, namabhizinisi asemthethweni.
Abaqoqi bakadoti abaningi bazihlela ngamaqembu futhi bafune ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho nokuvikelwa kohulumeni babo. Ngamanye amazwi, bafuna ukujoyina amaketango akhona okugaya kabusha, hhayi ukuwabukela phansi.
E-Buenos Aires, cishe abantu abayizi-5000, abaningi babo ababengabaqoqi bakadoti abangahlelekile, manje bahola amaholo okuqoqa izinto ezigaywa kabusha zedolobha. Futhi e-Copenhagen, idolobha lafaka imigqomo kadoti enamashalofu akhethekile lapho abantu bengashiya khona amabhodlela, okwenza kube lula ngabacoshi abangahlelekile ukuthi bacoshe udoti ongagaywa kabusha.
Inganekwane #3. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngohlobo olungaphezu kolulodwa lwempahla ayikwazi ukugaywa kabusha.
Emashumini eminyaka adlule, lapho isintu sisaqala ukugaywa kabusha, ubuchwepheshe babunomkhawulo kakhulu kunanamuhla. Ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto ezenziwe ngezinto ezihlukene, njengamabhokisi ejusi namathoyizi, kwakungaphandle kombuzo.
Manje sinezinhlobonhlobo zemishini engakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto zibe izingxenye zazo futhi icubungule izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo bahlala besebenzela ukudala ukupakisha okuzoba lula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha. Uma ukwakheka komkhiqizo kukudida futhi ungaqiniseki ukuthi ungaphinda usetshenziswe yini, zama ukuxhumana nomkhiqizi futhi ucacise lolu daba naye.
Akukaze kube buhlungu ukucacisa ngemithetho yokugaywa kabusha kwento ethile, nakuba izinga lokugaywa kabusha seliphezulu kangangokuthi akuvamile ukuthi kudingeke ukuthi kukhishwe izinto eziyisisekelo kumadokhumenti noma amafasitela epulasitiki ezimvilophini ngaphambi kokuzinikeza ukuze zigaywe kabusha. Imishini yokugaywa kabusha namuhla ivamise ukuhlonyiswa ngezinto zokushisisa ezincibilikisa okunamathelayo kanye nozibuthe abasusa izingcezu zensimbi.
Inani elikhulayo labasebenza kabusha liqala ukusebenza ngamapulasitiki “angathandeki,” njengezikhwama zegrosa noma ama-resin ahlanganisiwe noma angaziwa atholakala kumathoyizi amaningi nezinto zasendlini. Lokhu akusho ukuthi manje usungakwazi ukuphonsa yonke into oyifunayo esitsheni esisodwa (bona Inganekwane # 1), kodwa kusho ukuthi izinto eziningi nemikhiqizo ingaphinda igaywe kabusha.
Inganekwane inombolo 4. Kuyini iphuzu uma yonke into ingagaywa kabusha kanye kuphela?
Eqinisweni, izinto eziningi ezijwayelekile zingagaywa kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe, okusindisa amandla kanye nemithombo yemvelo ngokuphawulekayo (bheka Inganekwane #5).
Ingilazi nezinsimbi, okuhlanganisa i-aluminium, kungagaywa kabusha ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi. Amathini e-aluminium, isibonelo, amelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwemikhiqizo egaywe kabusha futhi ahlala edingeka.
Ngokuqondene nephepha, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ligaywa kabusha, imicu emincane ekwakheka kwalo izacile kancane. Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ikhwalithi yephepha elenziwe ngezinto ezigaywe kabusha iye yaba ngcono kakhulu. Ishidi lephepha eliphrintiwe manje selingasetshenziswa kabusha izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba imicu yonakale kakhulu futhi ingakwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwephepha elisha. Kodwa emva kwalokho, zisengenziwa zibe izinto zephepha ezisezingeni eliphansi njengamakhathoni amaqanda noma iziliphu zokupakisha.
Ipulasitiki ivamise ukugaywa kabusha kanye noma kabili. Ngemva kokugaywa kabusha, isetshenziselwa ukwenza okuthile okungadingeki ukuthi ihlangane nokudla noma ihlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile zamandla - isibonelo, izinto zasendlini ezilula. Onjiniyela nabo bahlale befuna izinto ezintsha ezisetshenziswayo, njengokwenza “izinkuni” zepulasitiki eziguquguqukayo zamadekhi noma amabhentshi, noma ukuhlanganisa amapulasitiki netiyela ukwenza izinto zokwakha zomgwaqo ezinamandla.
Inombolo yenganekwane yesi-5. Ukugaywa kabusha kukadoti kuwuhlobo oluthile lwesu elikhulu likahulumeni. Ayikho inzuzo yangempela emhlabeni kulokhu.
Njengoba abantu abaningi bengazi ukuthi kwenzekani kudoti wabo ngemva kokuwunikela ukuze ugaywe kabusha, akumangalisi ukuthi banemicabango yokungabaza. Ukungabaza kuphakama kuphela lapho sizwa ezindabeni ngabaqoqi bemfucumfucu belahla imfucuza ehlungwe ngokucophelela ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu noma ukuthi uphethiloli osetshenziswa amaloli aqoqa udoti awulawuleki kangakanani.
Nokho, ngokusho kwe-Environmental Protection Agency, izinzuzo zokugaywa kabusha zicacile. Ukugaywa kabusha kwamathini e-aluminium konga u-95% wamandla adingekayo ukwenza amathini amasha ngezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ukugaywa kabusha kwensimbi namathini kusindisa u-60-74%; ukugaywa kabusha kwephepha konga cishe amaphesenti angama-60; futhi ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki nengilazi konga cishe ingxenye yesithathu yamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nokwenza le mikhiqizo ngezinto ezingasasetshenziswa. Eqinisweni, amandla alondolozwa ngokugaywa kabusha kwebhodlela elilodwa lengilazi anele ukusebenzisa isibani sokukhanyisa esingu-100-watt amahora amane.
Ukugaywa kabusha kusiza ukunciphisa inani likadoti elaziwa ngokusakaza izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma fungal. Ukwengeza, imboni yokugaywa kabusha idala amathuba emisebenzi – cishe izigidi eziyi-1,25 e-United States iyodwa.
Nakuba abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi ukulahlwa kukadoti kunikeza umphakathi umuzwa ongamanga wokulondeka kanye nesixazululo sazo zonke izinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo, ochwepheshe abaningi bathi kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola nezinye izinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene neplanethi yethu.
Futhi ekugcineni, ukugaywa kabusha akuhlali nje kuwuhlelo lukahulumeni, kodwa kunalokho kuyimboni eguquguqukayo enokuncintisana kanye nokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo.