Indaba engeyona inganekwane
Kudala, ezweni elikude, kwamila isithelo esiwumlingo. Lesi sithelo singakhanywa ukuze kwenziwe uhlobo olukhethekile lukawoyela okwenza amakhekhe abe nempilo, insipho ibe namagwebu kakhulu, futhi ama-chips abe crunchy. Amafutha angenza ngisho ne-lipstick ibe bushelelezi futhi igcine u-ayisikhilimu ungancibiliki. Ngenxa yalezi zimfanelo ezinhle, abantu abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba beza kulesi sithelo futhi benza amafutha amaningi ngaso. Ezindaweni lapho kwakumila khona izithelo, abantu bashisa ihlathi ukuze batshale izihlahla ezengeziwe nalesi sithelo, bedala intuthu eningi futhi baxosha zonke izidalwa zasehlathini ezindlini zabo. Amahlathi avuthayo akhipha igesi efudumeza umoya. Kwamisa abanye abantu, kodwa hhayi bonke. Isithelo sasisihle kakhulu.
Ngeshwa, lena indaba yeqiniso. Isithelo sesihlahla sesundu samafutha (Elaeis guineensis), esikhula ezindaweni ezishisayo, siqukethe amafutha emifino ahlukahlukene kakhulu emhlabeni. Ingase ingawohloki uma uyithosa futhi ihlangana kahle namanye amafutha. Izindleko zayo eziphansi zokukhiqiza ziyenza ibe ishibhile kunowoyela we-cottonseed noma ubhekilanga. Ihlinzeka ngegwebu cishe kuyo yonke i-shampoo, insipho ewuketshezi noma okokuhlanza. Abakhiqizi bezimonyo bakhetha yona kunamafutha ezilwane ukuze isetshenziswe kalula kanye nenani eliphansi. Iya ngokuya isetshenziswa njengesitoko esishibhile sama-biofuels, ikakhulukazi e-European Union. Isebenza njengesilondolozi semvelo ekudleni okugayiwe futhi empeleni ikhuphule izinga lokuncibilika lika-ayisikhilimu. Iziqu namaqabunga esihlahla sesundu samafutha angasetshenziswa kukho konke kusuka ku-plywood kuya emzimbeni oyinhlanganisela ye-National Car of Malaysia.
Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela wesundu emhlabeni wonke bekulokhu kukhula kancane iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2015, ukukhiqizwa konyaka kuphindeke kane kusuka kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-15,2 kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-62,6. Kulindeleke ukuthi iphinde iphindeke kane ngonyaka wezi-2050 ukuze ifinyelele kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-240. Umthamo wokukhiqiza uwoyela wesundu uyamangaza: amasimu okukhiqizwa kwawo athatha u-10% womhlaba olimekayo unomphela. Namuhla, abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3 emazweni angu-150 basebenzisa imikhiqizo equkethe amafutha esundu. Emhlabeni jikelele, ngamunye wethu usebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-8 kg samafutha esundu ngonyaka.
Kulawa, ama-85% aseMalaysia nase-Indonesia, lapho isidingo somhlaba wonke sikawoyela wesundu siye sakhulisa imali engenayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kodwa ngezindleko zokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okukhulu kanye nokwephulwa okuvame ukuhambisana nabasebenzi namalungelo abantu. Umthombo oyinhloko wokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa e-Indonesia, izwe elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-261, imililo ehloselwe ukususa amahlathi nokudala amasimu esundu amasha. Isikhuthazo sezezimali sokukhiqiza uwoyela wesundu owengeziwe sifudumeza iplanethi, kuyilapho sibhubhisa okuwukuphela kwendawo okuhlala kuyo amahlosi aseSumatran, obhejane baseSumatran nama-orangutan, okubaphushela ekuqothulweni.
Kodwa-ke, abathengi ngokuvamile abazi ukuthi basebenzisa lo mkhiqizo. Ucwaningo lwamafutha esundu lubala izithako ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezivamile ekudleni nasekhaya kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu equkethe amafutha esundu, cishe amaphesenti angu-10 kuphela ahlanganisa igama elithi "isundu".
Langena kanjani ekuphileni kwethu?
Amafutha esundu angene kanjani kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuphila kwethu? Akukho okusha okuye kwaholela ekwenyukeni okumangalisayo kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela wesundu. Esikhundleni salokho, bekuwumkhiqizo ophelele ngesikhathi esifanele embonini emva kwemboni, ngayinye ewusebenzisa esikhundleni sezithako futhi ayizange ibuye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uwoyela wesundu ubhekwa amazwe akhiqizayo njengendlela yokuqeda ubumpofu, futhi izikhungo zezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe zikubona njengenjini yokukhulisa amazwe asathuthuka. I-International Monetary Fund yaphusha iMalaysia ne-Indonesia ukuthi andise umkhiqizo.
Njengoba imboni yesundu yanda, abalondolozi bemvelo kanye namaqembu emvelo afana neGreenpeace sebeqalile ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wayo omubi ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni nasezindaweni zezilwane zasendle. Ekuphenduleni, kuye kwaba nokuhlehla ngokumelene namafutha esundu, nesitolo esikhulu sase-UK sase-Iceland sithembisa ngo-Ephreli odlule ukuthi sizosusa amafutha esundu kuyo yonke imikhiqizo yomkhiqizo wayo ekupheleni kuka-2018. Ngo-December, iNorway ivimbele ukungeniswa kwe-biofuels.
Kodwa ngesikhathi ukuqwashisa ngethonya likawoyela wesundu sekusakazekile, sekungene shí emnothweni wabathengi kangangokuthi kungase kuphuze kakhulu ukuwususa. Ngokudabukisayo, isitolo esikhulu sase-Iceland sehlulekile ukufeza isithembiso saso sika-2018. Kunalokho, inkampani igcine ikhiphe uphawu lwayo emikhiqizweni equkethe amafutha esundu.
Ukunquma ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo equkethe uwoyela wesundu, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi itholakale isimeme kangakanani, kudinga izinga elingaphezu kwemvelo lokuqaphela umthengi. Kunoma ikuphi, ukuqwashisa abathengi emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngeke kube nomthelela omkhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-Europe ne-US zenza ngaphansi kuka-14% wesidingo somhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesidingo somhlaba wonke sivela e-Asia.
Sekuyiminyaka engu-20 enhle kusukela izinkathazo zokuqala mayelana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi eBrazil, lapho isenzo sabathengi sinciphisa, singayeki, ukubhujiswa. Ngamafutha esundu, “iqiniso liwukuthi amazwe asentshonalanga ayingxenye encane yabathengi, futhi wonke umhlaba awunandaba. Ngakho-ke asikho isikhuthazo esikhulu sokushintsha,” kusho uNeil Blomquist, umqondisi ophethe weColorado Natural Habitat, ekhiqiza uwoyela wesundu e-Ecuador naseSierra Leone ngezitifiketi eziphezulu kakhulu zesitifiketi sokusimama.
Ukubusa kwamafutha esundu emhlabeni wonke kuwumphumela wezinto ezinhlanu: okokuqala, kuthathe indawo yamafutha anempilo angatheni ekudleni kwaseNtshonalanga; okwesibili, abakhiqizi bayaphikelela ekugcineni amanani entengo ephansi; okwesithathu, ithathe indawo yamafutha abiza kakhulu emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwasekhaya neyomuntu siqu; okwesine, ngenxa yokushibhile kwayo, iye yamukelwa kabanzi njengamafutha adliwayo emazweni ase-Asia; Ekugcineni, njengoba amazwe ase-Asia eceba, aqala ukudla amafutha engeziwe, ikakhulukazi kumafutha esundu.
Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamafutha esundu kwaqala ngokudla okugayiwe. Ngawo-1960, ososayensi baqala ukuxwayisa ngokuthi amafutha agcwele amafutha angandisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo. Abakhiqizi bokudla, okuhlanganisa ne-Anglo-Dutch conglomerate Unilever, sebeqalile esikhundleni sayo bafaka imajarini eyenziwe ngamafutha emifino kanye namafutha anciphile. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwacaca ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza ibhotela yemajarini, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hydrogenation eyingxenye, empeleni yakha uhlobo oluhlukile lwamafutha, amafutha e-trans, okwaba yingozi nakakhulu kunamafutha agcwele. Ibhodi labaqondisi bakwa-Unilever libone ukwakheka kokuvumelana kwesayensi ngokumelene namafutha anqunyelwe futhi lanquma ukukuqeda. “I-Unilever ibihlale ikuqaphela kakhulu ukukhathazeka ngezempilo kwabathengi bemikhiqizo yayo,” kusho uJames W Kinnear, owayeyilungu lebhodi le-Unilever ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukushintsha kwenzeke ngokuzumayo. Ngo-1994, imenenja yokuhluza i-Unilever uGerrit Van Dijn wathola ucingo oluvela e-Rotterdam. Izitshalo ezingama-15 ze-Unilever emazweni ayi-600 bekufanele zisuse uwoyela one-hydrogenated kancane emixubeni yamafutha angama-XNUMX futhi esikhundleni sawo kufakwe ezinye izingxenye.
Iphrojekthi, ngenxa yezizathu uVan Dein engakwazi ukuchaza, yayibizwa ngokuthi "Paddington". Okokuqala, kwakudingeka athole ukuthi yini eyayingase ithathe indawo yamafutha e-trans kuyilapho egcina izakhiwo zawo ezifanelekayo, njengokuhlala eqinile ekamelweni lokushisa. Ekugcineni, kwakunokukhetha okukodwa kuphela: amafutha esundu lamafutha, noma amafutha esundu akhishwa esithelweni sawo, noma amafutha esundu enzalweni. Awekho amanye uwoyela ongacwengisiswa ukuze alingane adingekayo ezinhlanganisweni ezihlukahlukene zemajarini yakwa-Unilever nezimpahla ezibhakwayo ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwamafutha ashintshashintshayo. Bekuwukuphela kwendlela ehlukile kumafutha ane-hydrogenated ngokwengxenye, kusho uVan Dein. Amafutha esundu nawo ayequkethe amafutha angagcwele kakhulu.
Ukushintsha esitshalweni ngasinye bekufanele kwenzeke kanyekanye. Imigqa yokukhiqiza ayikwazanga ukuphatha ingxube yamafutha amadala namasha. “Ngosuku oluthile, wonke la mathangi kwadingeka asuswe ku-trans-containing izingxenye futhi agcwaliswe ezinye izingxenye. Uma sibheka izinto, bekuyiphupho elibi,” kusho uVan Dein.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-Unilever yayike yasebenzisa amafutha esundu esikhathini esidlule, uchungechunge lokunikezela lwaluvele lusebenza futhi lusebenza. Kepha kuthathe amasonto ayi-6 ukuletha izinto zokusetshenziswa kusuka eMalaysia kuya eYurophu. UVan Dein waqala ukuthenga amafutha esundu ayeyanda, ehlela ukuthunyelwa ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene ngesikhathi. Kwathi ngolunye usuku ngo-1995, lapho amaloli eklelile ngaphandle kwamafekthri akwa-Unilever kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kwenzeka.
Lesi kwaba yisikhathi esashintsha imboni yokudla okugayiwe unomphela. U-Unilever ubengumqaliwendlela. Ngemuva kokuthi uVan Deijn ehlele ukushintshwa kwenkampani kumafutha esundu, cishe zonke ezinye izinkampani zokudla zalandela okufanayo. Ngo-2001, i-American Heart Association yakhipha isitatimende esithi "ukudla okufanele kakhulu kokunciphisa ingozi yesifo esingelapheki kulapho ama-acids agcwele amafutha ancishiswa futhi ama-trans-fatty acid akhishwa cishe emafutheni akhiqizwayo." Namuhla, ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamafutha esundu asetshenziselwa ukudla. Ukusetshenziswa e-EU kuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu kusukela kuphrojekthi ye-Paddington kuze kube ngu-2015. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-US Food and Drug Administration yanikeza abakhiqizi bokudla iminyaka engu-3 ukuze baqede wonke ama-trans fats kuwo wonke ama-margarine, ikhukhi, ikhekhe, uphaya, u-popcorn, i-pizza efriziwe, I-donut nekhukhi idayiswa e-US. Cishe zonke manje sezithathelwe indawo ngamafutha esundu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nawo wonke uwoyela wesundu osetshenziswa manje e-Europe nase-US, i-Asia isebenzisa okuningi kakhulu: I-India, i-China ne-Indonesia ibalelwa cishe ku-40% wabathengi bakawoyela wesundu emhlabeni wonke. Ukukhula kwakushesha kakhulu eNdiya, lapho umnotho owawukhula ngesivinini wawungesinye isici ekudumeni okusha kwamafutha esundu.
Esinye sezici ezivamile zokuthuthukiswa komnotho emhlabeni wonke nakuwo wonke umlando ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ngabantu kuyakhula ngokuhambisana neholo labo. Kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-2013, i-GDP yase-India ngomuntu ngamunye inyuke isuka ku-$298 yaya ku-$1452. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha kunyuke ngo-35% ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye no-25% ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, amafutha esundu ayingxenye enkulu yalokhu kukhuphuka. I-Fair Price Shops exhaswe nguhulumeni, inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ukudla kwabampofu, yaqala ukuthengisa amafutha esundu avela kwamanye amazwe ngo-1978, ikakhulukazi ukuze kuphekwe. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, izitolo ezingu-290 zehlisa amathani angu-000. Ngo-273, ukuthengwa kukawoyela wesundu waseNdiya kwase kukhuphuke cishe kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-500, kwafinyelela amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1995 ngo-1. Ngaleyo minyaka, izinga lobumpofu lehla ngesigamu, futhi inani labantu lakhula ngo-2015%.
Kodwa amafutha esundu awasasetshenziswa nje ukupheka ekhaya eNdiya. Namuhla kuyingxenye enkulu yemboni yokudla okusheshayo ekhulayo ezweni. Imakethe yokudla okusheshayo yaseNdiya ikhule ngama-83% phakathi kuka-2011 no-2016 kuphela. I-Domino's Pizza, i-Subway, i-Pizza Hut, i-KFC, i-Mcdonald ne-Dunkin' Donuts, wonke asebenzisa amafutha esundu, manje anezitolo zokudla ezingu-2784 ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthengiswa kokudla okupakishiwe kukhuphuke ngo-138% ngenxa yokuthi inqwaba yokudla okulula okupakishwe kunamafutha esundu kungathengwa ngamasenti.
Ukuguquguquka kwamafutha esundu akugcini nje ekudleni. Ngokungafani namanye amafutha, angakwazi ukuhlukaniswa kalula futhi angabizi abe amafutha okuhambisana okuhlukahlukene, okwenza asetshenziswe kabusha. "Kunenzuzo enkulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo," kusho uCarl Beck-Nielsen, isikhulu esiphezulu se-United Plantations Berhad, umkhiqizi kawoyela wesundu waseMalaysia.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ibhizinisi lokudla okugayiwe lithole izici zomlingo zamafutha esundu, izimboni ezifana nemikhiqizo yokunakekela abantu kanye nophethiloli wezokuthutha nazo zaqala ukuzisebenzisa ukuze zimisele amanye amafutha.
Njengoba uwoyela wesundu ususetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, usuthathe indawo yemikhiqizo yezilwane ezintweni zokuhlanza kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu njengensipho, ishampoo, okokugcoba, njll. Namuhla, imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa komuntu siqu engu-70% iqukethe okuphuma kuwoyela wesundu okukodwa noma ngaphezulu.
Njengoba nje uVan Dein athola kwa-Unilever ukuthi ukwakheka kwamafutha esundu kwakufanelekile kubo, abakhiqizi abafuna ezinye izindlela esikhundleni samafutha ezilwane bathole ukuthi amafutha esundu aqukethe iqoqo lamafutha afanayo nelayisinqumelo. Ayikho enye indlela enganikeza izinzuzo ezifanayo kuhlu olubanzi kangaka lwemikhiqizo.
Signer ukholelwa ukuthi ukuqubuka kwe-bovine spongiform encephalopathy ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, lapho isifo sobuchopho phakathi kwezinkomo sisakazekela kwabanye abantu abadla inyama yenkomo, kwabangela ushintsho olukhulu emikhubeni yokudla. "Umbono womphakathi, ukulingana kwemikhiqizo kanye nokumaketha kuhlangene ukuze kusuke emikhiqizweni esekelwe ezilwaneni ezimbonini ezigxile kakhulu kwimfashini njengokunakekelwa komuntu siqu."
Esikhathini esidlule, lapho amafutha ayesetshenziswa emikhiqizweni efana nensipho, kwakusetshenziswa umkhiqizo wemboni yenyama, amafutha ezilwane. Manje, ekuphenduleni isifiso sabathengi sezithako ezibonwa “njengezemvelo” kakhulu, abakhiqizi bensipho, okokuhlanza kanye nezimonyo bathathe indawo yomkhiqizo wasendaweni bafaka eyodwa okumele ithuthwe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi idala ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo emazweni lapho itholakala khona. kukhiqizwa. Nakuba, kunjalo, imboni yenyama iletha owayo umonakalo kwezemvelo.
Kwenzeka okufanayo ngama-biofuels - inhloso yokunciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo ibe nemiphumela engahlosiwe. Ngo-1997, umbiko weKhomishini YaseYurophu wafuna ukwanda kwesabelo sengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwamandla emithonjeni evuselelekayo. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, wakhuluma ngezinzuzo zemvelo zamaphethiloli ezokuthutha kwathi ngo-2009 waphasisa iSiqondiso Samandla Avuselelwayo, esasihlanganisa umgomo wamaphesenti angu-10 wesabelo samafutha ezokuthutha asuka ku-biofuels ngo-2020.
Ngokungafani nokudla, ukunakekelwa kwasekhaya kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu, lapho i-chemistry yamafutha esundu ikwenza kube enye indlela ekahle uma kuziwa ku-biofuels, isundu, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-canola namafutha kabhekilanga asebenza ngokulinganayo. Kodwa amafutha esundu anenzuzo eyodwa enkulu phezu kwalawa mafutha aqhudelanayo - intengo.
Njengamanje, amasimu esundu kawoyela athatha amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-27 omhlaba. Amahlathi nezindawo zokuhlala abantu kuye kwaqedwa futhi kwafakwa “imfucumfucu eluhlaza” cishe engenazo izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo endaweni elingana neNew Zealand.
Nemiphumela
Isimo sezulu esifudumele, esinomswakama sasezindaweni ezishisayo sinikeza izimo ezikahle zokukhula kwamasundu kawoyela. Usuku nosuku, udedangendlale wamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eLatin America nase-Afrika ayashiswa ukuze kutshalwe amasimu amasha, akhiphe inani elikhulu lekhabhoni emkhathini. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Indonesia, umkhiqizi omkhulu kawoyela wesundu emhlabeni, yadlula i-US ekukhishweni kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngo-2015. Kuhlanganisa nokukhishwa kwe-CO2 kanye ne-methane, ama-biofuels asekelwe kuwoyela wesundu empeleni anomthelela wesimo sezulu ophindwe kathathu wamandla kagesi emvelo.
Njengoba indawo yazo ehlala emahlathini ikhula, izinhlobo ezisengozini yokushabalala njenge-orangutan, indlovu yase-Bornean kanye nengwe yaseSumatran zisondela ekuqothulweni. Abalimi abancane kanye nabantu bomdabu abahlala futhi bavikela amahlathi izizukulwane ngezizukulwane ngokuvamile baxoshwa ngonya emazweni abo. E-Indonesia, izingxabano zomhlaba ezingaphezu kuka-700 zihlobene nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela wesundu. Ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwenzeka nsuku zonke, ngisho nasemasimini okuthiwa “azinzile” kanye “nemvelo”.
Yini engenziwa?
Ama-orangutan angu-70 asazulazula emahlathini aseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, kodwa izinqubomgomo ze-biofuel ziwaqhubezela onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa. Ipulazi ngalinye elisha e-Borneo licekela phansi enye ingxenye yendawo yazo. Ukwanda kwengcindezi kosopolitiki kubalulekile uma sifuna ukusindisa izihlobo zethu zezihlahla. Nokho, ngaphandle kwalokhu, kunokuningi esingakwenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Jabulela ukudla okuzenzela. Ziphekele futhi usebenzise amanye amafutha njenge-olive noma ubhekilanga.
Funda amalebula. Imithetho yokulebula idinga ukuthi abakhiqizi bokudla basho ngokucacile izithako. Kodwa-ke, endabeni yemikhiqizo engeyona eyokudla njengezimonyo nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza, izinhlobonhlobo zamagama amakhemikhali asengasetshenziselwa ukufihla ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha esundu. Zijwayeze lawa magama futhi uwagweme.
Bhalela abakhiqizi. Izinkampani zingazwela kakhulu ezindabeni ezinikeza imikhiqizo yazo igama elibi, ngakho ukubuza abakhiqizi nabathengisi kungenza umehluko wangempela. Ukucindezelwa komphakathi kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngalolu daba sekubangele ukuthi abanye abalimi bayeke ukusebenzisa amafutha esundu.
Shiya imoto ekhaya. Uma kungenzeka, hamba ngezinyawo noma ugibele ibhayisikili.
Hlala unolwazi futhi wazise abanye. Amabhizinisi amakhulu kanye nohulumeni bangathanda ukuba sikholwe ukuthi amafutha e-biofuel alungele isimo sezulu nokuthi amasimu esundu kawoyela azinzile. Yabelana ngolwazi nomndeni wakho nabangane.