Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi izilwane azizona iziphukuphuku njengoba abantu babecabanga - azikwazi nje ukuqonda izicelo ezilula nemiyalo, kodwa futhi zixhumana ngokuphelele, ziveza imizwa yazo nezifiso…
Ihlezi phansi, izungezwe izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye namathuluzi, imfene ye-pygmy uKanzi icabanga isikhashana, khona-ke inhlansi yokuqonda igijima emehlweni ayo ansundu afudumele, ithatha ummese esandleni sayo sobunxele futhi iqala ukudaya u-anyanisi enkomishini. phambi kwakhe. Wenza konke abacwaningi abamcela ukuba akwenze ngesiNgisi, ngendlela efanayo nengane encane engayenza. Khona-ke inkawu iyatshelwa: “fafaza ibhola ngosawoti.” Kungase kungabi ikhono eliwusizo kakhulu, kodwa u-Kanzi uyasiqonda isiphakamiso futhi uqala ukufafaza usawoti ebholeni lolwandle elimibalabala elingemuva kwakhe.
Ngendlela efanayo, inkawu igcwalisa izicelo eziningi ezengeziwe - ukusuka "kokufaka insipho emanzini" kuya kokuthi "sicela ukhiphe i-TV lapha." I-Kanzi inesilulumagama esibanzi ngokwanele - amagama agcine ukubalwa angama-384 - futhi akuwona wonke lawa magama angamabizo nje alula nezenzo ezinjengokuthi "ithoyizi" kanye "gijima". Ubuye aqonde amagama abacwaningi abawabiza ngokuthi “umcabango” – isibonelo, isakhiwo esithi “kusuka” kanye nesandiso “kamuva”, futhi ubuye ahlukanise phakathi kwamafomu ohlelo - isibonelo, inkathi edlule nesamanje.
UKenzi akakwazi ukukhuluma ngokoqobo – nakuba enezwi elikhulu, unenkinga yokukhipha amagama. Kodwa lapho efuna ukusho okuthile kososayensi, umane akhombe ezinye zezimpawu ezimibalabala ezisemaphepheni ane-laminated ezimelela amagama asewafundile kakade.
UKenzi, 29, ufundiswa isiNgisi eGreat Ape Trust Research Center eDes Moines, Iowa, e-USA. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ezinye izinkawu ezingu-6 ezinkulu zifunda kulesi sikhungo, futhi ukuqhubeka kwazo kusenza sicabange kabusha yonke into ebesiyazi ngezilwane nobuhlakani bazo.
Kanzi kude nesizathu kuphela salokhu. Muva nje, abacwaningi baseCanada baseGlendon College (eToronto) bathi ama-orangutan asebenzisa ukunyakaza komzimba ngentshiseko ukuze akhulume nezihlobo, kanye nabantu ukuze adlulisele izifiso zawo.
Ithimba lososayensi eliholwa uDkt. Anna Rasson lacwaninga amarekhodi okuphila kwama-orangutan e-Indonesian Borneo eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, lathola izincazelo ezingenakubalwa zendlela lezi zinkawu ezisebenzisa ngayo izimpawu zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, owesifazane othile ogama lakhe linguCity wathatha induku wabonisa umngane wakhe ongumuntu indlela yokuhlukanisa ukhukhunathi - ngakho wathi ufuna ukuhlukaniswa ukhukhunathi ngocelemba.
Izilwane zivame ukusebenzisa gesticulation lapho umzamo wokuqala ukuthola ukuthintana wehluleka. Abacwaningi bathi lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuthinta komzimba kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuxhumana nabantu.
“Ngiba nombono wokuthi lezi zilwane zicabanga ukuthi siyiziphukuphuku ngenxa yokuthi asikwazi ukuqonda ngokucacile ukuthi zifunani kithi ngaso leso sikhathi, futhi zize zenyanye lapho kufanele “zihlafune” yonke into ngokushukuma komzimba, kusho uDkt. Rasson.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isizathu, kusobala ukuthi la ma-orangutan anamakhono okuqonda kuze kube yileso sikhathi ayebhekwa njenganelungelo lomuntu kuphela.
UDkt. Rasson uthi: “Ukushukuma komzimba kusekelwe ekulingiseni, futhi ukulingisa ngokwako kusho ikhono lokufunda, ukufunda ngokubheka, hhayi ngokuphindaphinda nje izenzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhombisa ukuthi ama-orangutan anobuhlakani bokungagcini nje ngokulingisa, kodwa nokusebenzisa lokhu kulingisa ngezinjongo ezibanzi.”
Yebo, sihlala sithintana nezilwane futhi sizibuza ngezinga lokuhlakanipha kwazo kusukela kwavela izilwane zokuqala ezifuywayo. I-Time Magazine isanda kushicilela isihloko esihlola umbuzo wokuhlakanipha kwezilwane ekukhanyeni kwedatha entsha mayelana nempumelelo ye-Kanzi nezinye izinkawu ezinkulu. Ikakhulukazi, ababhali balesi sihloko baveza ukuthi e-Great Ape Trust izinkawu zikhuliswa kusukela zizalwa ukuze ukuxhumana nolimi kube yingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwabo.
Njengoba nje abazali bethatha izingane zabo ezincane beyoshaywa umoya futhi baxoxe nazo ngakho konke okwenzeka eduze kwazo, nakuba izingane zingakaqondi lutho, ososayensi baxoxa nezimfene.
I-Kanzi iyimfene yokuqala ukufunda ulimi, njengezingane zabantu, nje ngokuba sendaweni yolimi. Futhi kusobala ukuthi le ndlela yokufunda isiza izimfene ukuba zixhumane kangcono nabantu—ngokushesha, ngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunanini ngaphambili.
Amanye “amazwi” ezimfene ayashaqisa. Lapho isazi sezilwane zasendulo u-Sue Savage-Rumbauch ebuza u-Kanzi “Ingabe usukulungele ukudlala?” ngemva kokumvimbela ekutholeni ibhola athanda ukudlala nalo, i-chimpanzee ikhomba izimpawu "isikhathi eside" futhi "ilungele" ngomqondo oseduze wokuhleka komuntu.
Lapho uKanzi enikwa i-kale (iqabunga) okokuqala ukuba ayinambitha, wathola ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuhlafuna kunolethisi, ayesejwayelene nawo, futhi wabiza i-kale “ngesichazamazwi” sakhe ngokuthi “ulethisi ophuzayo.”
Enye imfene, uNyoto, yayikuthanda kakhulu ukwanga noswidi, yathola indlela yokukucela - wakhomba amagama athi “zizwela” nelithi “kiss”, “yidla” kanye “nobumnandi” ngaleyo ndlela sithola konke esikufunayo. .
Ngokuhlangene, iqembu lezimfene lathola ukuthi lingachaza kanjani uzamcolo abawubona e-Iowa - bakhomba "enkulu" kanye "namanzi". Uma kuziwa ekuceleni ukudla ezikuthandayo, ipizza, izimfene zikhomba izimpawu zesinkwa, ushizi notamatisi.
Kuze kube manje, kwakukholelwa ukuthi umuntu kuphela onekhono leqiniso lokucabanga okunengqondo, isiko, ukuziphatha kanye nolimi. Kodwa uKanzi nezinye izimfene ezinjengaye ziyasiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha.
Omunye umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi izilwane azihlupheki ngendlela abantu abahlupheka ngayo. Akuzona izindlela zokuqaphela noma zokucabanga, ngakho-ke ababi nakho ukukhathazeka. Abanawo umuzwa wekusasa kanye nokuqaphela ukufa kwabo siqu.
Umthombo walo mbono ungatholakala eBhayibhelini, lapho kubhalwe khona ukuthi umuntu uqinisekisiwe ukubusa phezu kwazo zonke izidalwa, futhi uRene Descartes ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX wengeza ngokuthi “abacabangi.” Ngandlela thize, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinganekwane mayelana namakhono (ngokunembile, ukungabi namandla) kwezilwane ziye zachithwa.
Sasicabanga ukuthi abantu kuphela abakwazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi, kodwa manje sesiyazi ukuthi izinyoni, izinkawu nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo nazo ziyakwazi. Ama-otter, isibonelo, angaphula amagobolondo e-mollusk emadwaleni ukuze athole inyama, kodwa lesi isibonelo sakudala kakhulu. Kodwa amagwababa, umkhaya wezinyoni ohlanganisa amagwababa, izimpethu namajay, anekhono elimangalisayo ekusebenziseni amathuluzi ahlukahlukene.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, amagwababa enza izingwegwe ngocingo ukuze acoshe ubhasikidi wokudla phansi epayipini lepulasitiki. Ngonyaka odlule, isazi sezilwane eNyuvesi yaseCambridge sathola ukuthi i-rook yathola ukuthi ingakhuphula kanjani izinga lamanzi embizeni ukuze ifinyelele kuyo futhi iphuze - yaphonsa amatshe. Okumangalisa nakakhulu ukuthi le nyoni ibonakala ijwayele umthetho we-Archimedes - okokuqala, waqoqa amatshe amakhulu ukuze enze izinga lamanzi likhuphuke ngokushesha.
Besilokhu sikholelwa ukuthi izinga lobuhlakani lihlobene ngqo nobukhulu bobuchopho. Imikhomo ebulalayo imane inobuchopho obukhulu - cishe amakhilogremu angu-12, futhi amahlengethwa makhulu kakhulu - cishe amakhilogremu angu-4, okuqhathaniswa nobuchopho bomuntu (cishe amakhilogremu angu-3). Besilokhu siqaphela ukuthi imikhomo ebulalayo namahlengethwa anobuhlakani, kodwa uma siqhathanisa isilinganiso sobunzima bobuchopho nesisindo somzimba, khona-ke kubantu lesi silinganiso sikhulu kunalezi zilwane.
Kodwa ucwaningo lusaqhubeka nokuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuba semthethweni kwemibono yethu. Ubuchopho be-Etruscan shrew bunesisindo esingamagremu angu-0,1 kuphela, kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo somzimba wesilwane, sikhulu kunomuntu. Kodwa singachaza kanjani-ke ukuthi amagwababa yiwona anekhono kunawo wonke amathuluzi azo zonke izinyoni, nakuba ubuchopho bawo buncane?
Okuningi okutholwa yisayensi kubonisa ukuthi siwabukela phansi kakhulu amakhono obuhlakani ezilwane.
Sasicabanga ukuthi abantu kuphela abakwazi ukuzwelana nokupha, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi izindlovu zilila abafileyo bazo futhi izinkawu zenza umnikelo. Izindlovu zilala eduze kwesidumbu sesihlobo sazo ezinesisho esibonakala sidabukile. Bangase bahlale eduze komzimba izinsuku ezimbalwa. baphinde babonise isithakazelo esikhulu - ngisho nenhlonipho - lapho bethola amathambo ezindlovu, bewahlola ngokucophelela, benaka ngokukhethekile ugebhezi namazinyo.
Mac Mauser, uprofesa wezengqondo nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo e-Harvard, uthi ngisho namagundane angazwelana: “Lapho igundane lisezinhlungwini futhi liqala ukuququda, amanye amagundane ayashwibeka kanye nalo.”
Ocwaningweni lwango-2008, isazi sezilwane zezilwane uFrans de Waal we-Atlanta Research Center sabonisa ukuthi izinkawu okuthiwa ama-capuchin ziyaphana.
Lapho inkawu icelwa ukuba izikhethele yona phakathi kwezingcezu ezimbili zama-apula, noma ucezu olulodwa lwe-apula ngalunye lwayo kanye nomngane wayo (umuntu!), yakhetha inketho yesibili. Futhi kwacaca ukuthi ukukhetha okunjalo kwezinkawu kujwayelekile. Abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi mhlawumbe izinkawu zenza lokhu ngoba zithola ubumnandi obulula bokupha. Futhi lokhu kuhlobana nocwaningo olwabonisa ukuthi izikhungo “zomvuzo” ezisebuchosheni bomuntu zisebenza lapho lowo muntu enikeza okuthile mahhala.
Futhi manje - lapho sazi ukuthi izinkawu ziyakwazi ukuxhumana zisebenzisa inkulumo - kubonakala sengathi umgoqo wokugcina phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba wezilwane uyanyamalala.
Ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izilwane azikwazi ukwenza izinto ezilula, hhayi ngoba zingakwazi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi azizange zibe nalo ithuba lokuthuthukisa leli khono. Isibonelo esilula. Izinja ziyazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini uma ukhomba okuthile, njengokuphakelwa ukudla noma idamu elivele phansi. Baqonda ngokunembile incazelo yalesi senzo: othile unolwazi afuna ukwabelana ngalo, futhi manje udonsela ukunaka kwakho kulo ukuze nawe ukwazi.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, "izinkawu ezinkulu", naphezu kokuhlakanipha kwazo okuphezulu kanye nesundu esineminwe emihlanu, azibonakali zikwazi ukusebenzisa lesi senzo - ukukhomba. Abanye abacwaningi bathi lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi izingane zezinkawu azivamile ukuvunyelwa ukuba zishiye unina. Bachitha isikhathi sabo bebambelele esiswini sikanina njengoba ehamba esuka endaweni eya kwenye.
Kodwa uKanzi, owakhulela ekuthunjweni, wayevame ukuthwala ezandleni zabantu, ngakho-ke izandla zakhe zazihlala zikhululekile ukuxhumana. "Ngesikhathi u-Kanzi enezinyanga ezingu-9 ubudala, usevele esebenzisa ukuthinta ukuze akhombe izinto ezahlukene," kusho u-Sue Savage-Rumbauch.
Ngokufanayo, izinkawu ezilaziyo igama lomzwelo othile kulula ukuliqonda (umuzwa). Cabanga ukuthi umuntu kwakuzodingeka achaze ukuthi kuyini “ukwaneliseka” uma belingekho igama elikhethekile lalo mqondo.
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDavid Premack wase-University of Pennsylvania sathola ukuthi uma izimfene zazifundiswa izimpawu zamagama “ezifanayo” nelithi “ezihlukile,” khona-ke zaziphumelela kakhulu ekuhlolweni okwakumelwe zikhombe kuzo izinto ezifanayo noma ezihlukene.
Konke lokhu kusitshelani thina bantu? Iqiniso liwukuthi ukucwaninga ngokuhlakanipha nokuqonda kwezilwane kusanda kuqala. Kodwa sekuvele kusobala ukuthi sesinesikhathi eside singazi lutho mayelana nokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zihlakaniphe kangakanani. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, izibonelo zezilwane ezikhule zithunjwa zisondelene nabantu zisisiza siqonde ukuthi ubuchopho bazo bukwazi ukwenzani. Futhi njengoba sifunda okwengeziwe ngemicabango yabo, liyanda ithemba lokuthi kuzosungulwa ubuhlobo obuvumelanayo phakathi kwesintu nezilwane.
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