I-caviar emhlophe

Izinhlobo eziningi ze-caviar ezivela emfuleni nasezinhlanzini zasolwandle zibhekwa njengento ewuju. Izindleko ze-sturgeon emnyama emnandi ngendlela emangalisayo, i-salmon ebomvu kanye ne-Icelandic cod caviar eyomile ifinyelela izinga elibi, kodwa i-beluga caviar emhlophe ibhekwa njengebiza kakhulu futhi enhle kakhulu.

I-Beluga yaziwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini we-sturgeon ^[1]. Isisindo sayo esijwayelekile sifinyelela ku-50 kilogram. Inyama ye-beluga eqinile iyabiliswa, ithosiwe, isitshulu, iyabhakwa, isetshenziselwa ngisho ne-fish kebabs. Ayibhidliki ibe yizicucu, ibamba isakhiwo futhi ibekezelela ukwelashwa kokushisa kahle. Kodwa i-beluga caviar inikezwa ngezingxenye ezincane njengengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokudla.

Odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-beluga ne-caviar emhlophe, ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani umkhiqizo wekhwalithi kusuka kumgunyathi, futhi ingabe kufanelekile ukusebenzisa izinsiza zakho ezibonakalayo kulokhu kunambitheka kwasolwandle?

Izici ezijwayelekile zomkhiqizo

I-Beluga inhlanzi evela emndenini we-sturgeon ^[2]. Lolu hlobo lufakwe ku-Red Book ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature. I-Beluga ibhekwa njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu zamanzi ahlanzekile, futhi isisindo sabameleli abakhulu balo mndeni sifinyelela amathani nesigamu.

I-beluga ibonakala ngekhala elifushane, elibheke phezulu, kodwa lithambile futhi alivikelekile emaceleni. Umlomo wezinhlanzi mkhulu, unenyanga, udebe olungezansi luyaphazamiseka. Izimpondo ze-Beluga zenziwe isicaba ezinhlangothini futhi zinamachashazi anjengeqabunga. Ulwelwesi lwamagill ezinhlanzi luye lwakhula ndawonye futhi lwakha ukugoqa okukhululekile ngaphansi kwesikhala se-intergill futhi lungenye yezici zalo ezihlukanisayo. Umzimba wonke we-beluga umbozwe izinhlamvu zamathambo. Ingemuva lipendwe ngomthunzi ofiphele ngokumpunga-nsundu, kuyilapho isisu, kunalokho, silula. ^[3].

Ubukhulu be-beluga buyamangalisa. Enye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile ifinyelela ku-4-5 amamitha ubude. Ngokwemininingwane engaqinisekisiwe etholwe kubadobi nabadobi bezinhlanzi ezimbonini, bahlangane ikakhulukazi nabantu abakhulu abanesisindo esingamathani ama-2 namamitha angu-9 ubude.

Kuyathakazelisa: izinhlanzi ezigxishiwe ikakhulukazi ezinkulu zigcinwa kumamyuziyamu. Isibonelo, i-beluga eyabanjwa ngo-1989 igcinwe emnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan. Isisindo sawo sasingamakhilogremu angu-966, nobude bawo bangamamitha amane. ^[4]. Ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-100 we-caviar atholwe esilwaneni.

habitat

I-Beluga ibhekwa njengenhlanzi ye-anadromous. Ingxenye yomjikelezo wokuphila kwayo yenzeka olwandle, futhi ingxenye emifuleni egelezela kulo. Indawo yokuhlala eyinhloko yi-Black, Azov kanye ne-Caspian Seas. Ukusuka lapho, izinhlanzi zingena emifuleni ukuze zizalele. Uma abantu bangaphambili be-beluga bebaningi, manje lolu hlobo lwezilwane lusengozini yokushabalala. Lokhu kungenxa yokwenyuka kwenani lezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo kanye nokuqhubeka nokudayiswa kwazo ngentengo ephezulu.

Kuze kube yi-70s yekhulu lama-XX, izinhlanzi zazihlala oLwandle i-Adriatic, kusukela lapho zazalela khona eMfuleni iPo. Kodwa i-beluga yanyamalala kungazelelwe kule ndawo, futhi ayikaze ibonakale ogwini lwase-Adriatic phakathi neminyaka engu-30 edlule.

Inani lezinhlanzi zase-Adriatic libhekwa njengelingasekho.

Ukukhula / ukuzala kabusha

Umjikelezo wempilo yezinhlanzi ungafinyelela uphawu lweminyaka eyi-100, ngakho umndeni uhlukaniswa njengophila isikhathi eside. Cishe wonke ama-sturgeon ahlangana futhi avundise amaqanda izikhathi eziningana ekuphileni kwawo. Lokhu akulona iqiniso kuzo zonke izinhlanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-salmon yasePacific iyafa ngokushesha ngemva kokuzala. Ekupheleni kokuzala, i-beluga ibuyela endaweni yayo evamile: ukusuka emfuleni ubuyela olwandle.

I-caviar eyakhiwe iphansi futhi iyanamathela. Ubukhulu be-fry buhluka kusuka ku-1,5 kuya ku-2,5 amasentimitha. Ngokuvamile, gazinga olwandle, kodwa ezinye izibonelo zihlala emifuleni futhi zihlala lapho iminyaka engu-5-6. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabesifazane kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-13-18, futhi kwabesilisa eminyakeni engu-16-27 (isikhathi esisebenzayo siwela ngonyaka wama-22 wokuphila).

I-fecundity yezinhlanzi incike kubukhulu bensikazi, kodwa isilinganiso siyahlukahluka kusuka kumaqanda ayizigidi ezingu-500 kuya ku-1. Ezimweni ezingavamile, lesi sibalo singafinyelela ku-5 million.

Ukufuduka

Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zithuthela emifuleni: kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama - kuya eDanube naseDnieper, kusukela e-Azov - kuya eDon naseKuban, futhi kusukela eCaspian - kuya eKura, Terek, Ural naseVolga. Ukuzalanisa kuqala ngoMashi futhi kuphele ngoDisemba. Imihlambi emincane yezinhlanzi isala ebusika emifuleni, kodwa eziningi zibuyela olwandle.

Izici zokudla

Ochungechungeni lokudla, i-beluga ibalwe njengesilwane esizingelayo. Idla kakhulu izinhlanzi. Imvelo edlayo ibonakala ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa: i-fry iqala ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane nama-mollusk.

Iqiniso: Ososayensi bathole amawundlu esiswini seCaspian Beluga.

Izimbangi zokudla ze-Beluga ezinokudla okufanayo kakhulu nendlela yokuphila:

• zander;
• i-asp;
• i-pike;
• i-sturgeon;
• i-stellate sturgeon.

Ukusebenzisana kwabantu nezinhlanzi kanye nokubaluleka embonini yokudla

I-Beluga ibhekwa njengenhlanzi ebalulekile yokuhweba. Kuze kube yiminyaka yama-90s, ukubanjwa kwe-beluga kwakungaphezu kuka-10% wesamba esibanjwe minyaka yonke se-sturgeon. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s, kube nokwehla okuqhubekayo kwezinga lokubanjwa kwezimboni ^[5]. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha kwenani labantu kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinhlanzi yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature ^[6].

Umuntu usebenzisa inyama, izibilini, isikhumba, amakhanda kanye ne-caviar ye-beluga. Ukuhlushwa kwamafutha emzimbeni wezinhlanzi ngu-7%, emathunjini - 4%; Inani eliphakeme kakhulu liqoshwe ku-caviar - 15%. Inyama ye-Beluga ipholile, iqhwa, ibilisiwe, ifakwe ethini futhi ifakwe emakethe ngendlela eyomile. I-elmiga (i-sturgeon chord) nayo iyadliwa, futhi izixazululo ezikhethekile zilungiswa kusuka ku-swimbladder omisiwe ukuze kucaciswe amawayini.

I-Beluga caviar imelwe emakethe kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezi-2:

• okusanhlamvu. Lolu hlobo lwe-caviar alufakwanga. Iqukethe izinhlamvu ezigcwele usawoti ezingashintshiwe, ezihlukaniswa kalula komunye nomunye. Zigaywa ngesihlungo esikhethekile ukuze zisuse amafilimu nemicu. I-Caviar ingaba umphongolo omncane noma onamandla kakhulu. Uhlobo lwe-granular lubizwa nangokuthi eluhlaza;
• acindezelwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubamba, i-caviar ifakwe usawoti ku-yastiks (ifilimu yemvelo lapho i-caviar igcinwa khona), emva kwalokho ibekwe ezitsheni ezikhethekile, zomisiwe futhi zifakwe usawoti. Umkhiqizo ukhululiwe kuma-ovari amafilimu, amafinyila, emithanjeni, bese uchotshozwa kumavathi amakhulu ngama-pusher. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqanda aba aminyene, agcwele amafutha e-brackish beluga.

Izinombolo ze-Beluga zehle kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwandle. Izindawo zokuzalanisa zemvelo zakhiwe ngaphezulu, okubangele ukwehla kwenani labantu ^[7]. Ukuzalaniswa kabusha kwezinhlanzi ngokungeyikho kubonise ukusebenza kahle okuphansi, njengoba bengekho abakhiqizi abakulungele ukuthatha lesi sigaba sezimakethe. Esinye isici esibe nomthelela esimweni se-beluga ukudoba ngokweqile olwandle nasemifuleni. Ngenxa yalokho, yanikezwa isimo esithi “Izinhlobo zezilwane ezisonqenqemeni lokushabalala”. Manje ososayensi bathuthukisa ngenkuthalo izindlela ezintsha zokuzalanisa izinhlanzi, ukuthuthukisa i-biotechnology yokuzalanisa okwenziwa futhi bazama ukugcina izindawo zabo zokuhlala. ^[8].

Emvelweni wemvelo, inhlanzi ihlanganisa i-sturgeon, i-stellate sturgeon, i-sterlet nameva. Ngosizo lokuzalanisa okwenziwa, kube nokwenzeka ukudala izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezigcwalise ngempumelelo iVolga, Kuban, uLwandle lwe-uXNUMXbuXNUMXbAzov kanye namachibi athile. Ama-sturgeon hybrids nawo aphumelele ngempumelelo emapulazini e-aquaculture.

Yini okudingeka ukwazi nge-beluga caviar?

Abesifazane baseBeluga baphonsa i-caviar emnyama, kodwa i-caviar emhlophe itholakala ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwemvelo. Phakathi kwe-sturgeon, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo, i-albinism iyenzeka. ^[9]. Lokhu ukungabikho kokuzalwa kwe-pigment, okubangela umthunzi wesikhumba, iris nombala wezinwele. Amanye ama-sturgeon awanawo umbala odingekayo, futhi athatha umbala omhlophe qhwa. I-caviar ye-beluga enjalo nayo ishintsha umbala ube mhlophe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinhlanzini ezincane, umthunzi we-caviar useduze negolide noma ukhilimu. Izinhlanzi ezindala, i-caviar emhlophe, ngakho-ke amaqanda amhlophe qhwa, cishe asobala ajwayelekile ezinhlanzi ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Okubalulekile: ukunambitheka kanye nezakhiwo zokudla okunomsoco we-beluga evamile ne-albino caviar ziyefana. Umehluko kuphela emthunzini. Ngenxa yokuthi ubu-albinism buyinto engavamile, amaqanda amhlophe abaluleke kakhulu. ^[10]. Isici esengeziwe esithinta izindleko zomkhiqizo umthamo wokukhiqiza. Ngonyaka nje, amashumi ambalwa amakhilogremu e-albino beluga caviar ambiwa emhlabeni.

I-beluga caviar inkulu kakhulu. Ububanzi bayo buyi-2,5 millimeters, futhi isisindo siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-⅕ kuya ku-¼ wesisindo senhlanzi ngokwayo. Yile caviar ebhekwa njengeyigugu kakhulu (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-caviar yamanye ama-sturgeons). Umthunzi we-caviar ojwayelekile umpunga omnyama nokukhanya okunesiliva okubonakalayo. Ama-palettes okunambitheka nephunga ahluke ngokushuba, ukunotha kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zama-accents. I-caviar ibonakala ngokunambitheka kolwandle kwendabuko kanye ne-aftertaste eyingqayizivele ye-almond.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ngaphambi kwenguquko, izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ze-granular caviar zazibizwa ngokuthi "Ukusabalalisa kabusha kwe-Warsaw". Kungani? Iningi lokulethwa kwemikhiqizo evela eMbusweni WaseRussia ladlula eWarsaw, futhi ukusuka lapho - phesheya.

Indlela yokuhlukanisa umkhiqizo wangempela ku-fake?

Umkhiqizo ngamunye wasolwandle unezici zawo. Ku-caviar, lesi yisakhiwo, amanothi athile okunambitheka nomthunzi. Abanye abantu bangase badide izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene ze-caviar, bangasho lutho ngekhwalithi yomgunyathi. Ngezinye izikhathi i-beluga caviar ihlanganiswa nezinye, izinhlobo ezifanayo kakhulu, kodwa ezishibhile. Kulula ukubona inkohliso, udinga nje ukubuka umkhiqizo. Amaqanda kumele abe nombala ofanayo nosayizi. Uma le mingcele iphulwa, khona-ke umenzi wanquma ukulondoloza ikhwalithi ye-batch.

Okubalulekile: kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa i-caviar ngokunambitha. Ngisho nochwepheshe noma ama-gourmets benza amaphutha futhi ababambeli ama-accents adingekayo wokunambitha.

Imvamisa, i-caviar yekhwalithi empofu, evuthiwe noma engavuthiwe, ingabanjwa embizeni. Lokhu akuyona inkohliso, kodwa kumane kungenye yezibonakaliso zokunganaki komkhiqizi. Kuzo zombili izimo, igobolondo le-caviar lizoba nzima kakhulu, ifilimu izoqhuma, futhi i-palette yokunambitha ye-caviar izoshintsha ibe muncu noma enosawoti kakhulu. Umkhiqizo wekhwalithi kufanele uqhume kancane futhi uncibilike ngokoqobo emlonyeni wakho.

Uma uthenga i-caviar evulekile, bese ugxila ephunga nokubukeka. Futhi, ungaphuthelwa ithuba lokuzama umkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthenga. Uma ukukhetha kuwela ku-caviar embizeni, bese unikeza okuthandayo kuma-brand owaziwayo azisa isithunzi sabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma usahlangabezana nomkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephansi, ungaxhumana nesevisi yokuvikela abathengi, ubuyisele imali yakho bese unxephezela umonakalo.

Okubalulekile: i-caviar ekheniwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ibhekwa njengebanga eliphansi. Umkhiqizo omuhle ngokuvamile awufakwa ethini, kodwa uthengiswa umusha.

Izindleko ze-beluga caviar, futhi ikakhulukazi i-white caviar, ziphezulu. Kungcono ukuthi ungalondolozi futhi ugxile enanini lemakethe eliphakathi. Umkhiqizo oshibhile kakhulu ungenziwa ngezindlela ezingabazekayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingahlanzekile, futhi lokhu kugcwele izifo kanye nezingozi zempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-caviar eshibhile ingaba ngonyaka odlule. Amaqanda ahlanzwa ku-mucus, afakwe usawoti futhi asakazwe ezimbizeni.

5 yemithetho eyinhloko yokukhethwa kwe-beluga caviar:

• thenga umkhiqizo "ngenkathi" lapho kune-caviar eningi futhi isanda;
• ungagodli imali futhi ugxile enanini lemakethe eliphakathi;
• qaphela udayi;
• khetha umkhiqizo ngesisindo, hlola ukubukeka / ukunambitheka / iphunga, kodwa ungakhohlwa ukucacisa imibhalo futhi uthole umenzi;
• uma uthenga i-caviar ebhange, khetha izinkampani ezifakazelwe, ezihlonishwayo ezazisa igama labo kanye nokwethenjwa kweklayenti.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali komkhiqizo ^[11]

Izakhiwo eziwusizo ze-sea delicacy

Ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwezilwane zasolwandle kusisiza ukuba sigcine futhi sithuthukise impilo, sikhuthaze ukukhula kwezinzipho/izinwele, sigcwalise izinsiza zangaphakathi futhi sithole ukuvumelana kwengqondo-ngokomzwelo. Ake siqale ngezici ezinhle zokusebenzisa i-caviar ukugcina ubuhle bangaphandle bomuntu.

Ama-Antioxidants ku-ascorbic acid (uvithamini C) kanye ne-tocopherol (uvithamini E) avikela isikhumba somuntu emisebeni ye-ultraviolet yeqembu B. Izakhamzimba zinciphisa imiphumela ye-pathological yama-radicals mahhala emangqamuzaneni, ngaleyo ndlela yehlisa inqubo yokuguga kanye nokufiphala kwesikhumba. Amavithamini B, agcwele i-beluga caviar, anesibopho sokwakheka kwe-epithelium, izinwele ezinhle nezinzipho eziqinile, futhi i-Retinol (uvithamini A) ibasiza ukuba balulame. I-Omega-3 kanye ne-omega-6 fatty acids inciphisa ukuvuvukala ngaphakathi emzimbeni futhi yenza isikhumba sethu sikhanye ngokoqobo ngaphakathi. ^[12][13].

Amafutha ane-unsaturated fatty acids alawula cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. I-Omega-3s iyisici esiyinhloko sesakhiwo se-membrane yamaseli. Balawula zonke izinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni: ukudluliselwa kwemizwa yezinzwa, ikhwalithi yobuchopho, ukusebenza kwesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuvikelwa komzimba ezifweni kanye ne-microflora ye-pathological. Ikakhulukazi i-caviar kufanele ikhokhwe kubantu abangaboni kahle kanye nobuthakathaka obuqhubekayo emisipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-unsaturated fatty acids kusiza ukunciphisa umzimba, ukuvikela umzimba ekuthuthukiseni isifo sikashukela ngisho nomdlavuza. Le nto ilawula okuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol egazini, iqinisa isimiso sezinzwa, yenza inhliziyo isebenze ngokuphumelelayo futhi isheshise izinqubo ze-metabolic.

Enye inzuzo ye-beluga caviar ukuchichima kwamaprotheni. Iqukethe wonke ama-amino acid abalulekile, futhi mayelana nezakhiwo zokudla okunomsoco, umkhiqizo ungase uqhudelane kahle nenyama. Kodwa ukudla kwasolwandle kunenzuzo enkulu: iphrotheni yezilwane eziphila olwandle imuncwa kalula nangempumelelo kakhudlwana. Igebe lephesenti phakathi kwezinga lokugaya inyama yezinhlanzi ne-caviar lingafinyelela ku-10-20%.

Futhi, i-beluga caviar ingavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-osteoporosis kanye nama-rickets ngenxa ye-vitamin D (calciferol). I-Calciferol isiza umzimba ukuba umunce kalula i-phosphorus (P) ne-calcium (Ca), eqinisa uhlaka lwamathambo, isimiso semisipha futhi ngaphezu kwalokho iwavikele ezinqubweni ezibhubhisayo.

Okubalulekile. Okuwukuphela kwento okufanele uyiqaphele ngisho nokudla kwasolwandle okuseqophelweni eliphezulu yi-mercury nepulasitiki. Ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle zomhlaba kuhlanganisa ukungenwa yizinhlanzi. Izinto eziyingozi ngezinhlanzi ziwela ngqo epuletini lethu, futhi lokhu kungabangela izifo eziningi kanye nezinguquko zangaphakathi ezingenakulungiseka. Ukuze unciphise izingozi ezingaba khona, yidla ukudla kwasolwandle izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ngesonto bese ukhetha ubhasikidi wakho wokudla ngendlela efanele.

Imithombo ye