Yini esiyaziyo ngathi? Mayelana nendlela esicabanga ngayo, indlela ukwazi kwethu okwakhiwe ngayo, yiziphi izindlela esingathola ngazo incazelo? Futhi kungani, sisebenzisa okuzuzwe isayensi nobuchwepheshe, sithembela kancane kangaka ulwazi lwesayensi? Sinqume ukubuza isazi sefilosofi u-Danil Razeev imibuzo yomhlaba wonke ngempela.
Psychology: Ungabheka kuphi incazelo yomuntu wesimanje? Uma sinesidingo sencazelo, yiziphi izici futhi kungaziphi izindlela esingazitholela yona ngokwethu?
UDanil Razeev: Into yokuqala efika emqondweni wami wukusungula izinto. Ingaziveza ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kanye nezinhlaka. Ngiyazi abantu abanobuhlakani babo obuvezwa ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zasendlini. Ngiyabazi labo ubuhlakani babo obubonakala emjahweni wokwakha ucezu lomculo. Kwabanye, kwenzeka lapho kubhalwa umbhalo. Kimina kubonakala sengathi incazelo nokudala akuhlukaniseki. Ngiqonde ukuthini? Incazelo ikhona lapho kukhona okungaphezu komshini nje. Ngamanye amazwi, incazelo ayikwazi ukwehliswa kube inqubo ezenzakalelayo. Isazi sefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi uJohn Searle1 baqhamuke nengxabano enhle ethinta umehluko phakathi kwe-semantics ne-syntax. U-John Searle ukholelwa ukuthi inhlanganisela yemishini yokwakhiwa kwe-syntactic ayiholeli ekwakhiweni kwe-semantics, ekuveleni kwencazelo, kuyilapho ingqondo yomuntu isebenza ngokunembile ezingeni le-semantic, ikhiqiza futhi ibone izincazelo. Kube nengxoxo ebanzi mayelana nalo mbuzo amashumi eminyaka ambalwa: ingabe ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buyakwazi ukudala incazelo? Izazi zefilosofi eziningi zithi uma singayiqondi imithetho ye-semantics, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buyohlala phakade kuphela kuhlaka lwe-syntax, ngoba ngeke lube nesici sokukhiqiza incazelo.
"Incazelo ikhona lapho kukhona okungaphezu koomakhenika nje, ayikwazi ukuncishiswa kube inqubo ezenzakalelayo"
Yiziphi izazi zefilosofi kanye nemibono yefilosofi ocabanga ukuthi efaneleka kakhulu, ephilayo, futhi ethakaselekayo kumuntu wanamuhla?
D. R .: Kuya ngokuthi umuntu wanamuhla usho ukuthini. Kukhona, ake sithi, umqondo wendawo yonke womuntu, umuntu njengohlobo olukhethekile lwezidalwa eziphilayo ezake zavela emvelweni futhi ziqhubeka nokukhula kwazo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uma sikhuluma ngomuntu wanamuhla kulo mbono, khona-ke kubonakala kimi ukuthi kuyoba usizo kakhulu ukuphendukela esikoleni saseMelika sezazi zefilosofi. Sengike ngasho uJohn Searle, ngingabiza uDaniel Dennett (Daniel C. Dennett)2nguDavid Chalmers3, isazi sefilosofi sase-Australia manje esiseNew York University. Ngisondelene kakhulu nesiqondiso sefilosofi, esibizwa ngokuthi «ifilosofi yokuqaphela». Kodwa umphakathi izazi zefilosofi zaseMelika ezikhuluma ngawo e-USA uhlukile emphakathini esiphila kuwo eRussia. Kunezazi zefilosofi eziningi ezikhanyayo nezijulile ezweni lakithi, ngeke ngiwasho amagama athile, kungase kungezwakali kunembile. Nokho, ngokuvamile, kubonakala kimi ukuthi isigaba sobungcweti asikapheli ngefilosofi yaseRussia, okungukuthi, iningi lemibono lihlala kulo. Ngisho nangaphakathi kohlaka lwemfundo yasenyuvesi (nasezweni lakithi, njengaseFrance, wonke umfundi kufanele enze izifundo zefilosofi), abafundi kanye nabafundi abaneziqu abagculiseki ngaso sonke isikhathi ngekhwalithi yezinhlelo zemfundo abanikezwa zona. Lapha sisenendlela ende kakhulu okufanele siyihambe, ukuqonda ukuthi ifilosofi akufanele ixhunywe nomsebenzi wombuso, isonto noma iqembu labantu elidinga izazi zefilosofi ukudala nokuthethelela uhlobo oluthile lokwakhiwa kwemibono. Kulokhu, ngiyabeseka labo bantu abakhuthaza ifilosofi engenawo ukucindezela kwemibono.
Sehluke kanjani ngokuyisisekelo kubantu bezikhathi ezedlule?
D. R .: Ngamafuphi, inkathi yomuntu we-technogenic ifike nathi, okungukuthi, indoda "enomzimba wokufakelwa" kanye "nomqondo owandisiwe". Umzimba wethu ungaphezu kwento ephilayo. Futhi ingqondo yethu ingaphezu kobuchopho; iwuhlelo olunamagatsha olungahlanganisi ubuchopho kuphela, kodwa futhi nenani elikhulu lezinto ezingaphandle komzimba webhayoloji womuntu. Sisebenzisa amadivayisi ayizandiso zokwazi kwethu. Siyizisulu - noma izithelo - zemishini yobuchwepheshe, amagajethi, amadivayisi asenzela inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yokuqonda. Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngaba nesipiliyoni sangaphakathi esingacacile lapho ngivele ngabona ukuthi angikhumbuli ukuthi kwakuyisikhathi sini isithupha kuya kwesishiyagalolunye. Cabanga nje, angikwazanga ukungihlinza ekhanda lami! Kungani? Ngoba kade ngithembele emqondweni oweluliwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ngiqinisekile ukuthi idivayisi ethile, ithi, i-iPhone, izongiphindaphinda lezi zinombolo futhi inginike umphumela olungile. Kulokhu sihluke kulabo ababephila eminyakeni engu-50 edlule. Endodeni ethile eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ulwazi lwetafula lokuphindaphinda lwaluyisidingo: uma yayingakwazi ukuphindaphinda isithupha ngesishiyagalolunye, yabe isilahlekelwa emzabalazweni wokuncintisana emphakathini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izazi zefilosofi zinemibono eminingi yomhlaba wonke mayelana nezimo zengqondo zomuntu owayephila ngezikhathi ezahlukene, isibonelo, ngendoda ye-fusis (indoda yemvelo) e-Antiquity, indoda yenkolo ngeNkathi Ephakathi, indoda yokuhlola. ezikhathini zanamuhla, futhi lolu chungechunge luphothulwa ngumuntu wanamuhla, engimbiza ngokuthi «indoda ye-technogenic».
“Ingqondo yethu ayihlanganisi ubuchopho kuphela, kodwa futhi nenani elikhulu lezinto ezingaphandle komzimba webhayoloji womuntu”
Kodwa uma sincike ngokuphelele kumagajethi futhi sithembele kubuchwepheshe kukho konke, kufanele sibe nenkolo yolwazi. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi abantu abaningi kangaka balahlekelwe yithemba kwisayensi, bekholelwa ezeni, basebenziseke kalula?
D. R .: Lona umbuzo wokutholakala kolwazi kanye nokuphathwa kokugeleza kolwazi, okungukuthi, inkulumo-ze. Umuntu ongazi kulula ukuphatha. Uma ufuna ukuphila emphakathini lapho wonke umuntu ekulalela khona, lapho wonke umuntu elandela imiyalo nemiyalelo yakho, lapho wonke umuntu esebenzela wena, khona-ke awunasithakazelo emphakathini ohlala kuwo ukuze ube umphakathi wolwazi. Kunalokho, unesithakazelo ekubeni umphakathi wokungazi: inkolelo-ze, amahemuhemu, ubutha, ukwesaba… Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuyinkinga yendawo yonke, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkinga yomphakathi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sithuthela eSwitzerland, sizobona ukuthi izakhamuzi zakhona zibamba inhlolovo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngisho nezincane kakhulu ngokombono wethu. Bahlala ekhaya, bacabange ngodaba oluthile olubonakala lulula futhi bathuthukise umbono wabo, ukuze bafinyelele ukuvumelana. Ngokuhlangene basebenzisa amakhono abo obuhlakani, bakulungele ukwenza izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi bahlale besebenzela ukukhulisa izinga lokukhanyiselwa emphakathini.
1 J. Searl "Ukuthola kabusha ukwazi" (Idea-Press, 2002).
2 D. Dennett "Izinhlobo ze-psyche: endleleni eya ekuqondeni" (Idea-Press, 2004).
3 D. Chalmers “Ingqondo Eqaphelayo. Ukufuna Ithiyori Eyisisekelo” (Librokom, 2013).